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Ávila IR, Silva ADC, Cardoso DT, Silva TAMD, Carneiro M, Barbosa DS, Bezerra JMT. Clinical-epidemiological aspects and prognostic factors associated with death from visceral leishmaniasis between the years 2010 to 2019 in the Central-West region of Brazil. Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102824. [PMID: 37977488 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, the fatality rate for visceral leishmaniasis is high, and it is important to investigate its associated factors. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical-epidemiological profile and prognostic factors associated with death from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Central-West region of Brazil, between 2010 and 2019. A study of series of VL cases was carried out using data obtained from the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify variables associated with deaths. Male (64.96%); age group ≤5 years (28.51%); mixed race/color (59.20%); and level of education incomplete primary education (45.16%) were the most affected. The most frequent symptoms were fever (87.65%), weakness (77.56%), enlarged spleen (70.22%) and liver (67.33%), weight loss (67.22%) and pallor (63.41%). Co-infection with HIV was observed in 15.84% of patients. The parasitological diagnosis was positive in 74.17% and the Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) in 82.80%. The drug most used for treatment was pentavalent antimony (41.96%). Regarding the evolution of VL, cure was recorded for 82.90% of patients and death from VL in 8.30%. Factors associated with death from VL were: age group ≥20 and <60 (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.98-4.38) and ≥60 (OR 5.84; 95% CI 3.63-9.38), edema (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.64-3.13), pallor (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.06-2.20), infectious condition (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.12-2.15) and hemorrhagic phenomena (OR 2.87; 95% CI 2.02-4.08). New studies are needed in order to better manage VL control, monitoring, prevention and primary care strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Resende Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline do Carmo Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Diogo Tavares Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Maria Trindade Bezerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil; Curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas, Campus de Lago da Pedra, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Lago da Pedra, Maranhão, Brazil.
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Espejo E, Galante A, Tremori TM, Kmetiuk LB, Laiola MA, Biondo AW, Maiorka P. Case report: First criminal conviction of dog fighting in Brazil: an international network organization. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327436. [PMID: 38260207 PMCID: PMC10800658 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Although banned in several countries worldwide, dog fighting has remained a challenge, particularly on criminal investigation, recognition, and prosecution. Besides animal cruelty, dog fighting has been controlled mostly by criminal organizations and accompanied by illegal gambling and drug trafficking. While such competitions may be impaired by advances of legislation on animal welfare and media coverage, international organized crime has been migrating to less regulated and enforced countries. The case herein reported a flagrant dog fighting investigation in an international event involving 27 Pitbull dogs in Mairiporã, located 50 km outside São Paulo City, Brazil. An international network of dog fighting was revealed at the tournament, along with presence of organizers from USA, Mexico, and Peru. Proof was obtained on-site about other similar past and future competitions in other Latin American countries. Dogs were rescued, thoroughly examined for signs of animal cruelty, surveyed for potential diseases, and tested positive for visceral canine leishmaniasis. The process conducted by the state hearing resulted in the highest criminal sentence attributed to animal cruelty in Brazil to date, serving as jurisprudence for future prosecutions. Forensic veterinary medicine was essential in this case as a specialty for police and court assistance, leading to detailed and undeniable report of animal cruelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Espejo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alina Galante
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tália Missen Tremori
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFederal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFederal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Department of Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Paulo Maiorka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nina LNDS, Caldas ADJM, Soeiro VMDS, Ferreira TF, Silva TC, Rabelo PPC. [Spatial-temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil from 2007 to 2020Distribución espaciotemporal de la leishmaniasis visceral en Brasil en el período 2007-2020]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e160. [PMID: 38024446 PMCID: PMC10648444 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the dynamics of the spatial and temporal distribution of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil from 2007 to 2020. Method This ecological study focused on the spatial pattern of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Brazil from 2007 to 2020 using data from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). The variables analyzed were the incidence rate of visceral leishmaniasis and the visceral leishmaniasis composite indicator (VLCI), from which triennial thematic maps were constructed. The global Moran index was calculated to assess the existence of spatial autocorrelation, and the local Moran index was used to identify areas with higher and lower risk of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Results During the study period, there were 48 705 cases of visceral leishmaniasis, with an incidence rate of 25.53 cases per 100 000 population. There was spatial autocorrelation in all triennial blocks, with municipalities in the North and Northeast regions having an incidence equal to or greater than 50 cases per 100 000 population. Regarding the VLCI there was an increase in the number of municipalities classified as low risk for transmission, and a growing presence of state capitals with a classification of very high risk. Conclusion The incidence of visceral leishmaniasis varied over the trienniums. The border region between the states of Tocantins, Maranhão, and Pará, along with the state of Ceará, stood out in the spatial distribution of the disease incidence and risk stratification by VLCI. These areas should be a priority for surveillance and control efforts for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Neuza da Silva Nina
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)Programa de Pós-Graduação em EnfermagemSão Luís (MA)BrasilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Luís (MA), Brasil.
