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Pereira EDA, do Carmo CN, Araujo WRM, Branco MDRFC. Spatial distribution of arboviruses and its association with a social development index and the waste disposal in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2015 to 2019. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2024; 27:e240017. [PMID: 38716959 PMCID: PMC11073584 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720240017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of urban arboviruses and to investigate whether the social development index (SDI) and irregular waste disposal are related to the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS The confirmed cases of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in São Luís, from 2015 to 2019, were georeferenced to the census tract of residence. The Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive regression model was used to identify the association between SDI and irregular waste disposal sites and the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection. RESULTS The spatial pattern of arboviruses pointed to the predominance of a low-incidence cluster, except 2016. For the years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2019, an increase of one unit of waste disposal site increased the coefficient of arboviruses detection in 1.25, 1.09, 1.23, and 1.13 cases of arboviruses per 100 thousand inhabitants, respectively. The SDI was not associated with the coefficient of arboviruses detection. CONCLUSION In São Luís, spatiotemporal risk clusters for the occurrence of arboviruses and a positive association between the coefficient of arbovirus detection and sites of irregular waste disposal were identified.
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Novaes C, Silva Pinto F, Marques RC. Aedes Aegypti-Insights on the Impact of Water Services. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2022GH000653. [PMID: 36439027 PMCID: PMC9682355 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidemics in general and dengue in particular surcharge the health services and the economy. However, the fighting actions are circumscribed to the health sector despite the known positive economic impacts that the investments in water supply and sanitation services (WSS) may cause on society and public health. Besides the fact that urban WSS infrastructure is closely linked to disease prevention, in Brazil, the user's perception and demand are very few and many institutional aspects, like the integration between local WSS, health, environment, and development of city councils, need to be improved and better aligned. In this way, disease control and vector density reduction remain challenges to be overcome. This article addresses the need for greater institutionalization of urban WSS relating them to health aspects from official data. It concludes that the negative impacts of lacking universal access to WSS on dengue and other mosquito diseases are dispersed in all cities, regions, and populations regardless of their degree of development. Furthermore, contrary to what is normally emphasized, the analysis carried out shows that the lack of urban stormwater management systems may be an important component of WSS in preventing the proliferation of dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Novaes
- CERISInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Francisco Silva Pinto
- CERISInstituto Superior TécnicoUniversity of LisbonLisbonPortugal
- EIGeSLusofona UniversityLisboaPortugal
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Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika: Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Rio de Janeiro State, 2015–2019. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7070141. [PMID: 35878153 PMCID: PMC9318038 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7070141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous spatial circulation of urban arboviral diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, is a major challenge. In this ecological study of urban arboviruses performed from 2015 to 2019, we analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of these arboviruses in all 92 municipalities and nine health regions of Rio de Janeiro state. Annual cumulative incidences are presented for all three arboviruses throughout the study period. Spatial analyses of the three studied arboviruses showed distinct behaviors among municipalities and health regions. Co-circulation of the three arboviruses in the state and a heterogeneous spatiotemporal pattern was observed for each disease and region, with dengue having a higher annual incidence during the five years of the study, as well as two consecutive epidemic years in the state. The increase in transmission in different regions of the state in one year culminated in an epidemic in the state in the following year. A high annual cumulative incidence of chikungunya occurred in municipalities from 2017 to 2019 and of Zika only in 2016. Some municipalities with higher population densities showed higher incidences for some arboviruses and appeared to contribute to the dissemination to cities of lower demographic density and maintenance of these urban arboviruses. Thus, regions recording increased incidences of the three diseases in their territories for long periods should be considered municipal poles, as they initiated and sustained high transmission within their region.
