Effectiveness of individual and group interventions for people with type 2 diabetes

Comparisons between group- and individual-based interventions to support recovery from stroke and ischaemic heart disease in the community: a scoping review

PURPOSE

To map and summarise available literature on the effectiveness or other benefits of group- and individual-based interventions provided for adults living with stroke or ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in the community.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The review was conducted based on JBI methodology and reported using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Articles were retrieved from: Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, Scopus, and CINAHL from 2002-2022. Extracted data from eligible studies included type of health outcomes (e.g., impairments), retention and adherence, social connectedness, and the costs associated with group- and individual-based interventions.

RESULTS

After screening, five articles (representing 4 unique studies) comparing a group- and individual-based intervention were included (total sample size n = 87). Three types of interventions were assessed: exercise (3/5), communication (1/5), and occupational therapy (1/5). Effectiveness of group- and individual-based interventions at improving health outcomes (i.e. physical ability, communication, motivation, and quality of life) is unclear. Currently there is insufficient evidence to guide clinical practice.

CONCLUSIONS

There is limited evidence comparing interventions delivered in a group and individual modality for adults living with stroke or IHD. Adequately powered studies are needed to determine if mode of delivery is equivalent or more cost effective.

Evaluative instruments of patients' knowledge about systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus: A scoping review

AIM

To map out the evaluative instruments used by nurses to measure the knowledge of patients affected by hypertension and diabetes.

BACKGROUND

The construction of evaluative instruments has gained more and more space in Brazil, in nursing, evaluative instruments of knowledge are very relevant, they make it possible to diagnose the knowledge of patients in an area and analyze its evolution over time.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

METHODS

This is a scope review, guided by the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute. To conduct the research, a structured question was created based on the Population strategy (nurses), Concept (instruments for measuring patients' knowledge) and Context (Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus).

RESULTS

Data analysis occurred with the synthesis of selected studies. Out of 1746 articles found in the searched databases, after removing duplication, 1244 articles remained. After reading the abstracts and titles, 955 articles were not included. After reading 289 articles in their entirety, 21 articles were included because they met the established inclusion criteria. We highlight the development of questionnaires with a peer review process and application for validation in the population, knowledge evaluation via previously constructed and internationally validated questionnaires, and cross-cultural adaptation of evaluative questionnaires for different Title Page (with Author Details) realities of the proposal.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidences elucidated that the knowledge measurement questionnaires are valid and constitute a relevant mechanism for evaluating users of health services.

Amazon Amandaba-Prevalence, Risk Factors and Self-Care Perception Associated with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. There is a gradual loss of protective sensation in the skin and the function of the foot joints, increasing the risk of injury as the disease progresses. The objective of this study was to verify whether socioeconomic factors, health risk factors, and self-care are associated with DPN.

METHODS

Observational cross-sectional with 228 individuals of ≥30 years in Family Health Strategies in a city in the eastern Amazon, in northern Brazil, using questionnaires containing socioeconomic information, clinical and laboratory parameters, the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Questionnaire, and the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument.

RESULTS

The prevalence of DPN was 66.6%. The presence of neuropathy is associated with male gender, dyslipidemia, and increased microalbuminuria. Logistic regression analysis revealed male subjects' increased BMI and altered HDL levels were associated with DPN.

CONCLUSIONS

In men with altered BMI, and dysregulation in biochemical parameters, neuropathy is more prevalent.

Type and effectiveness of community-based interventions in improving knowledge related to cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: A systematic review

Background: Despite an improvement in the healthcare system, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improving knowledge is a key for behavioral change towards prevention of CVDs. However, up-to-date evidence is limited on the effect of interventions on CVD knowledge. Thus this study aimed to synthesize comprehensive evidence on the type and effectiveness of community-based interventions (CBIs) to improve knowledge related to CVDs. Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies that tested the effectiveness of CBIs in improving CVD knowledge. International databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PSYCINFO and Cochrane register of controlled studies were searched for studies published between January 2000 and December 2019. The Cochrane risk of bias tools were used to assess the methodological quality of included studies. Since CVD knowledge was measured using various tools, results were synthesized narratively and reported in line with the reporting guideline for Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM). The review protocol is registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42019119885). Results: 7 randomized and 9 non-randomized controlled trials involving 34,845 participants were included. Most of the interventions targeted the general population and majorities delivered the intervention to groups of individuals. Likewise, most of the interventions employed various intervention components including health education using different strategies. Overall, most studies showed that CBIs significantly improved knowledge related to CVDs. Conclusion: Community-based CVD preventive interventions are effective in improving knowledge related to CVD and risk factors. Measures to scale up CBIs are recommended to improve an individual's level of CVD knowledge, which potentially helps to counter the growing burden of CVDs.

