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Studer M, Heussler M, Romano F, Lidzba K, Bigi S. Processing speed and its association with working memory and episodic memory 3-6 months after pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2024; 38:928-937. [PMID: 38819316 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2361626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), children show reduced processing speed (PS). Evidence suggests that slowed PS after TBI is associated with working memory deficits. Our aim was to investigate several forms of PS and to examine its impact on working and episodic memory performance in children after mTBI. METHOD We included data of 64 children after mTBI and 57 healthy control children aged 8-16 years. PS (Color Naming, Coding, Symbol Search, Alertness) was compared between groups 1 week (T1) and 3-6 months (T2) after the injury; working and episodic memory outcome was compared between groups at T2. RESULTS Alertness at T1 and Color Naming at T1 and T2 were significantly reduced following mTBI compared to controls, although most group differences in PS disappeared when patients with previous impairments and mTBI were excluded. PS was predictive for episodic and working memory performance 3-6 months after injury, whereas group was a significant predictor of working memory. CONCLUSIONS Compared to healthy controls, children after mTBI showed reduced performance in verbal PS, which was associated with working memory. In children who are symptomatic after mTBI, diagnostic screening of PS could be helpful in identifying patients that could profit from speed-improving strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Studer
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Milena Heussler
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Romano
- Division of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karen Lidzba
- Division of Neuropaediatrics, Development and Rehabilitation, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Bigi
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Central Switzerland, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Wang C, Cheng R, Yang W, Qiu L, Liu H. Episodic memory network characteristics in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment accompanied by executive function impairment. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3601. [PMID: 38898628 PMCID: PMC11186851 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the functional connectivity (FC) characteristics of the episodic memory network (EMN) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients with different levels of executive function (EF). METHODS This study included 76 participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, comprising 23 healthy controls (HCs) and 53 aMCI patients. Based on EF levels, aMCI patients were categorized into aMCI-highEF and aMCI-lowEF groups. Cognitive function scores, pathological markers (cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid, total tau protein, phosphorylated tau protein, AV45-PET, and FDG-PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging were collected and compared among the three groups. Seed-based FC analysis was used to examine differences in the EMN among the groups, and partial correlation analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between changes in FC and cognitive function scores as well as pathological markers. RESULTS Compared to the aMCI-highEF group, the aMCI-lowEF group exhibited more severe cognitive impairment, decreased cerebral glucose metabolism, and elevated AV45 levels. Significant FC differences in the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) of the EMN were observed among the three groups. Post hoc analysis revealed that the aMCI-lowEF group had increased FC in the left STG compared to the HCs and aMCI-highEF groups, with statistically significant differences. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the differences in FC in the left STG of aMCI-highEF and aMCI-lowEF groups and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test forgetting scores. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.741 for distinguishing between aMCI-highEF and aMCI-lowEF groups based on FC of left STG, with a sensitivity of 0.808 and a specificity of 0.667. CONCLUSION aMCI-lowEF exhibits characteristic changes in FC within the EMN, providing theoretical support for the role of EF in mediating EMN alterations and, consequently, impacting episodic memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of RadiologyTianjin Baodi Hospital, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Rukun Cheng
- Department of CardiologyThe Third Central Hospital of TianjinTianjinChina
| | - Wenhao Yang
- Department of RadiologyTianjing Gong An HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of RadiologyLiyang People's HospitalChangzhouChina
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of RadiologyTianjin Baodi Hospital, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
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Townes P, Liu C, Panesar P, Devoe D, Lee SY, Taylor G, Arnold PD, Crosbie J, Schachar R. Do ASD and ADHD Have Distinct Executive Function Deficits? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Direct Comparison Studies. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:1571-1582. [PMID: 37565325 PMCID: PMC10637091 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231190494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate if children and adolescents with a diagnosis of ASD or ADHD have distinct executive function (EF) profiles. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles comparing ASD, ADHD, and typically developing individuals under 19 years of age were identified. The domains evaluated were: working memory, response inhibition, planning, cognitive flexibility, attention, processing speed, and visuospatial abilities. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles met inclusion criteria. Analyses were performed on 45 performance metrics from 24 individual tasks. No differences in EF were found between individuals diagnosed with ASD and ADHD. Individuals diagnosed with ASD and ADHD exhibited worse performance in attention, flexibility, visuospatial abilities, working memory, processing speed, and response inhibition than typically developing individuals. Groups did not differ in planning abilities. CONCLUSION Children and adolescents with ASD and ADHD have similar EF profiles. Further research is needed to determine if comorbidity accounts for the commonality in executive dysfunction between each disorder.