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Santos CVBD, Cavalcante JR, Pungartnik PC, Guimarães RM. Space-time analysis of the first year of COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2021; 24:e210046. [PMID: 34730708 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720210046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the space-time evolution of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the Rio de Janeiro municipality, Brazil, during the first year of the pandemic. METHODS An ecological study was carried out. The units of analysis were the neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Incidence and mortality rates, excess risk, Global Moran's Index (Moran's I), local indicator for spatial association, standardized incidence ratio, and standardized mortality ratio were estimated for neighborhoods in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS Over the first year of the pandemic, registries in the city of Rio de Janeiro included 204,888 cases and 19,017 deaths due to COVID-19. During the first three months of the pandemic, higher incidence rates were verified in the municipality compared with the state of Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, in addition to higher mortality rates compared with the state of Rio de Janeiro and Brazil from May 2020 to February 2021. Bonsucesso was the neighborhood with the highest incidence and mortality rates, and throughout the neighborhoods and months, there is no synchrony between the worst moments of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION The authors emphasize the need for implementing more rigid control and prevention measures, increasing case detection, and accelerating the COVID-19 immunization campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Roberto Cavalcante
- Institute of Studies in Public Health, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil
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Freitas LP, Schmidt AM, Cossich W, Cruz OG, Carvalho MS. Spatio-temporal modelling of the first Chikungunya epidemic in an intra-urban setting: The role of socioeconomic status, environment and temperature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009537. [PMID: 34143771 PMCID: PMC8244893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three key elements are the drivers of Aedes-borne disease: mosquito infestation, virus circulating, and susceptible human population. However, information on these aspects is not easily available in low- and middle-income countries. We analysed data on factors that influence one or more of those elements to study the first chikungunya epidemic in Rio de Janeiro city in 2016. Using spatio-temporal models, under the Bayesian framework, we estimated the association of those factors with chikungunya reported cases by neighbourhood and week. To estimate the minimum temperature effect in a non-linear fashion, we used a transfer function considering an instantaneous effect and propagation of a proportion of such effect to future times. The sociodevelopment index and the proportion of green areas (areas with agriculture, swamps and shoals, tree and shrub cover, and woody-grass cover) were included in the model with time-varying coefficients, allowing us to explore how their associations with the number of cases change throughout the epidemic. There were 13627 chikungunya cases in the study period. The sociodevelopment index presented the strongest association, inversely related to the risk of cases. Such association was more pronounced in the first weeks, indicating that socioeconomically vulnerable neighbourhoods were affected first and hardest by the epidemic. The proportion of green areas effect was null for most weeks. The temperature was directly associated with the risk of chikungunya for most neighbourhoods, with different decaying patterns. The temperature effect persisted longer where the epidemic was concentrated. In such locations, interventions should be designed to be continuous and to work in the long term. We observed that the role of the covariates changes over time. Therefore, time-varying coefficients should be widely incorporated when modelling Aedes-borne diseases. Our model contributed to the understanding of the spatio-temporal dynamics of an urban Aedes-borne disease introduction in a tropical metropolitan city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Picinini Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra M. Schmidt
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - William Cossich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilia Sá Carvalho
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Johansen IC, Castro MCD, Alves LC, Carmo RLD. Population mobility, demographic, and environmental characteristics of dengue fever epidemics in a major city in Southeastern Brazil, 2007-2015. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00079620. [PMID: 33886707 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00079620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 14% of world dengue virus (DENV) cases occur in the Americas, most of them in Brazil. While socioeconomic, environmental, and behavioral correlates have been analyzed thoroughly, the role played by population mobility on DENV epidemics, especially at the local level, remains scarce. This study assesses whether the daily pattern of population mobility is associated with DENV incidence in Campinas, a Brazilian major city with over 1.2 million inhabitants in São Paulo State. DENV notifications from 2007 to 2015 were geocoded at street level (n = 114,884) and combined with sociodemographic and environmental data from the 2010 population census. Population mobility was extracted from the Origin-Destination Survey (ODS), carried out in 2011, and daily precipitation was obtained from satellite imagery. Multivariate zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were applied. High population mobility presented a relevant positive effect on higher risk for DENV incidence. High income and residence in apartments were found to be protective characteristics against the disease, while unpaved streets, number of strategic points (such as scrapyards and tire repair shops), and precipitation were consistently risk factors.