Evaluation of group education strategies and telephone intervention for type 2 diabetes

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate group education strategies and telephone intervention regarding the variables empowerment, self-care practices, and glycemic control of people with diabetes.

METHOD

Clinical trial with eight randomized clusters, conducted between 2015 and 2016, with 208 users with type 2 diabetes mellitus allocated for group education, telephone intervention, or control group. Sociodemographic data, glycated hemoglobin, empowerment, and self-care practices were collected.

RESULTS

The user mean age was of 63.5 years (SD = 8.9 years), with the participation of 124 women, which amounts to 59.6% of these users. The strategies led to a statistically significant reduction in the levels of glycated hemoglobin (p < 0.001). The telephone intervention was also observed to present statistically significant results regarding self-care practices (p < 0.001) and empowerment in diabetes (p < 0.001) when compared to group education.

CONCLUSION

The telephone intervention presented statistically significant results for empowerment and practices of self-care when compared to group education. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos): RBR-7gb4wm.

Impact of a Culturally Tailored Diabetes Education and Empowerment Program in a Mexican American Population Along the US/Mexico Border: A Pragmatic Study

Background

The study purpose was to deliver a diabetes education program under real world conditions and evaluate its effect on diabetes-related clinical, self-management and psychosocial outcomes among Mexican Americans residing along the US/Mexico border.

Methods

A pragmatic study was conducted among adult patients with diabetes in three primary care clinics located along the US/Mexico border. A bilingual culturally tailored diabetes education program incorporating hands-on participatory techniques was delivered in 4 - 8 weekly group sessions. Clinical, self-management and psychosocial outcomes were evaluated pre- and post-intervention with surveys and medical record review.

Results

A total of 209 participants were enrolled; mean age was 58.9 years (range 23 - 94, standard deviation: 11.2); 68.4% were female; 91.1% were Hispanic. Significant improvements were observed in glycated hemoglobin (-1.1%, P < 0.001, n = 79), total cholesterol (-17.2 mg/dL, P = 0.041, n = 63), glucose self-monitoring (+1.3 times a week, P = 0.021, n = 115), exercise less than once a week (-18.2%, P < 0.001, n = 129), nutritional behavior (+2.23, P < 0.001, n = 115), knowledge (+1. 83, P < 0.001, n = 141) and diabetes-related emotional distress (-7.32, P = 0.002, n = 111). Benefits were observed with attendance rates as low as 50%.

Conclusion

A clinic-based culturally competent diabetes education/self-management program resulted in significant improvements in outcomes among Hispanic participants. Experimentally tested culturally appropriate interventions adapted for real world situations can benefit Mexican American diabetic patients even when attendance is imperfect.

Educational program to promote the self-care of people with diabetes mellitus

Objective: to evaluate the effect of an intervention program on the capacity and action for the self-care of people with diabetes mellitus.Method: this is an intervention study with the implementation of a problem-solving educational program in diabetes in a private health service. Capacity and action scales were applied for the self-care, in the initial moment and after the  intervention with analysis of the outcome by the metabolic control. Differences were identified by the Student t test and the comparison of the scales variability calculated by Cronbach's alpha, with a 95 % confidence interval.Results: participated in the study 23 people, with significant improvement in the values of glycated hemoglobin, glycemic and diastolic blood pressure variability after the educationalprogram. The educational strategy in diabetes provided improvement in both capacity and action for self-care,respectively (p ≤ 0.0 %), Cronbach’s alpha initial 0.895 and final 0.938 Conclusion: education programs using participatory methodologies are essential to enable the person with diabetes to manage and monitor the disease.

