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Zaidi SEZ, Zaheer R, Zovoilis A, McAllister TA. Enterococci as a One Health indicator of antimicrobial resistance. Can J Microbiol 2024; 70:303-335. [PMID: 38696839 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2024-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The rapid increase of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in humans and livestock is concerning. Antimicrobials are essential for the treatment of disease in modern day medicine, and their misuse in humans and food animals has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Globally, antimicrobial resistance is recognized as a One Health problem affecting humans, animals, and environment. Enterococcal species are Gram-positive bacteria that are widely distributed in nature. Their occurrence, prevalence, and persistence across the One Health continuum make them an ideal candidate to study antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective. The objective of this review was to summarize the role of enterococci as an indicator of antimicrobial resistance across One Health sectors. We also briefly address the prevalence of enterococci in human, animal, and environmental settings. In addition, a 16S RNA gene-based phylogenetic tree was constructed to visualize the evolutionary relationship among enterococcal species and whether they segregate based on host environment. We also review the genomic basis of antimicrobial resistance in enterococcal species across the One Health continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani-E-Zehra Zaidi
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Athanasios Zovoilis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
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Founou RC, Founou LL, Allam M, Ismail A, Essack SY. Genome analysis of multidrug resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis circulating among hospitalized patients in uMgungundlovu District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:671. [PMID: 38965470 PMCID: PMC11225414 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are important pathogens categorized as high-priority bacteria in the Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics published by the World Health Organization. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors, resistance, virulence, mobilomes associated with multidrug-resistant and clonal lineages of Enterococcus faecium and faecalis circulating among hospitalized patients following the health system in South Africa, using whole genome sequencing (WGS). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted during a two-month periods among hospitalized patients in 2017. Rectal swabs were collected from patients admitted to medical and surgical wards in an urban tertiary hospital, and a rural district hospital in uMgungundlovu district, South Africa. Enterococci were screened for vancomycin resistance on bile esculin azide agar supplemented with 6 mg/L of vancomycin and confirmation of VRE was done using ROSCO kits. Conventional and real-time PCR methods were used to ascertain the presence of VanA, VanB, VanC-2/3 and VanC-1 genes. All six multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and faecium selected were identified using multiplexed paired-end libraries (2 × 300 bp) with the Nextera XT DNA sample preparation kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA) and genome sequencing was done using Illumina MiSeq instrument with 100× coverage at the National Institute of Communicable Diseases Sequencing Core Facility, South Africa. Antibiotic resistance genes, virulence factors, plasmids, integrons and CRISPR were characterized using RAST, ResFinder, VirulenceFinder, PlasmidFinder, PHAST and ISFinder respectively. RESULTS Sequencing analysis revealed that these strains harbouring numerous resistance genes to glycopeptides (vanC[100%], vex3[100%], vex2[83,33%] and vanG[16,66%]), macrolides, lincosamides, sterptogramine B (ermB[33,32%], Isa[16,66%], emeA[16,66%]) and tetracyclines (tetM[33,32%]) in both district and tertiary hospitals. Multidrug efflux pumps including MATE, MFS and pmrA conferring resistance to several classes of antibiotics were also identified. The main transposable elements observed were in the Tn3 family, specifically Tn1546. Four single sequence types (STs) were identified among E. faecium in the district hospital, namely ST822, ST636, ST97 along with a novel ST assigned ST1386, while one lineage, ST29 was detected in the tertiary hospital. CONCLUSION The study reveals the genetic diversity and high pathogenicity of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and faecium circulating among hospitalized patients. It underlines the necessity to implement routine screening of admitted patients coupled with infection control procedures, antimicrobial stewardship and awareness should be strengthened to prevent and/or contain the carriage and spread of multidrug resistant E. faecium and E. faecalis in hospitals and communities in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raspail Carrel Founou
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
- Department of Microbiology-Haematology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease Research Unit, Research Institute of Centre of Expertise and Biological Diagnostic of Cameroon (CEDBCAM-RI), Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Luria Leslie Founou
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
- Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (ReMARCH) Research Unit, Research Institute of the Centre of Expertise and Biological Diagnostic of Cameroon (CEDBCAM-RI), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Bioinformatics & Applied Machine Learning Research Unit, EDEN Biosciences Research Institute (EBRI), EDEN Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Mushal Allam