| | - Arlene de Jesus Mendes Caldas
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)Programa de Pós-Graduação em EnfermagemSão Luís (MA)BrasilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Luís (MA), Brasil.
| | - Vanessa Moreira da Silva Soeiro
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)Campus PinheiroCurso de EnfermagemPinheiro (MA)BrasilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Pinheiro, Curso de Enfermagem, Pinheiro (MA), Brasil.
| | - Thais Furtado Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)Campus BacangaCurso de EnfermagemSão Luís (MA)BrasilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Bacanga, Curso de Enfermagem, São Luís (MA), Brasil.
| | - Tereza Cristina Silva
- Instituto Federal de EducaçãoCiência e Tecnologia do MaranhãoDepartamento de BiologiaSão Luís (MA)BrasilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, São Luís (MA), Brasil.
| | - Poliana Pereira Costa Rabelo
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA)Campus BacangaCurso de EnfermagemSão Luís (MA)BrasilUniversidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus Bacanga, Curso de Enfermagem, São Luís (MA), Brasil.
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Exposure to and infection by Leishmania infantum among domestic dogs in an area of the Cerrado biome, Maranhão, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 39:100851. [PMID: 36878628 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a serious public health problem and dogs are considered to be the main source of infection in urban areas. In Brazil, this disease is present in all regions, but with high concentration of cases in the Northeast, and the state of Maranhão is considered to be an endemic region. The aim of this study was to conduct an epidemiological, spatial, molecular and serological survey on Leishmania infantum among domestic dogs in the municipality of Belágua, Maranhão. Blood samples were collected from dogs and questionnaires were applied to their owners to obtain epidemiological data and risk factors relating to this zoonosis in the region. The coordinates of the dogs' homes were obtained to produce a disease risk map. Serological diagnoses were made using the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IFAT) and the dual-path platform chromatographic immunoassay test (DPP®) (Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Brazil). A molecular investigation was undertaken using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Georeferencing was performed using the global positioning system (GPS) and cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the municipality were spatially represented and analyzed using QGIS version 3.16.6 (QGIS Development Team, 2021). A total of 205 blood samples were collected, of which 122 (59.51%) were seroreactive for L. infantum through IFAT, while the DPP test showed 84 reactive samples (40.97%). IFAT and DPP detected 16 positive animals simultaneously. One sample that was seroreactive through IFAT was also positive through PCR. In the clinical evaluation, it was observed that among the seropositive dogs, 112 (91.80%) were symptomatic and 10 (8.20%) were asymptomatic. In the spatial analysis, the Kernel density estimator enabled determination of the place at greatest risk of occurrence of the disease. The areas with the highest concentrations of cases were in districts with large quantities of precarious housing and lack of basic sanitation. This was the first report on the occurrence of L. infantum among dogs in the municipality of Belágua. The results show that canine visceral leishmaniasis is well dispersed in this municipality, thus putting at risk the human population.
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Costa LDLN, Lima US, Rodrigues V, Lima MIS, Silva LA, Ithamar J, Azevedo CMPS. Factors associated with relapse and hospital death in patients coinfected with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV: a longitudinal study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:141. [PMID: 36882732 PMCID: PMC9993705 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an endemic parasitic disease in Latin America, and its clinical picture is aggravated in coinfections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of this study was to investigate clinical factors and laboratory variables associated with VL relapse and death in VL/HIV coinfected patients. METHODS A prospective longitudinal study was conducted from January 2013 to July 2020 among 169 patients coinfected with VL and HIV. The outcomes investigated were the occurrence of VL relapse and death. Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The occurrence rates were 41.4% for VL relapse and 11.2% for death. Splenomegaly and adenomegaly were associated with the increased risk of VL relapse. Patients with VL relapse had higher levels of urea (p = .005) and creatinine (p < .001). Patients who died had lower red blood cell counts (p = .012), hemoglobin (p = .017) and platelets (p < .001). The adjusted model showed that antiretroviral therapy for more than 6 months was associated with a decrease in VL relapse, and adenomegaly was associated with an increase in VL relapse. In addition, edema, dehydration, poor general health status, and paleness were associated with an increase in hospital death. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that adenomegaly, antiretroviral therapy, and renal abnormalities can be associated with VL relapse, while hematological abnormalities, and clinical manifestations like paleness, and edema can be associated with an increased odds of hospital death. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER The study was submitted to the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Maranhão (Protocol: 409.351).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa D L N Costa
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-806, Brazil.