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Becker L, Condy E, Kaat A, Thurm A. How do 3-year-olds do on the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery? Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:521-542. [PMID: 35876076 PMCID: PMC9873835 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The NIH Toolbox includes a cognitive battery that provides an Early Childhood Composite score for children age 3-7. However, very few studies have evaluated feasibility when it is used in the youngest segment of this age range-3-year-olds. The current study evaluated performance on the four cognitive subtests composing the early childhood composite, two of which assess executive function, in a large sample of 3-year-olds enrolled in a Vanguard pilot of the National Children's Study. Results found that in a cohort of 609 3-year-olds (mean age = 39.6 months, SD = 1.6, 53% male, 64% White, 87% Non-Hispanic) who were administered four subtests included in the Early Childhood Composite, up to approximately 30% were unable to pass practice items on the Flanker, Dimensional Change Card Sort, and Picture Sequence Memory, whereas only approximately 3% were unable to pass practice items on the Picture Vocabulary Test. Furthermore, of those that did pass practice and achieve scores on the subtests, approximately 70% and 80% performed at or below chance level on the executive function tasks (Flanker and Dimensional Change Card Sort) and Picture Sequence Memory, respectively. Ultimately, the average 3-year-old has difficulty with three of the four NIH Toolbox tasks composing the Early Childhood Composite and may not yet have developed the requisite skills. These findings indicate that changes compatible with the developmental level of preschoolers are recommended to increase the feasibility and effectiveness of the NIH Toolbox in measuring individual cognition differences in 3-year-old children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Becker
- Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma Condy
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aaron Kaat
- Medical Social Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ye Q, Chen H, Liu R, Qin R, Luo C, Li M, Xu Y, Zhao H, Bai F. Lateralized Contributions of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Network to Episodic Memory Deficits in Subjects With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:756241. [PMID: 34867283 PMCID: PMC8635729 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.756241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both episodic memory and executive function are impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) subjects, but it is unclear if these impairments are independent or interactive. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between episodic memory deficits and executive function deficits, and the underlying functional mechanisms in aMCI subjects. Thirty-one aMCI subjects and 27 healthy subjects underwent neuropsychological tests and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Hippocampal networks and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) networks were identified based on resting-sate functional MRI (fMRI) data. AMCI subjects displayed lower episodic memory scores and executive function scores than control subjects, and the episodic memory scores were positively correlated with the executive function scores in aMCI subjects. Brain network analyses showed an interaction between the hippocampal networks and the MPFC networks, and the interaction was significantly associated with the episodic memory scores and the executive function scores. Notably, aMCI subjects displayed higher functional connectivity (FC) of the right hippocampal network with the right prefrontal cortex than did control subjects, but this difference disappeared when controlling for the MPFC networks. Furthermore, the effects of the MPFC networks on the hippocampal networks were significantly associated with the episodic memory scores in aMCI subjects. The present findings suggested that the episodic memory deficits in aMCI subjects could be partially underpinned by the modulation of the MPFC networks on the hippocampal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Renyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruomeng Qin
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Caimei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengchun Li
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing, China
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Severe sleep disturbance is associated with executive function impairment in patients with first-episode, treatment-naïve major depressive disorders. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:198. [PMID: 33874911 PMCID: PMC8054425 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbance and executive function impairment are common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), though the relationship between the two remains unclear. We investigated this association in first-episode, treatment-naïve patients with MDD. METHODS We analyzed data from 242 patients with MDD. We divided the patients into 2 groups based on sleep disturbance severity and compared the executive function odds ratios between the groups. RESULTS A total of 121 pairs of patients were matched (age 39.4 ± 10.1, 70.2% female). After propensity score matching, the odds ratios for cognitive impairment in patients with MDD and severe sleep disturbance were 1.922 (1.068-3.459, P = 0.029, q = 0.044) in executive functioning; 2.023 (1.211-3.379, P = 0.007, q = 0.021) in executive shifting. CONCLUSIONS Sleep disturbance is associated with executive functioning impairment in first-episode, treatment-naïve patients with MDD. Severe sleep disturbance can be a marker and aid in recognizing executive function impairment in patients with first-episode treatment-naïve MDD. Severe sleep disturbance can be a potential modifiable factor to improve executive function in MDD, as well as an effective measurement to improve cognition for sleep symptom management that should be enforced at initial treatment of first-episode MDD. Further study is required to confirm our results. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02023567 ; registration date: December 2013.
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Otoni F, Pacheco JTB. Técnicas Gráficas na Predição do Rendimento Escolar Infantil. PSICO-USF 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-8271202126nesp04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Este estudo verificou o valor preditivo das tarefas do teste Figuras Complexas de Rey (tipo de cópia e tipo de memória) e do Desenho da Figura Humana (inteligência não verbal) para avaliar o rendimento escolar em crianças do Ensino Fundamental I. Realizou-se um estudo com delineamento transversal em que participaram 344 alunos, com idades entre os seis e 10 anos (M = 7,99; DP = 1,47). Aplicou-se coletivamente, em sala de aula, as Figuras Complexas de Rey e o Desenho da Figura Humana. Os resultados evidenciaram correlações significativas positivas entre a percepção visual, a memória imediata e a inteligência não verbal com as notas de português e matemática. O modelo de path analysis indicou que a inteligência não verbal foi capaz de predizer o rendimento escolar das disciplinas de língua portuguesa e matemática, enquanto as habilidades de planejamento e percepção visual foram significativas para predizer o rendimento em matemática.