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Bezerra JMT, Sousa SCD, Tauil PL, Carneiro M, Barbosa DS. Entry of dengue virus serotypes and their geographic distribution in Brazilian federative units: a systematic review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2021; 24:e210020. [PMID: 33825776 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720210020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the entry of Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes in Brazil and its federative units. METHODS A systematic review of studies published between 1980 and 2018 in databases and in the gray literature was performed using descriptors related to the years of entry of the DENV serotypes. Additionally, experts and official sources of information (Brazilian Ministry of Health) were consulted. RESULTS From 100 publications selected for the systematic review, 26 addressed the entry of DENV serotypes in the North region of the country, 33 in the Northeast, 24 in the Southeast, 14 in the Central-West, and five in the South. DENV-1 and DENV-4 were introduced in the North region in 1981. DENV-2 was introduced in the Southeast in 1990. DENV-3 was introduced in the North in 1999. CONCLUSION The rapid expansion of dengue throughout the Brazilian territory was verified from the second half of the 1980s, with the gradual entry of the four serotypes, which resulted in the emergence of epidemics of arbovirus, which are currently verified in the country. Considering the epidemiology of the disease, more information should be disseminated and published in the wide-ranging scientific literature for a better understanding of the spread and circulation of DENV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selma Costa de Sousa
- Department of Occupational Health Care, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.,Laboratory of Epidemiology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - Pedro Luiz Tauil
- School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Universidade de Brasília - Brasília (DF), Brazil
| | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil.,Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
| | - David Soeiro Barbosa
- Laboratory of Epidemiology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil
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Souza JHM, Barros TÁB, Almeida PP, Vieira SCA, Melo FF, Silva RAA, Tomazi L. Dynamics of Transmission of Urban Arbovirus Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in Southwestern Region of Bahia, Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200670. [PMID: 33681889 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviral diseases are disseminated all over the world. In Brazil, they remain neglected, alerting public authorities to possible outbreaks. Over here, we report the epidemiological indicators of Dengue from 2010 to 2015, Zika between 2015 and 2016, and Chikungunya from 2014 to 2016, within 19 municipalities of Southwestern Region of Bahia, Brazil. The data were collected from Brazilian national public information systems (SISFAD, SINAN, and IBGE) and by Endemic Control Agents. The analysis consisted of a description of vector characteristics, Home Infestation Index and characterization of human reported cases. The years 2011 and 2013 were recorded as having the highest frequencies of positive properties for the presence of the arboviruse vectors. Most municipalities presented high annual values of Home Infestation Index indicating an alert situation (62.28%). In the evaluated period, there were (i) 9,196 cases of Dengue, (ii) 636 cases of Zika and (iii) 224 cases of Chikungunya reported. This is the first report of the epidemiological characteristics of these arboviruses in the 19 municipalities of Bahia. It is believed that the data collected may contribute to public health policies aimed at controlling future epidemics of these arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Herberto M Souza
- Núcleo Regional de Saúde do Sudoeste/NRS Sudoeste, Departamento da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia/SESAB, Rua João Pereira s/n, São Vicente, 45000-115 Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - TÁcita B Barros
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Biointegração, Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Palloma P Almeida
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Biointegração, Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Suze C A Vieira
- Núcleo Regional de Saúde do Sudoeste/NRS Sudoeste, Departamento da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia/SESAB, Rua João Pereira s/n, São Vicente, 45000-115 Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - FabrÍcio F Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Biointegração, Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Robson A A Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Biointegração, Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Laize Tomazi
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Núcleo de Biointegração, Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Candeias, 45029-094 Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil
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Islam S, Haque CE, Hossain S, Walker D. Association among ecological and behavioural attributes, dengue vector and disease control: a cross-sectional study of the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int Health 2021; 12:444-454. [PMID: 31782495 PMCID: PMC7443721 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examines vector density, the prevailing knowledge, awareness, attitudes and practice (KAAP) of community members regarding dengue disease and their willingness to pay (WTP) for vector control in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS A population-based, cross-sectional study design was followed: (i) an entomological survey was carried out in 727 randomly selected households in 12 wards, representing four urban ecological zones and (ii) a survey of 330 household heads was conducted to study their KAAP. The χ2 test and multinomial logistic regression (MLR) were applied to investigate factors associated with WTP and other variables. RESULTS The Stegomyia indices significantly vary among the urban zones, revealing that the paved and built areas with concentrated public/commercial services have the highest mosquito density. Most respondents (93.9%) knew about dengue and its severity (90.3%); however, many of them were unaware (79.3%) about the types of mosquitoes causing dengue. MLR modelling reveals that average spending per month for mosquito control, household income and knowledge about the effects of land use and seasonality on dengue were significantly associated with the WTP for controlling the dengue vector. CONCLUSIONS Concerted efforts should be made to increase awareness about dengue transmission and develop community-based sustainable dengue vector control programmes involving both the public and private sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Islam