Educação em saúde e dispositivos metodológicos aplicados na assistência ao Diabetes Mellitus

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o uso de dispositivos metodológicos para mudanças de comportamento e a prática de educação em saúde aos indivíduos com Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem transversal, desenvolvido no município de Aracaju, Sergipe, com 138 profissionais, médicos e enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família, utilizando entrevista estruturada, tendo como referencial teórico-metodológico o Modelo de Atenção à Condição Crônica. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos profissionais referiu desenvolver atividades de educação em saúde, sendo os temas mais referidos: alimentação saudável e exercício físico. Com relação ao uso de abordagens para mudança de comportamento dos usuários, a mais utilizada foi a entrevista motivacional, seguida do Modelo Transteórico de Mudança (MTT). Todos os profissionais que utilizam o MTT concordam com sua aplicabilidade. Conclui-se que a prática de educação em saúde para pessoas com DM é desenvolvida, enquanto o uso de dispositivos metodológicos para mudanças de comportamento ainda é subutilizado, sobretudo o Grupo Operativo.

Adherence, Adhesion, and Dropout Reasons of a Physical Activity Program in a High Social Vulnerability Context

BACKGROUND

One of the most important health determinants is social vulnerability, which can interfere in the practice of physical activity (PA). This study aimed at analyzing adherence to a PA program in a high social vulnerability context.

METHODS

A longitudinal study with a 6-month intervention period was conducted. The program offered monitored walks associated with behavioral change educational campaigns. Sociodemographic characteristics, occupation, PA level, noncommunicable chronic diseases, participants' frequency of participation in the program, and intervention dropout reasons were evaluated. Descriptive and survival analyses were accomplished.

RESULTS

Among the 106 participants, 88.0% were female and 21.7% were older adults. The most mentioned participation reasons were health improvement (23.0%), weight loss (19.0%), disease control (17.0%), and social living (12%). The mean frequency of participation in the program was 27.4%. Dropout rate was 52.7%. The main reported reasons for dropping out were work hours (27.8%), health problems (25.9%), personal reasons (22.2%), and lack of time (11.1%). Factors associated with remaining in the program were being older adults and presenting body mass index <25 kg/m².

CONCLUSIONS

Results showed that in a high social vulnerability context, adherence to PA programs is low, and adult-life-related commitments and high levels of obesity are factors associated with lower adherence.

Intervención educativa de enfermería para el autocuidado de los pies en personas que viven con diabetes tipo 2

Objetivo: probar una intervención educativa con fundamento en la teoría de autocuidado, con aplicación pedagógica de la educación dialógica para el autocuidado de los pies. Materiales y métodos: estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasiexperimental de preprueba y posprueba. El grupo experimental estuvo conformado por 40 personas y el grupo de comparación por 32. La variable de autocuidado de los pies se midió a través de dos instrumentos, “Autocuidados para prevenir el pie diabético” y “Autocuidados del pie diabético”, este último elaborado por investigadores de la Universidad de Málaga. Resultados: en la preprueba, el 35 % de las personas del grupo experimental presentó un nivel bajo de autocuidado, el 28 % medio y el 37 % alto. Después de la intervención se observó un incremento estadísticamente significativo (p = 0,000) en el autocuidado; en cambio, el grupo de comparación mantuvo casi los mismos porcentajes, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que una intervención educativa con fundamento teórico influye en la mejora del autocuidado de los pies de las personas que viven con diabetes, donde enfermería cumple un papel fundamental para su desarrollo.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions in people with diabetes and elevated diabetes-distress

AIMS

The clinical relevance of diabetes-distress is increasingly recognized, but little is known about the efficacy of interventions specifically targeted to treat elevated diabetes-distress. Therefore, this systematic review sought to determine the efficacy of psychological interventions aimed at treating elevated diabetes-distress in people with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

We systematically searched literature from five databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with an English abstract, describing the results of a psychological intervention in adults with diabetes were included. Articles were eligible for inclusion if the primary outcome was diabetes-distress measured by the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID-5/PAID-20) or the Diabetes Distress Scale (DDS-17). Only mean group diabetes-distress values above cut-off at baseline or the results of a subgroup above cut-off (PAID-5 ≥ 8, PAID-20 ≥ 40 or DDS-17 ≥ 3) were included.

RESULTS

The search yielded 8907 articles. After removing 2800 duplicates, 6107 articles remained. Titles and abstracts were screened, leaving 394 potential articles of interest, nine of which were RCTs. In a random-effects meta-analysis, the pooled effect size for diabetes-distress was 0.48 (Cohen's d), Z = 3.91, P < 0.0001. Statistical heterogeneity was I² = 46.67% (confidence intervals 45.06% to 48.28%). Diabetes-tailored psychological interventions reduced HbA1c (Cohen's d = 0.57), whereas mindfulness-based interventions did not (Cohen's d = 0.11).