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2131, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Yusuf Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Samad MA, Sagor MS, Hossain MS, Karim MR, Mahmud MA, Sarker MS, Shownaw FA, Mia Z, Card RM, Agunos A, Johanna L. High prevalence of vancomycin non-susceptible and multi-drug resistant enterococci in farmed animals and fresh retail meats in Bangladesh. Vet Res Commun 2022; 46:811-822. [PMID: 35338457 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus spp., a main cause of untreatable nosocomial infection, in food animals and dissemination to humans is a public health risk. The study was performed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance, and virulence characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in food animals and meats in Bangladesh. Enterococcus spp., were confirmed using sodA gene specific PCR, and antimicrobial resistance and virulence properties were characterized by PCR. Enterococcus spp. were recovered from 57% of the collected samples (n = 201/352). Farm samples yielded significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) prevalence (62%) than that of retail meat samples (41%). E. faecalis (52%) is most frequently isolated species. Greater proportions of isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline (74%), erythromycin (65%) and ciprofloxacin (34%). Fifty-one isolates are vancomycin non-susceptible enterococci (VNSE), of which forty-seven are MDR and twenty are linezolid resistant, a last line drug for VNSE. Virulence factors such as gelatinase (gelE), aggregation factor (asa1) and sex pheromone (cpd) are detected along with vancomycin resistance gene (vanA, vanB and vanC2/C3) in VNSE isolates. The high prevalence of MDR enterococci in food animals and retail meats may cause consumers infections with concomitant reduction of available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Samad
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Centre (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shahjalal Sagor
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Centre (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, 1100, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Sazzad Hossain
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Centre (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Centre (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Asheak Mahmud
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Centre (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Samun Sarker
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Centre (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahria A Shownaw
- Antimicrobial Resistance Action Centre (ARAC), Animal Health Research Division (AHRD), Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zakaria Mia
- Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, 1100, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Roderick M Card
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Agnes Agunos
- FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindahl Johanna
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Dos Santos LDR, Furlan JPR, Gallo IFL, Ramos MS, Savazzi EA, Stehling EG. Occurrence of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolated from environmental samples. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:237-246. [PMID: 33966285 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus species are present in the microbiota of humans and animals and have also been described in the environment. Among the species, Enterococcus faecium is one of the main pathogens associated with nosocomial infections worldwide. Enterococcus faecium isolates resistant to different classes of antimicrobials have been increasingly reported, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in environmental sources, which is worrying. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize E. faecium isolates obtained from soil and water samples regarding antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants. A total 40 E. faecium isolates were recovered from 171 environmental samples. All isolates were classified as MDR, highlighting the resistance to the fluoroquinolones class, linezolid and vancomycin. Furthermore, high-level aminoglycoside resistance and high-level ciprofloxacin resistance were detected in some isolates. Several clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes were found, including vanC1, ermB, ermC, mefAE, tetM, tetL, ant(6')-Ia, ant(4')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa and aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia. Three virulence genes were detected among the MDR E. faecium isolates, such as esp, gelE and ace. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of MDR E. faecium isolates carrying antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in environmental sources and report for the first time in the world the presence of vanC1-producing E. faecium isolated from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D R Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J P R Furlan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I F L Gallo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Ramos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E A Savazzi
- Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - E G Stehling
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Telavancin Compared with the Other Glycopeptides. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:797-816. [PMID: 29332251 PMCID: PMC5999141 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Telavancin was discovered by modifying the chemical structure of vancomycin and belongs to the group of lipoglycopeptides. It employs its antimicrobial potential through two distinct mechanisms of action: inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and induction of bacterial membrane depolarization and permeabilization. In this article we review the clinically relevant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of telavancin. For comparison, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of the other glycopeptides are presented. Although, in contrast to the newer lipoglycopeptides, telavancin demonstrates a relatively short half-life and rapid total clearance, its apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is almost identical to that of dalbavancin. The accumulation of telavancin after repeated dosing is only marginal, whereas the pharmacokinetic values of the other glycopeptides show much greater differences after administration of multiple doses. Despite its high plasma-protein binding of 90% and relatively low Vd of approximately 11 L, telavancin shows near complete equilibration of the free fraction in plasma with soft tissue. The ratio of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h (AUC24) of unbound plasma concentrations to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) required to inhibit growth of 90% of organisms (MIC90) of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis of telavancin are sufficiently high to achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets indicative for optimal bacterial killing. Considering both the AUC24/MIC ratios of telavancin and the near complete equilibration of the free fraction in plasma with soft tissue, telavancin is an appropriate antimicrobial agent to treat soft tissue infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Although the penetration of telavancin into epithelial lining fluid (ELF) requires further investigations, the AUC24/MIC ratio for S. aureus indicates that bactericidal activity in the ELF could be expected.