- School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - C Emdad Haque
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, 70 Dysart Rd, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - David Walker
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
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Santos JPC, Honório NA, Barcellos C, Nobre AA. A Perspective on Inhabited Urban Space: Land Use and Occupation, Heat Islands, and Precarious Urbanization as Determinants of Territorial Receptivity to Dengue in the City of Rio De Janeiro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6537. [PMID: 32911768 PMCID: PMC7558446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rio de Janeiro is the second-largest city in Brazil, with strong socio-spatial segregation, and diverse and heterogeneous land use, occupation, and landscapes. The complexity of dengue requires the construction of surveillance and control tools that take into account the historical, social, economic, and environmental processes mediated in the territory as a central axis of public policy. In this context, this study aimed to stratify the city into areas of receptivity to dengue, using innovative "territorial indicators" because they are built based on the actual occupation of the territory. METHODS We designed and constructed 17 indicators that sought to characterize the transformed and inhabited space according to receptivity to dengue. We used data on land use and occupation, connectivity, climate, and landscape. We developed the dengue receptivity through principal component analysis (PCA), using multiple criteria analysis and map algebra integrated in a GIS platform. RESULTS The most receptive areas were concentrated in the transition between the north and west zones of the city, a region of unconsolidated urban sprawl. The areas of greatest receptivity had the highest incidence and density of Aedes eggs during the study period. The correlation between receptivity index and incidence rate was positive in the epidemic years. CONCLUSION The proposed set of indicators was able to identify areas of greater receptivity, such as regions of disorderly urban sprawl, with a concentration of social and environmental processes that are related to the occurrence of dengue outbreaks and high vector density. On the other hand, population immunity plays an important role in the spatial distribution of dengue during non-epidemic years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Pereira Caldas Santos
- Centro de Inovação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 22775-903, Brazil
| | - Nildimar Alves Honório
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundaҫão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores-Nosmove/Fiocruz, Fundaҫão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Christovam Barcellos
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
| | - Aline Araújo Nobre
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
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Massa KHC, Chiavegatto Filho ADP. Basic sanitation and self-reported health in Brazilian capitals: a multilevel analysis. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2020; 23:e200050. [PMID: 32520101 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the association between the contextual determinants related to basic sanitation and self-reported health in Brazilian capitals. METHODS The sample consisted of 27,017 adults (≥18 years) residing in the 27 Brazilian capitals in 2013, from the National Health Survey (PNS). The association between self-reported health and sanitation (sewage system, water supply and garbage collection) was analyzed using Bayesian multilevel models, controlling for individual factors (first level of the model) and area-level socioeconomic characteristics (second level). RESULTS We found a consistent association between better self-reported health and better sanitation levels, even after controlling for individual and contextual characteristics. At the contextual level, lower odds of poor self-reported health was observed among those living in areas with medium (OR = 0.59, 95%CI 0.57 - 0.61) or high (OR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.57 - 0.66) sewage system level; medium (OR = 0.77, 95%CI 0.71 - 0.83) coverage of water supply; and high (OR = 0.78, 95%CI 0.69 - 0.89) garbage collection level. CONCLUSION The positive association between better sanitation conditions and health, independently of the individual factors and the socioeconomic characteristics of the place of residence, confirms the need to consider sanitation in the planning of health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Henrique Correa Massa
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
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Drumond B, Ângelo J, Xavier DR, Catão R, Gurgel H, Barcellos C. Dengue spatiotemporal dynamics in the Federal District, Brazil: occurrence and permanence of epidemics. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:1641-1652. [PMID: 32402044 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020255.32952019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific characteristics of the Federal District (DF) favor the introduction, reproduction, dissemination, and permanence of dengue vector and viruses. Here, we aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of dengue epidemics in the Administrative Regions (RAs) of the DF from January 2007 to December 2017. We used Fourier partial series model to obtain a seasonal signature of the time series, which allowed calculating indicators of permanence (number of epidemic years, number of epidemic months per year, the proportion of epidemic months for the period) and time/moment of epidemics (month of epidemic peak). A total of 82 epidemics were recorded in this period. The RAs with the largest number of epidemic years were Varjão (5 epidemics), Gama, Lago Sul, and Sobradinho (4 epidemics). These last three RAs also had the highest proportions of epidemic months of the entire study period (9 epidemic months). The RAs with urban centrality function had an earlier epidemic peak than the others, in February and March. Epidemics showed high permanence values in RAs with different types of occupations, emphasizing the need to consider the social organization of space processes in dengue distribution studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Drumond
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,
| | - Jussara Ângelo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil,
| | - Diego Ricardo Xavier