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review shows that specifically diabetes-tailored psychological interventions are effective in reducing elevated diabetes-distress and HbA1c . More rigorous studies are warranted to establish the full potential of these interventions. PROSPERO database registration ID: CRD42017075290.

Cuidado de enfermería en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, según la Teoría de la Atención Burocrática

Objetivo: describir las características de la práctica de enfermería en el cuidado de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la atención primaria de salud, según la Teoría de la Atención Burocrática. Material y método: investigación cualitativa que exploró la práctica de enfermería en el cuidado del paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, por medio de la observación no participante; se realizó durante tres semanas en dos centros de salud familiar en la región de Atacama, Chile; se utilizaron notas de campo y se analizó la información por medio de comparación constante, según el referente filosófico seleccionado. Resultados: el cuidado de enfermería en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en los centros de salud familiar se encuentra vinculado a todos los factores señalados en la Teoría de la Atención Burocrática, es decir, factores educativos, físicos, socioculturales, legales, tecnológicos, económicos y políticos. Conclusiones: por medio de la Teoría de la Atención Burocrática es posible describir la práctica del cuidado de enfermería en personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Enfermería debe considerar los factores propios a la burocracia de toda organización, especialmente al momento de gestionar el cuidado en este tipo de pacientes.

Comparison of education group strategies and home visits in type 2 diabetes mellitus: clinical trial

Objective:

to compare the adherence and empowerment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for self-care practices and glycemic control in group education strategies and home visits.

Method:

Clinical trial with ten randomized clusters, performed with 238 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus distributed in group education, home visit, and control group. Socio-demographic data, glycated hemoglobin and those obtained from the self-care and empowerment questionnaires were collected. Statistical analysis was performed separately by educational strategy.

Results:

the mean age of the patients was 57.8 years old (SD = 9.4 years old), with a predominantly female participation (66.4%). Both strategies presented similar results regarding adherence to self-care practices and patient empowerment. There was also a reduction in glycated hemoglobin levels; however, only in the education group, the difference presented statistical significance (p <0.001).

Conclusion:

the strategies were effective; however, group education presented better glycemic control results in relation to the home visit. International registry: NCT02132338 and national: RBR-92j38t in the clinical trials registry.

Adesão e empoderamento de usuários com diabetes mellitus para práticas de autocuidado: ensaio clínico randomizado

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão e o empoderamento do usuário com diabetes mellitus para as práticas de autocuidado e controle glicêmico na educação em grupo. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado por cluster, com a participação de usuários com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Todos os usuários estavam vinculados às Unidades de Estratégia de Saúde da Família do município de Divinópolis/MG, Brasil, durante os anos de 2014 e 2015. Foram coletados dados com relação à adesão às práticas de autocuidado, ao empoderamento e à hemoglobina glicada para comparação entre grupos na linha de base, assim como comparação entre o antes e o depois intragrupo. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 183 usuários, sendo que 72 foram alocados no grupo intervenção e 111 no grupo controle. Os resultados revelaram uma redução estatisticamente significativa (< 0,001) para o valor de hemoglobina glicada e um aumento dos escores referentes à adesão ao autocuidado e à escala de empoderamento para os participantes do grupo intervenção (< 0,001). Conclusão: Os efeitos da educação em grupo proporcionaram o aumento nas escalas da adesão e empoderamento às práticas de autocuidado, além de melhora dos níveis glicêmicos, evidenciada pelos resultados da hemoglobina glicada. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-92j38t.

Knowledge and attitude of patients with diabetes mellitus in Primary Health Care

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and attitude of patients with diabetes mellitus in Primary Health Care and associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional, quantitative and analytical study with 353 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Family Health Strategy units. The Knowledge and Psychological Attitudes Questionnaires were used for data collection, as well as a script with sociodemographic, economic and clinical data. Results: The majority of the population was female (73.1%), aged more than 50 years (81.5%), diagnosed for more than five years (54.9%) and with a per capita income of up to half a minimum wage (59.3%). The scores of knowledge and attitude were low. Age (p = 0.001) and level of education (p = 0.002) were variables associated with knowledge about diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Users had a low level of knowledge about diabetes, indicating an unsatisfactory result in self-care and mainly a negative attitude towards coping with this disease.