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Said HS, Abdelmegeed ES. Emergence of multidrug resistance and extensive drug resistance among enterococcal clinical isolates in Egypt. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:1113-1125. [PMID: 31118713 PMCID: PMC6510230 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s189341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterococci commonly inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of both human and animals; however, they have emerged as a leading cause of several infections with substantial morbidity and mortality. Their ability to acquire resistance combined with intrinsic resistance to various antimicrobials makes treatment of enterococcal infections challenging. MATERIALS AND METHODS The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance pattern, and assess the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug resistance (XDR) among enterococcal isolates, collected from different clinical sources, in Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt. RESULTS Antibiotic sensitivity testing revealed elevated levels of resistance among enterococcal clinical isolates (N=103). All E. faecium (N=32) and 74.6% of E. faecalis isolates(N=71) were MDR, while two E. faecalis and four E. faecium isolates were XDR. High level gentamicin resistance was detected in 79.6%, most of them carried the aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia gene. High level streptomycin resistance was seen in 36.9%, of which 52.6% carried the ant(6')-Ia gene. Resistance to macrolides and lincosamides were mediated by ermB (92.2%) and msrA/B (42.7%). tetK, tetL, andtetM genes were detected among tetracyclines resistant isolates. Resistance to vancomycin was detected in 15.5%, where vanB and vanC1 gene clusters were detected in VRE isolates. Ten isolates (9.7%) were resistant to linezolid, eight of which harbored the optrA gene. Vancomycin and linezolid resistant enterococci were more likely to exhibit strong/moderate biofilm formation than vancomycin and linezolid sensitive ones. CONCLUSION Elevated levels of resistance to different classes of antimicrobial agents and emergence of MDR and XDR strains pose a major threat with limited therapeutic options for infections caused by this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Shehta Said
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt,
| | - Eman Salama Abdelmegeed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt,
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Khan FA, Söderquist B, Jass J. Prevalence and Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Swedish Aquatic Environments Impacted by Household and Hospital Wastewater. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:688. [PMID: 31019498 PMCID: PMC6458280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacteria are a major cause of nosocomial infections. Antibiotic misuse has fueled the worldwide spread of resistant bacteria and the genes responsible for antibiotic resistance (ARGs). There is evidence that ARGs are ubiquitous in non-clinical environments, especially those affected by anthropogenic activity. However, the emergence and primary sources of ARGs in the environment of countries with strict regulations for antibiotics usage are not fully explored. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the repertoire of ARGs of culturable Gram-negative bacteria from directionally connected sites from the hospital to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and downstream aquatic environments in central Sweden. The ARGs were detected from genomic DNA isolated from a population of selectively cultured coliform and Gram-negative bacteria using qPCR. The results show that hospital wastewater was a reservoir of several class B β-lactamase genes such as bla IMP-1 , bla IMP-2, and bla OXA-23, however, most of these genes were not observed in downstream locations. Moreover, β-lactamase genes such as bla OXA-48, bla CTX-M-8, and bla SFC-1, bla V IM-1, and bla V IM-13 were detected in downstream river water but not in the WWTP. The results indicate that the WWTP and hospital wastewaters were reservoirs of most ARGs and contribute to the diversity of ARGs in associated natural environments. However, this study suggests that other factors may also have minor contributions to the prevalence and diversity of ARGs in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ahmad Khan
- The Life Science Centre – Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bo Söderquist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jana Jass
- The Life Science Centre – Biology, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Ahmed MO, Baptiste KE. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci: A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Perspectives of Human and Animal Health. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:590-606. [PMID: 29058560 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are both of medical and public health importance associated with serious multidrug-resistant infections and persistent colonization. Enterococci are opportunistic environmental inhabitants with a remarkable adaptive capacity to evolve and transmit antimicrobial-resistant determinants. The VRE gene operons show distinct genetic variability and apparently continued evolution leading to a variety of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and various environmental and livestock reservoirs for the most common van genes. Such complex diversity renders a number of important therapeutic options including "last resort antibiotics" ineffective and poses a particular challenge for clinical management. Enterococci resistance to glycopeptides and multidrug resistance warrants attention and continuous monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O Ahmed
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli , Tripoli, Libya
| | - Keith E Baptiste
- 2 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Danish Medicines Agency , Copenhagen South, Denmark
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Armin S, Fallah F, Karimi A, Rashidan M, Shirdust M, Azimi L. Genotyping, antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor gene profiles of vancomycin resistance Enterococcus faecalis isolated from blood culture. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:300-304. [PMID: 28578090 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus spp. is the common of intestinal micro flora in humans but nowadays this gram-positive bacterium causes the variety of nosocomial infections. Resistance to antibiotic and also, presence of different virulence genes in the enterococcus spp. can change it to problematic microorganisms in the health care centers. The aim of this study was determined the genotyping, antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor gene profiles of vancomycin resistance Enterococcus faecalis isolated from blood culture. METHODS In this study, enterococcus isolated from BACTEC was collected and antibiotic susceptibility testing was done according to CLSI recommendation. Important virulence genes and vancomyci resistance genes were detected by PCR and molecular typing was performed by RAPD PCR assay. RESULTS Nine enterococcus collected from 194 positive BACTEC and seven out of nine were vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). vanA gene observed in all VRE and none of strains carried vanB and vanC genes. efbaA and gelE virulence factors have been detected in all strains. ace, esp, and cyl virulence factors genes harbored in two, seven and eight isolates respectively. asaI was not detected in any strains. All seven VRE isolates were related to the one specific molecular type and two different molecular types observed in the two vancomycin susceptible enterococci according to molecular epidemiology results. CONCLUSION More prevalence of the VRE in enterococcus isolated from BACTEC is so important and on the other hand high genetic relationship in the isolated VRE can be very considerable for nosocomial infection committee in the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Armin
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 15468-15514, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fallah
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 15468-15514, Iran
| | - Abdollah Karimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 15468-15514, Iran
| | - Marjan Rashidan
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shirdust
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 15468-15514, Iran
| | - Leila Azimi
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Mofid Children Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 15468-15514, Iran.
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Roberts MC, No DB, Marzluff JM, Delap JH, Turner R. Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus spp. from crows and their environment in metropolitan Washington State, USA: Is there a correlation between VRE positive crows and the environment? Vet Microbiol 2016; 194:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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