| | - Uiara S Lima
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-806, Brazil
| | - Vandilson Rodrigues
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Mayara I S Lima
- Health and Environment Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Lucilene A Silva
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-806, Brazil
| | - Jorim Ithamar
- President Vargas State Hospital, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Conceição M P S Azevedo
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, 65080-806, Brazil.,President Vargas State Hospital, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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Patterns and drivers of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis in Pernambuco (Brazil) from 2007 to 2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011108. [PMID: 36753511 PMCID: PMC9983839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the second most common protozoosis that affects people around the world. The aim of this study is to understand how environmental and socioeconomic factors, as well as VL control and surveillance interventions, influence the spread and detection of VL cases in Pernambuco state (Brazil). A novel model was developed to analyze cases of VL between 2007 and 2018, enabling the quantification of the association of these variables with two processes: the probability of "invasion" (emergence of new cases) at municipalities by VL, and the probability of detecting cases not reported in municipalities that have already been invaded. Pernambuco state identified 1,410 cases of VL between 2007 and 2018, with an average of 128 cases per year and average incidence of 1.28/100 thousand people. These cases were distributed in 77.1% (142/184) of the municipalities, and 54.8% (773/1,410) of them were autochthonous. Our model reveals that the proportion of agriculture was positively associated with VL invasion probability. We also find that municipalities that are closer to notification centers and/or that have received technical training and support tend to have higher detection rates of VL cases. Taken together, these results suggest that a municipality with almost no agriculture and that received technical training, located close to a notification center, is unlikely to be invaded if no cases have ever been detected. On the other hand, a municipality that is far from the notification center, with no technical training, with a large agricultural area might have already been invaded but the surveillance system might have routinely failed to detect VL cases due to low detection probability. By disentangling the processes of invasion and detection, we were able to generate insights that are likely to be useful for the strategic allocation of VL prevention and control interventions.
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Occurrence of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Central-West region of Brazil: A systematic review. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a potentially fatal disease caused mainly by Leishmania infantum in South America and Leishmania donovani in Asia and Africa. Disease outcomes have been associated with patient genotype, nutrition, age, sex, comorbidities, and coinfections. In this study, we examine the effects of parasite genetic variation on VL disease severity in Brazil. We collected and sequenced the genomes of 109 L. infantum isolates from patients in northeastern Brazil and retrieved matching patient clinical data from medical records, including mortality, sex, HIV coinfection, and laboratory data (creatinine, hemoglobin, and leukocyte and platelet counts). We identified genetic differences between parasite isolates, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), small insertions/deletions (indels), and variations in genic, intergenic, and chromosome copy numbers (copy number variants [CNVs]). To describe associations between the parasite genotypes and clinical outcomes, we applied quantitative genetics methods of heritability and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), treating clinical outcomes as traits that may be influenced by parasite genotype. Multiple aspects of the genetic analysis indicate that parasite genotype affects clinical outcomes. We estimate that parasite genotype explains 83% chance of mortality (narrow-sense heritability [h2] = 0.83 ± 0.17) and has a significant relationship with patient sex (h2 = 0.60 ± 0.27). Impacts of parasite genotype on other clinical traits are lower (h2 ≤ 0.34). GWAS analysis identified multiple parasite genetic loci that were significantly associated with clinical outcomes; 17 CNVs were significantly associated with mortality, two with creatinine, and one with bacterial coinfection, jaundice, and HIV coinfection, and two SNPs/indels and six CNVs were associated with age, jaundice, HIV and bacterial coinfections, creatinine, and/or bleeding sites. Parasite genotype is an important factor in VL disease severity in Brazil. Our analysis indicates that specific genetic differences between parasites act as virulence factors, enhancing risks of severe disease and mortality. More detailed understanding of these virulence factors could be exploited for novel therapies. IMPORTANCE Multiple factors contribute to the risk of mortality from visceral leishmaniasis (VL), including, patient genotype, comorbidities, and nutrition. Many of these factors are influenced by socioeconomic biases. Our work suggests that the virulence of the infecting parasite is an important risk factor for mortality. We pinpoint some specific genomic markers that are associated with mortality, which can lead to a greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that cause severe VL disease, to the identification of genetic markers for virulent parasites, and to the development of drug and vaccine therapies.