Psychological interventions for diabetes-related distress in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Many adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) experience a psychosocial burden and mental health problems associated with the disease. Diabetes-related distress (DRD) has distinct effects on self-care behaviours and disease control. Improving DRD in adults with T2DM could enhance psychological well-being, health-related quality of life, self-care abilities and disease control, also reducing depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of psychological interventions for diabetes-related distress in adults with T2DM.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, BASE, WHO ICTRP Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov. The date of the last search was December 2014 for BASE and 21 September 2016 for all other databases.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of psychological interventions for DRD in adults (18 years and older) with T2DM. We included trials if they compared different psychological interventions or compared a psychological intervention with usual care. Primary outcomes were DRD, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were self-efficacy, glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, diabetes-related complications, all-cause mortality and socioeconomic effects.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently identified publications for inclusion and extracted data. We classified interventions according to their focus on emotion, cognition or emotion-cognition. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to compute overall estimates.

MAIN RESULTS

We identified 30 RCTs with 9177 participants. Sixteen trials were parallel two-arm RCTs, and seven were three-arm parallel trials. There were also seven cluster-randomised trials: two had four arms, and the remaining five had two arms. The median duration of the intervention was six months (range 1 week to 24 months), and the median follow-up period was 12 months (range 0 to 12 months). The trials included a wide spectrum of interventions and were both individual- and group-based.A meta-analysis of all psychological interventions combined versus usual care showed no firm effect on DRD (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.07; 95% CI -0.16 to 0.03; P = 0.17; 3315 participants; 12 trials; low-quality evidence), HRQoL (SMD 0.01; 95% CI -0.09 to 0.11; P = 0.87; 1932 participants; 5 trials; low-quality evidence), all-cause mortality (11 per 1000 versus 11 per 1000; risk ratio (RR) 1.01; 95% CI 0.17 to 6.03; P = 0.99; 1376 participants; 3 trials; low-quality evidence) or adverse events (17 per 1000 versus 41 per 1000; RR 2.40; 95% CI 0.78 to 7.39; P = 0.13; 438 participants; 3 trials; low-quality evidence). We saw small beneficial effects on self-efficacy and HbA1c at medium-term follow-up (6 to 12 months): on self-efficacy the SMD was 0.15 (95% CI 0.00 to 0.30; P = 0.05; 2675 participants; 6 trials; low-quality evidence) in favour of psychological interventions; on HbA1c there was a mean difference (MD) of -0.14% (95% CI -0.27 to 0.00; P = 0.05; 3165 participants; 11 trials; low-quality evidence) in favour of psychological interventions. Our included trials did not report diabetes-related complications or socioeconomic effects.Many trials were small and were at high risk of bias for incomplete outcome data as well as possible performance and detection biases in the subjective questionnaire-based outcomes assessment, and some appeared to be at risk of selective reporting. There are four trials awaiting further classification. These are parallel RCTs with cognition-focused and emotion-cognition focused interventions. There are another 18 ongoing trials, likely focusing on emotion-cognition or cognition, assessing interventions such as diabetes self-management support, telephone-based cognitive behavioural therapy, stress management and a web application for problem solving in diabetes management. Most of these trials have a community setting and are based in the USA.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Low-quality evidence showed that none of the psychological interventions would improve DRD more than usual care. Low-quality evidence is available for improved self-efficacy and HbA1c after psychological interventions. This means that we are uncertain about the effects of psychological interventions on these outcomes. However, psychological interventions probably have no substantial adverse events compared to usual care. More high-quality research with emotion-focused programmes, in non-US and non-European settings and in low- and middle-income countries, is needed.

Health-related quality of life and health preference of Chinese patients with diabetes mellitus managed in primary care and secondary care setting: decrements associated with individual complication and number of complications

Background

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and health preference of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are essential in health economic evaluations but data on Chinese population is rare. This study aims to evaluate HRQoL and health preference of diabetic patients with different diabetic complications in Chinese population.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1275 patients with DM, including 518 subjects with various DM-related complications. HRQoL and health preference were estimated using SF-12 and SF-6D questionnaires, respectively. Disease status of DM and complications were identified from documented clinical diagnosis. Multivariable regression was used to investigate the effects of specific complications on HRQoL and health preference, adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical parameters.