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Catão
- Departamento de Geografia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Helen Gurgel
- Departamento de Geografia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Christovam Barcellos
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Freitas LP, Cruz OG, Lowe R, Sá Carvalho M. Space-time dynamics of a triple epidemic: dengue, chikungunya and Zika clusters in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191867. [PMID: 31594497 PMCID: PMC6790786 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, an arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, has been endemic in Brazil for decades. However, vector-control strategies have not led to a significant reduction in the disease burden and have not been sufficient to prevent chikungunya and Zika entry and establishment in the country. In Rio de Janeiro city, the first Zika and chikungunya epidemics were detected between 2015 and 2016, coinciding with a dengue epidemic. Understanding the behaviour of these diseases in a triple epidemic scenario is a necessary step for devising better interventions for prevention and outbreak response. We applied scan statistics analysis to detect spatio-temporal clustering for each disease separately and for all three simultaneously. In general, clusters were not detected in the same locations and time periods, possibly owing to competition between viruses for host resources, depletion of susceptible population, different introduction times and change in behaviour of the human population (e.g. intensified vector-control activities in response to increasing cases of a particular arbovirus). Simultaneous clusters of the three diseases usually included neighbourhoods with high population density and low socioeconomic status, particularly in the North region of the city. The use of space–time cluster detection can guide intensive interventions to high-risk locations in a timely manner, to improve clinical diagnosis and management, and pinpoint vector-control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Picinini Freitas
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Lowe
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilia Sá Carvalho
- Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Amaral P, Resende de Carvalho L, Hernandes Rocha TA, da Silva NC, Vissoci JRN. Geospatial modeling of microcephaly and zika virus spread patterns in Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222668. [PMID: 31557165 PMCID: PMC6762139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly and Zika Virus infection (ZIKV) were declared Public Health Emergencies of International Concern by the World Health Organization in 2016. Brazil was considered the epicenter of the outbreak. However, the occurrence of both ZIKV and microcephaly in Brazil was not evenly distributed across the country. To better understand this phenomenon, we investigate regional characteristics at the municipal level that can be associated with the incidence of microcephaly, our response variable, and its relationship with ZIKV and other predictors. All epidemiological data in this study was provided by the Ministry of Health official database (DATASUS). Microcephaly was only confirmed after birth and the diagnostic was made regardless of the mother’s ZIKV status. Using exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial autoregressive Tobit models, our results show that microcephaly incidence is significantly, at 95% confidence level, related not only to ZIKV, but also to access to primary care, population size, gross national product, mobility and environmental attributes of the municipalities. There is also a significant spatial autocorrelation of the dependent variable. The results indicate that municipalities that show a high incidence of microcephaly tend to be clustered in space and that incidence of microcephaly varies considerably across regions when correlated only with ZIKV, i.e. that ZIKV alone cannot explain the differences in microcephaly across regions and their correlation is mediated by regional attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Amaral
- CEDEPLAR/UFMG, Center for Development and Regional Planning, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Lucas Resende de Carvalho
- CEDEPLAR/UFMG, Center for Development and Regional Planning, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago Augusto Hernandes Rocha
- PAHO/WHO, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- CEPEAD/UFMG, Center of Higher Studies and Research in Administration, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Núbia Cristina da Silva
- CEPEAD/UFMG, Center of Higher Studies and Research in Administration, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci
- Duke University, Duke School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Santos JPCD, Honório NA, Nobre AA. Definition of persistent areas with increased dengue risk by detecting clusters in populations with differing mobility and immunity in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00248118. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00248118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a re-emerging arbovirus infection of major epidemiological importance. The detection of dengue clusters is an important epidemiological surveillance strategy, contributing to better allocation of control measures and prioritizing areas that are subject to increased risk of transmission. Studies involving human populations with low mobility are scarce, and the current study thus aims to investigate the presence of persistent dengue clusters in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in populations with different mobility and immunity. Epidemiological data on dengue were obtained from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Areas of increased risk were defined by the space-time scan statistical method and analysis of persistence with use of map algebra. For both study populations, the clusters that were identified did not show spatial concordance, except in years when both presented the same immunological profile. Their persistent clusters were located mostly in the West Zone of city. The clusters of the two study populations only displayed spatial concordance in years with similar immune profiles, which confirms the confounding role of immunity and supports the use of populations with high percentages of susceptible individuals when designing territory-based dengue studies. The space-time similarity between the areas of persistent risk in both populations suggests that the West Zone, a region with disorderly urban growth and low mean income, shows the highest risk of dengue transmission. The definition of persistent dengue clusters contributes to the improvement of dengue control strategies and territorial planning.