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Carvalho AG, Kuhn ALM, Dias JVL, Luz JGG. Epidemiological patterns related to deaths caused by visceral leishmaniasis in the southern Amazon region of Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2022; 117:326-335. [PMID: 36479897 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
We analysed the spatial and spatiotemporal patterns of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) mortality at the municipality level in an endemic state in the southern Amazon region of Brazil. Individual-level factors associated with death due to VL were also investigated.
Methods
All VL cases and deaths reported between 2007 and 2018 were included. The global and local bivariate Moran's index assessed the space–time autocorrelation of smoothed triennial VL mortality. Kulldorff's scan statistics investigated spatial and spatiotemporal clusters. A multivariable logistic regression explored sociodemographic, diagnostic and clinical variables associated with death due to VL.
Results
We observed an overall VL mortality and lethality of 0.14 cases/100 000 inhabitants and 11.2%, respectively. A total of 14% of the municipalities registered at least one VL-related death. In the southeastern mesoregion of the state, we detected high-risk spatial (relative risk [RR] 14.14; p<0.001) and spatiotemporal (RR 15.91; p<0.001) clusters for VL mortality. Bivariate Moran's analysis suggested a high space–time autocorrelation of VL mortality. Death by VL was associated with age ≥48 y (odds ratio [OR] 7.2 [95% confidence interval {CI} 3.4 to 15.3]), displacement for notification (OR 3.3 [95% CI 1.5 to 7.2]) and occurrence of oedema (OR 2.8 [95% CI 1.3 to 6.1]) and bleeding (OR 5.8 [95% CI 2.6 to 12.8]).
Conclusions
VL mortality has a heterogeneous spatiotemporal distribution. The death-related factors suggest late diagnosis as an underlying cause of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Carvalho
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis , 5055 dos Estudantes Ave. Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, 78736-900, Brazil
| | - André Luiz M Kuhn
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis , 5055 dos Estudantes Ave. Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, 78736-900, Brazil
| | - João Victor L Dias
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys , 1 Cruzeiro St. Teófilo Otoni, Minas Gerais, 39803-371, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel G Luz
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rondonópolis , 5055 dos Estudantes Ave. Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, 78736-900, Brazil
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Barbosa DS, Belo VS, Bezerra JMT, Figueiredo FB, Werneck GL. Factors associated with Leishmania infantum infection in dogs from urban areas endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:651-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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A new immunochemotherapy schedule for visceral leishmaniasis in a hamster model. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2849-2860. [PMID: 35997843 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment with a recombinant cysteine proteinase from Leishmania, rldccys1, associated with allopurinol or miltefosine on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi-infected hamsters. Golden Syrian hamsters infected with L. (L.) infantum chagasi were treated with either miltefosine (46 mg/kg) or allopurinol (460 mg/kg) alone by oral route or associated with rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) by subcutaneous route for 30 days. Infected hamsters were also treated with miltefosine (46 mg/kg) plus rldccys1 (150 µg/hamster) for 30 days (phase 1) followed by two additional doses of rldccys1 (250 µg/hamster) (phase 2). After the end of treatment, the animals were analyzed for parasite load, body weight, serum levels of immunoglobulins, cytokine expression, and drug toxicity. The data showed a significant decrease of parasite load in infected hamsters treated with allopurinol or miltefosine alone or associated with rldccys1, as well as in those treated with rldccys1 alone. Significantly lower levels of serum IgG were detected in hamsters treated with allopurinol plus rldccys1. The treatment with miltefosine associated with rldccys1 prevented relapse observed in animals treated with miltefosine alone. A significant loss of body weight was detected only in some hamsters treated with miltefosine for 1 month and deprived of this treatment for 15 days. There were no significant differences in transcript expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 in any of treated groups. Neither hepatotoxicity nor nephrotoxicity was observed among controls and treated groups. These findings open perspectives to further explore this immunochemotherapeutic schedule as an alternative for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Pradella GD, Escobar TA, Santos TPD, Vargas RC, Góss GC, Ferrareze PAG, Rosa E Silva LK, Zuravski L, Pereira KB, Duarte CA, Lübeck I. PCR-RLFP characterization of Leishmania spp. in domestic animals from the south-western border of Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e005222. [PMID: 35858013 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize Leishmania spp. from canine and feline samples using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). It was conducted in the southern region of Brazil, located at border crossings to Argentina and Uruguay. Samples were collected from 116 dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and 89 cats (Felis catus). The PCR was performed to screen for an LT1 fragment from kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) target gene, and positive samples were subjected to a second PCR