Results

The presence of any diabetic complication was associated with lower physical component summary (−3.81 points, P < 0.01), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) showed greatest reduction (−7.05 points, P < 0.01). Mental component summary and mental health (MH) scores were not decreased in any of the diabetic complications. The health preference score for diabetic subjects without complications was 0.882 (95% CI, 0.778 to 0.989). The reductions of health preference score were significant for stroke (−0.042, 95% CI -0.072 to −0.012), ESRD (−0.055, 95% CI -0.093 to −0.017), and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) (−0.043, 95% CI -0.075 to −0.010), while heart disease had an insignificant reduction (−0.017, 95% CI -0.042 to 0.008).

Conclusions

The presence of any of the four major diabetic complications (heart disease, stroke, ESRD and STDR) was associated with lower HRQoL and health preference scores. Findings of this study facilitated the cost-effectiveness studies of alternative management strategies for prevention of diabetic complications in Chinese population.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0699-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nursing appointment and cardiometabolic control of diabetics: a randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the effect of nursing appointment on cardiometabolic profile of people with Diabetes Mellitus type 2. Method: randomized controlled trial, developed with 134 individuals chosen for two groups: intervention and control. The intervention consisted of three nursing appointments alternated bimonthly, with two phone calls, over five months. The control group received usual care offered by the Health Unit. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews before and after the intervention, in addition to conducting laboratory tests. Results: after the intervention, a significant difference was shown in the amount of glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.006) and in the systolic blood pressure (p = 0.031), which were higher in the control group. Conclusion: besides being low-cost and easy to develop on the monitoring routine of people with diabetes, the intervention performed influenced positively the biochemical profile.

Assessing quality of life in diabetes: II - Deconstructing measures into a simple framework

A growing number of instruments measuring diabetes-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) have been identified in previous systematic reviews, the most recent being published in 2008. The purpose of this paper is report on an updated systematic review of diabetes-specific HRQOL measures highlighting the time period 2006-2016; to deconstruct existing diabetes-specific HRQOL measures into a simple framework for evaluating the goodness-of-fit between specific research needs and instrument characteristics; and to present core characteristics of measures not yet reported in other reviews to further facilitate scale selection. Using the databases Medline, Pubmed, CINAHL, OVID Embase, and PsycINFO, we identified 20 diabetes-specific HRQOL measures that met our inclusion criteria. For each measure, we extracted eight core characteristics for our measurement selection framework. These characteristics include target population (type 1 vs. type 2), number and type of HRQOL dimensions measured and scored, type of score and calculation algorithm, sensitivity to change data reported in subsequent studies, number of survey items, approximate time length to complete, number of studies using the instrument in the past 10years, and specific languages instruments is translated. This report provides a way to compare and contrast existing diabetes-specific HRQOL measures to aid in appropriate scale selection and utilization.

Primary care for diabetes mellitus patients from the perspective of the care model for chronic conditions

Objective

to assess the health care Primary Health Care professionals provide to diabetes mellitus patients from the perspective of the Modelo de Atenção às Condições Crônicas.

Method

qualitative study, using the theoretical framework of Complex Thinking and the Modelo de Atenção às Condições Crônicas and the methodological framework of assessment research. To collect the data, 38 interviews were held with health professionals and managers; observation of the activities by the health teams; and analysis of 25 files of people who received this care. The data analysis was supported by the software ATLAS.ti, using the directed content analysis technique.

Results

at the micro level, care was distant from the integrality of the actions needed to assist people with chronic conditions and was centered on the biomedical model. At the meso level, there was disarticulation among the professionals of the Family Health Strategy, between them and the users, family and community. At the macro level, there was a lack of guiding strategies to implement public policies for diabetes in care practice.

Conclusion

the implementation of the Modelo de Atenção às Condições Crônicas represents a great challenge, mainly needing professionals and managers who are prepared to work with chronic conditions are who are open to break with the traditional model.

Evaluating the effectiveness of an empowerment program for self-care in type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing substantially worldwide, leading to serious economic effects, complications and deaths. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an empowerment program providing support for psychosocial, behavioral, and clinical aspects of diabetes to help Brazilian users of public health services obtain metabolic control of this condition.