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Unexpected outbreaks of arbovirus infections: lessons learned from the Pacific and tropical America. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e355-e361. [PMID: 29934112 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pandemic arboviruses have emerged as a major global health problem in the past four decades. Predicting where and when the next arbovirus epidemic will occur is a challenge, but history suggests that arboviral black swan events (epidemics that are difficult to predict and that have an extreme effect) will continue to occur as urban growth and globalisation expand. We briefly review unexpected arbovirus epidemics that have occurred in the past 50 years, with emphasis on the American and Pacific regions, to illustrate their unpredictability, and to highlight the need for improved global preparedness, including laboratory-based surveillance, prevention, and control programmes.
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Vissoci JRN, Rocha TAH, da Silva NC, de Sousa Queiroz RC, Thomaz EBAF, Amaral PVM, Lein A, Branco MDRFC, Aquino J, Rodrigues ZMR, da Silva AAM, Staton C. Zika virus infection and microcephaly: Evidence regarding geospatial associations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006392. [PMID: 29694351 PMCID: PMC5937996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic ceased to be a public health emergency by the end of 2016, studies to improve knowledge about this emerging disease are still needed, especially those investigating a causal relationship between ZIKV in pregnant women and microcephaly in neonates. However, there are still many challenges in describing the relationship between ZIKV and microcephaly. The few studies focusing on the epidemiological profile of ZIKV and its changes over time are largely limited to systematic reviews of case reports and dispersal mapping of ZIKV spread over time without quantitative methods to analyze patterns and their covariates. Since Brazil has been at the epicenter of the ZIKV epidemic, this study examines the geospatial association between ZIKV and microcephaly in Brazil. Methods Our study is categorized as a retrospective, ecological study based on secondary databases. Data were obtained from January to December 2016, from the following data sources: Brazilian System for Epidemiological Surveillance, Disease Notification System, System for Specialized Management Support, and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Data were aggregated by municipality. Incidence rates were estimated per 100,000 inhabitants. Analyses consisted of mapping the aggregated incidence rates of ZIKV and microcephaly, followed by a Getis-Ord-Gi spatial cluster analysis and a Bivariate Local Moran’s I analysis. Results The incidence of ZIKV cases is changing the virus’s spatial pattern, shifting from Brazil’s Northeast region to the Midwest and North regions. The number of municipalities in clusters of microcephaly incidence is also shifting from the Northeast region to the Midwest and North, after a time lag is considered. Our findings suggest an increase in microcephaly incidence in the Midwest and North regions, associated with high levels of ZIKV infection months before. Conclusion The greatest burden of microcephaly shifted from the Northeast to other Brazilian regions at the beginning of 2016. Brazil’s Midwest region experienced an increase in microcephaly incidence associated with ZIKV incidence. This finding highlights an association between an increase in ZIKV infection with a rise in microcephaly cases after approximately three months. The increasing evidence of a relationship between ZIKV in pregnant women and fetal congenital ZIKV syndrome with microcephaly has been reported in the literature over the last two years. Our findings suggest a spatial dependency between the diseases. Therefore, using the spatial pattern of ZIKV incidence to better understand risk areas for microcephaly may help the design of surveillance policies. Brazil had a large epidemic of ZIKV, leading to several important studies of the ZIKV outbreak and its association with microcephaly. This study used a geospatial analysis approach to examine the association between ZIKV and microcephaly in Brazilian regions. It was possible to highlight a spatial association between ZIKV and microcephaly considering a time lag between diseases. Brazilian regions with the highest incidences of microcephaly were the regions where the highest incidence of ZIKV occurred months before. This finding can help the organization and planning of health services to offer better screening actions dedicated to pregnant women in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ricardo Nickenig Vissoci
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thiago Augusto Hernandes Rocha
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, School of Economics, Center of post-graduate and Research in Administration, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Núbia Cristina da Silva
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Faculty of Economics, Observatory of Human Resources in Health, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Vasconcelos Maia Amaral
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Centre for Development and Regional Planning, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana Lein
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - José Aquino
- Federal University of Maranhão, Department of Geosciences, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Catherine Staton
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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