for an internal transcribed spacers (ITS1) region from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) target. RFLP was performed using the Haemophilus aegyptius (HAE III) restriction endonuclease (Fermentas ®). Positive samples by PCR ITS1 were sequenced and deposited in NCBI GenBank, and a phylogenetic analysis was developed. We found that 12.9% (15/116) of the samples from dogs were positive. All the 89 cat samples were negative. Positive samples were tested against Leishmania reference strains presenting different patterns in PCR-RFLP, and these samples showed bands denoting similarity to the standard species of Leishmania infantum, proven through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The RFLP technique, alone, was shown to be feasible for practical application and confirmation of the involved Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luísa Zuravski
- Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Irina Lübeck
- Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil
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Rodrigues LS, Barreto AS, Bomfim LGS, Gomes MC, Ferreira NLC, da Cruz GS, Magalhães LS, de Jesus AR, Palatnik-de-Sousa CB, Corrêa CB, de Almeida RP. Multifunctional, TNF-α and IFN-γ-Secreting CD4 and CD8 T Cells and CD8 High T Cells Are Associated With the Cure of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773983. [PMID: 34777391 PMCID: PMC8581227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and often fatal disease caused by protozoans of the genus Leishmania that affects millions of people worldwide. Patients with symptomatic VL have an impaired anti-Leishmania-specific CD4+ T-cell response, which is reversed after clinical cure. In contrast, the quality of the CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses involved in resistance and/or cure of VL relies on the capability of these cells to activate polyfunctional and memory responses, which are associated with the simultaneous production of three cytokines: IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. Models for the development of CD4 and CD8 T-cell quality in memory and protection to leishmaniasis have been described previously. We aimed to assess the functionality of the T cells involved in the recovery of the immune suppression throughout the VL treatment. Therefore, we cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from VL patients and healthy controls in vitro with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA). Cell surface markers and intracellular cytokine production were determined on days 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, and 180 after the beginning of chemotherapy. We observed that the frequencies of CD4+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ and the multifunctional CD4+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+, together with CD4+TNF-α+ and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells, increased throughout and at the end of the treatment, respectively. In addition, enhanced frequencies of CD8+IL-2+TNF-α+IFN-γ+ and CD8+TNF-α+IFN-γ T cells were also relevant in the healing process. Noteworthy, the frequencies of the CD4+ and CD8 central-memory T cells, which produce IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and ensure the memory response against parasite reinfection, are significantly enhanced in cured patients. In addition, the subset of the non-functional CD8Low population is predominant in VL untreated patients and decreases along the chemotherapy treatment. In contrast, a CD8High subset increased towards the cure. Furthermore, the cure due to treatment with meglumine antimoniate or with liposomal amphotericin B was associated with the recovery of the T-cell immune responses. We described the evolution and participation of functional T cells during the treatment of patients with VL. Our results disclosed that the clinical improvement of patients is significantly associated with the participation of the CD4+ and CD8+ cytokine-secreting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorranny Santana Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Barreto
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lays Gisele Santos Bomfim
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Marcos Couto Gomes
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Luisa Carlos Ferreira
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Geydson Silveira da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Clarisa B Palatnik-de-Sousa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Bani Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biology and Immunology of Cancer and Leishmania, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), National Insitute of Science and Technology (INCT), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Aracaju, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil.,Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/Brazilian Hospital Services Company (EBSERH), Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
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14