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Segabinazi JD, Pawlowski J, Zanini AM, Wagner GP, Sbicigo JB, Trentini CM, Hutz CS, de Salles JF, Bandeira DR. Age, Education and Intellectual Quotient Influences: Structural Equation Modeling on the study of Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT). THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 23:e27. [PMID: 32677605 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2020.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study searched for sociodemographic influences on visual memory and visuoconstructive ability in healthy and clinical samples evaluated with Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) in two studies. In Study 1, we searched for changes related to age in children, adolescents, adults and elderly on the performance of the BVRT. In Study 2, we investigated the relations among age, years of education and intellectual quotient (IQ) on the performance of the BVRT using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Participants were 624 individuals aged between six and 89 years old (M = 25.40; SD = 22.34) from the normatization and evidence validity studies at Brazil. We used a sociodemographic questionnaire, BVRT and IQ measure was estimated. Study 1 has shown a performance similar to the developmental graphics with a U-inverted pattern in relation to age: An increase of the visual memory ability in the children and adolescent groups as age increases, a tendency of a decrease in the performance in the adult group that intensifies in the elderly group. Study 2 found that the model for the BVRT performance tested by SEM denoted satisfactory goodness-of-fit indexes, χ2/gl = 2.67, p < .001; CFI = .92; TLI = .93; RMSEA = .004, 90% CI = [.03, .05];WLSMV = 1.79, and corroborated the theoretical assumption. The SEM model confirmed in this study highlight the strong role of years of education in the prediction of BVRT scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Dickel Segabinazi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil)
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil)
| | - Josiane Pawlowski
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
- Universidad de Iberoamérica (Costa Rica)
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Effect and Neuroimaging Mechanism of Electroacupuncture for Vascular Cognitive Impairment No Dementia: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Assessor-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:7190495. [PMID: 32184898 PMCID: PMC7061121 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7190495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment no dementia (VCIND) is likely to develop into vascular dementia (VD) without intervention. The clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) for VCIND has been previously demonstrated. However, the neuroimaging mechanism of EA for VCIND has not been elucidated clearly. This trial is designed to provide solid evidence for the efficacy and neuroimaging mechanism of EA treatment for patients with VCIND. This ongoing study is an assessor-blind, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. 140 eligible subjects will be recruited from the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University and randomized into either the electroacupuncture (EA) group or the control group (CG). All subjects will receive basic treatment, and participants in the CG will receive health education performed weekly. Except for basic treatment and health education, participants in the EA group will receive treatment 5 times per week for a total of 40 sessions over 8 weeks. The primary outcome in this study is Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the secondary outcomes are Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Stroop color-naming condition (STROOP), Rey–Osterrieth Complex Graphics Testing, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). All of the outcome measures will be assessed at baseline and 8 weeks of intervention. The medical abstraction of adverse events will be done at each visit. The results of this trial will demonstrate the efficacy and neuroimaging mechanism of EA treatment for VCIND, thus supporting EA treatment as an ideal choice for VCIND treatment. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 28 July 2018 (ChiCTR1800017398).
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Rong H, Lai X, Mahmoudi E, Fang H. Early-Life Exposure to the Chinese Famine and Risk of Cognitive Decline. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040484. [PMID: 30974821 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the Chinese famine suggested long-term effects of early-life famine exposure on health conditions. This study aims to investigate the association between exposure to the Chinese famine of 1959-1961 at different early-life stages and the risk of cognitive decline in adulthood. A total of 6417 adults born between 1952 and 1964 in the 2015 survey data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included in this study. Cognitive performance was estimated through a series of comprehensive neuropsychological tests, including the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (TICS-10), word recall, and pentagon drawing. Multiple generalized linear model (GLM) was employed to detect the association between multi-stage early-life famine exposure and late-life cognitive performance. Compared with the unexposed group, respondents exposed to famine in the fetal period performed worse in the TICS (difference -0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.93 to -0.10), word recall (difference -0.46, 95% CI: -0.74 to -0.19), and general cognition (difference -1.05, 95% CI: -1.64 to -0.47). Furthermore, we also found negative effects of famine exposure on performance of word recall and pentagon drawing in the early (word recall difference -0.56, 95% CI: -1.00 to -0.11; pentagon drawing difference -0.76, 95% CI: -1.40 to -0.12), mid (word recall difference -0.46, 95% CI: -0.81 to -0.11; pentagon drawing difference -0.66, 95% CI: -1.16 to -0.16), and late (word recall difference -0.30, 95% CI: -0.55 to -0.04; pentagon drawing difference -0.75, 95% CI: -1.13 to -0.37) childhood-exposed groups. Early-life famine exposure in different stages is positively associated with late-life cognitive decline. Fetal famine exposure might affect the overall cognitive status in adulthood, and childhood famine exposure has potential adverse effects on visuospatial episodic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguo Rong
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaozhen Lai
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Elham Mahmoudi
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Hai Fang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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