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Zuluaga MI, Otero-Romero S, Rovira A, Perez-Hoyos S, Arrambide G, Negrotto L, Galán I, Río J, Comabella M, Nos C, Arévalo MJ, Vidal-Jordana A, Castilló J, Rodríguez B, Midaglia L, Mulero P, Mitjana R, Auger C, Sastre-Garriga J, Montalban X, Tintoré M. Menarche, pregnancies, and breastfeeding do not modify long-term prognosis in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2019; 92:e1507-e1516. [PMID: 30824557 PMCID: PMC6453769 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of menarche, pregnancies, and breastfeeding on the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) and disability accrual using a multivariate approach based on a large prospective cohort of patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). METHODS A cross-sectional survey of the reproductive information of female participants in a CIS cohort was performed. We examined the relationship of age at menarche with the risk of clinically definite MS (CDMS), McDonald 2010 MS, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 3.0 and 6.0. The effect of pregnancy (before and after CIS) and breastfeeding in the risk of CDMS, McDonald 2010 MS, and EDSS 3.0 was also examined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed and findings were confirmed using sensitivity analyses and a propensity score model. RESULTS The data of 501 female participants were collected. Age at menarche did not correlate with age at CIS and was not associated with the risk of CDMS or EDSS 3.0 or 6.0. Pregnancy before CIS was protective for CDMS in the univariate analysis, but the effect was lost in the multivariate model and did not modify the risk of EDSS 3.0. Pregnancy after CIS was protective for both outcomes in univariate and multivariate analyses when pregnancy was considered a baseline variable, but the protective effect disappeared when analyzed as a time-dependent event. Breastfeeding did not modify the risk for the 3 outcomes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that menarche, pregnancies, and breastfeeding did not substantially modify the risk of CDMS or disability accrual using a multivariable and time-dependent approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Zuluaga
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Susana Otero-Romero
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex Rovira
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Santiago Perez-Hoyos
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Georgina Arrambide
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Laura Negrotto
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ingrid Galán
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jordi Río
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Manuel Comabella
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Carlos Nos
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - María Jesús Arévalo
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Vidal-Jordana
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Joaquin Castilló
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Breogán Rodríguez
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Patricia Mulero
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Raquel Mitjana
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Cristina Auger
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaume Sastre-Garriga
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Xavier Montalban
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Mar Tintoré
- From the Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Department of Neurology/Neuroimmunology (M.I.Z., S.O.-R., G.A., L.N., I.G., J.R., M.C., C.N., M.J.A., A.V.-J., J.C., B.R., L.M., P.M., J.S.-G., X.M., M.T.), and Unitat de RM, Servei de Radiologia (M.I.Z., A.R., L.N., R.M., C.A., X.M.), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Unitat d'Estadística i Bioinformàtica (UEB) (M.I.Z., S.P.-H., L.N., X.M.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Servicio de Neurología (M.I.Z., L.N., X.M.), Instituto Neurológico de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (L.N., X.M.), FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Division of Neurology (X.M.), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada.
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