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Gomes RS, Silva MVT, Oliveira MAP, Joosten LAB, Ribeiro-Dias F. Protective immune response mediated by neutrophils in experimental visceral leishmaniasis is enhanced by IL-32γ. Cell Immunol 2021; 371:104449. [PMID: 34784560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important cells in protection against microbial infections including visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It is well known that IL-32γ increases the protective T helper 17 cell mediated immune response against Leishmania infantum. Thus, in this study we evaluated whether IL-32 γ can increase the protective role of neutrophils against VL. In comparison with wild type (WT) mice, transgenic mice for human IL-32 γ (IL-32 γ Tg) presented a higher frequency and absolute number of neutrophils in both spleen and liver after the establishment of L. infantum infection. The IL-32 concentrations correlated with neutrophil numbers in the infected tissues. The IL-32 γ -induced recruitment of neutrophils was dependent on IL-17, since inhibition of Th17 T cells generation and IL-17 production with digoxin treatment reversed the effects of IL-32 γ. In murine neutrophils, the presence of IL-32 γ enhanced the phagocytosis of L. infantum via CR3. In addition, murine IL-32 γ Tg neutrophils were able to kill L. infantum due to the increased production of ROS when compared with WT neutrophils. In fact, IL-32 γ Tg mice lost their ability to control infection by L. infantum when neutrophils were depleted. In parallel, treatment of human neutrophils with recombinant IL-32 γ increased phagocytosis and ROS-dependent killing of L. infantum, similarly to murine IL-32 γ Tg neutrophils. The data show that IL-32 γ induces neutrophil recruitment to organs affected by VL and increases phagocytosis and killing of L. infantum by neutrophils. Together, data indicate the pivotal axis IL-32 γ -Th17-neutrophils to control VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
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15
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Recurrence and Driving Factors of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189535. [PMID: 34574459 PMCID: PMC8468393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important vector-borne zoonosis caused by Leishmania spp. that has been spreading in China. It has been posing a significant risk to public health in central China due to its recurrence in recent decades. Yet, the spatiotemporal patterns and the driving factors of VL in central China remain unclear at present. The purpose of this study was to analyse spatiotemporal distribution, explore driving factors, and provide novel insight into prevention and control countermeasures of the VL spreading in central China. Based on data of human VL cases from 2006 to 2019 obtained from the Chinese Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we depicted the map showing the spatiotemporal distribution of VL in central China. We further explored the driving factors contributing to the spread of VL through the general additive model (GAM) by combining maps of environmental, meteorological, and socioeconomic correlates. Most VL cases were reported in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces, the number of which has been increasing every year in the last 14 years, from 3 new cases in 2006 to 101 new cases in 2019. The results of GAM revealed that environmental (i.e., changes in grasslands/forests), meteorological (i.e., temperature and relative humidity), and socioeconomic (i.e., population density) factors are significantly associated with the prevalence of VL in central China. Our results provide a better understanding regarding the current situation and the driving factors of VL in central China, assisting in developing the disease prevention and control strategies implemented by public health authorities.
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16
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Nogueira RA, Lira MGS, Santos SIP, Mondêgo-Oliveira R, Andrade FHED, Sousa EMD, Barbosa DS, Abreu-Silva AL, Carvalho RC. Intense transmission of visceral leishmaniasis in a region of northeastern Brazil: a situation analysis after the discontinuance of a zoonosis control program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e020320. [PMID: 33909834 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In São Luís, Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, the notification of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases intensified in 1982, showing endemic and epidemic patterns. In this city, the Center for Zoonoses Control (CZC) was an organization in charge of the control and prevention of the disease. However, technical and political reasons have led to a significant decline in the periodicity of its activities. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the epidemiological scenario of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) and the prevalence of the disease in dogs after the cessation of the CZC activities, covering the period of 2007 to 2016. The seroprevalence of canine leishmaniasis was determined based on clinical and serological profiles. HVL cases were notified using data provided by the Municipal Health Department of São Luís. A seropositivity rate of 45.8% (p = 0.0001) was found among dogs, 54% (p = 0.374) of which were asymptomatic. As for human cases, there were 415 notifications, with an increase in the incidence of the zoonosis observed during the aforementioned period. Thus, it can be inferred that after the control and surveillance activities were curtailed, there was an increase in the number of seropositive animals in circulation, acting as reservoirs of infection for dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranielly Araujo Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Maria Gabriela Sampaio Lira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Sarah Ingrid Pinto Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Renata Mondêgo-Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia (Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia), Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Fábio Henrique Evangelista de Andrade
- Laboratório de Anatomopatologia, Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | | | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Lucia Abreu-Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - Rafael Cardoso Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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