METHODS

In this cluster randomized trial, participants aged 30-80 diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were recruited from ten Brazilian public health units in 2014 and 2015. Five units were randomly assigned to receive the empowerment program based on a behavior change protocol, and five continued to receive only conventional treatment. The primary outcome was the biochemical and anthropometric parameters, and the secondary outcomes were self-care, attitude, knowledge and empowerment related to diabetes. The effect of the experiment was defined as the percentage variation between the values at the initial and final periods. To evaluate this effect and to compare it in the two groups, tests were used for paired and independent samples, respectively.

RESULTS

There were 238 participants: 127 and 111 in the intervention and control group, respectively. For glycated hemoglobin, the mean effect in the control and intervention groups was 3.93 and -5.13, respectively (p < 0.001). Levels of glycated hemoglobin and other metabolic indicators, as well as the most part of the secondary outcomes showed a significant difference in the experimental group compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The empowerment program improved metabolic control of type 2 diabetes in Brazilian users.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT02132338 - April 22, 2014.

Evaluation of the telephone intervention in the promotion of diabetes self-care: a randomized clinical trial

OBJECTIVE

to evaluate the effectiveness of the telephone intervention for promoting self-care related to physical activity and following a diet plan in users with diabetes, compared to conventional monitoring of users over a six-month period.

METHOD

this was a randomized clinical trial, which included 210 users with diabetes, linked to eight Primary Health Units of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. The experimental group (104 members) received six telephone interventions over the six-month monitoring; the control group (106 members) received conventional monitoring. To evaluate the self-care practices related to physical activity and following a healthy eating plan, in both groups, the self-care questionnaire was applied before the intervention and at three and six months after its start.

RESULTS

the mean effect of self-care scores in the experimental group was 1.03 to 1.78 higher than the control group, with progressive and significant improvement (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

the results indicate that the telephone intervention had a beneficial effect on diabetes self-care. The primary identifier of the clinical trials registry was: RBR-8wx7qb.

OBJETIVO

avaliar a efetividade da intervenção telefônica na promoção do autocuidado relacionado à atividade física e ao seguimento de um plano alimentar, em usuários com diabetes, quando comparada ao acompanhamento convencional dos usuários, durante o período de seis meses.

MÉTODOS

trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, no qual participaram 210 usuários com diabetes, vinculados a oito Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. O grupo-experimental (104 usuários) recebeu seis intervenções telefônicas em seis meses de acompanhamento; o grupo-controle (106 usuários) recebeu acompanhamento convencional. Para avaliar as práticas de autocuidado, relacionada à atividade física e ao seguimento do plano alimentar saudável, em ambos os grupos, aplicou-se o questionário de autocuidado antes das intervenções, três e seis meses após o seu início.

RESULTADOS

o efeito médio dos escores de autocuidado no grupo-experimental a pontuação foi de 1,03 a 1,78 maior do que o grupo-controle, apresentando melhora progressiva e significativa (valor-p<0,001).

CONCLUSÃO

os resultados apontam que a intervenção telefônica tem efeito benéfico sobre o autocuidado em diabetes. O registro clínico obteve identificador primário: RBR-8wx7qb.

OBJETIVO

evaluar la efectividad de la intervención telefónica en la promoción del autocuidado relacionado a la actividad física y al seguimiento de un plan alimentario, en usuarios con diabetes, cuando comparada al acompañamiento convencional de los usuarios, durante el período de seis meses.

MÉTODOS

se trata de un ensayo clínico aleatorio, en el cual participaron 210 usuarios con diabetes, vinculados a ocho Unidades Básicas de la Salud de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. El grupo experimental (104 usuarios) recibió seis intervenciones telefónicas en seis meses de acompañamiento; el grupo control (106 usuarios) recibió acompañamiento convencional. Para evaluar las prácticas de autocuidado, relacionadas a la actividad física y al seguimiento del plan alimentario saludable, en los dos grupos, se aplicó el cuestionario de autocuidado antes de las intervenciones, tres y seis meses después de su inicio.

RESULTADOS

el efecto promedio de los puntajes de autocuidado en el grupo experimental fue de 1,03 a 1,78 mayor que el grupo control, presentando mejoría progresiva y significativa (valor-p<0,001).

CONCLUSIÓN

los resultados apuntan que la intervención telefónica tiene efecto benéfico sobre el autocuidado en diabetes. El registro clínico obtuvo identificador primario: RBR-8wx7qb.