1
|
Mendes BF, Improta-Caria AC, Diniz E Magalhães CO, Peixoto MFD, Cassilhas RC, de Oliveira EM, De Sousa RAL. Resistance Training Reduces Blood Pressure: Putative Molecular Mechanisms. Curr Hypertens Rev 2024; 20:52-56. [PMID: 38258772 DOI: 10.2174/0115734021277791240102041632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Arterial hypertension is a multifactorial clinical condition characterized by higher blood pressure levels. The main treatment for controlling high blood pressure consists of drug therapy, but the scientific literature has been pointing to the efficiency of aerobic and resistance exercises acting in a therapeutic and/or preventive way to reduce and control the blood pressure levels. Resistance training is characterized by sets and repetitions on a given muscle segment that uses overload, such as machine weights, bars, and dumbbells. As it successfully affects a number of variables associated to practitioners' functional and physiological features as well as emotional and social variables, resistance training has been a crucial part of physical exercise programs. Several reports highlight the various adaptive responses it provides, with a focus on the improvement in strength, balance, and muscular endurance that enables a more active and healthy lifestyle. Resistance training programs that are acute, sub-chronic, or chronic can help people with varying ages, conditions, and pathologies reduce their arterial hypertension. However, molecular mechanisms associated with resistance training to reduce blood pressure still need to be better understood. Thus, we aimed to understand the main effects of resistance training on blood pressure as well as the associated molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ferreira Mendes
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alex Cleber Improta-Caria
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Caique Olegário Diniz E Magalhães
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Fabricio Dias Peixoto
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Cardoso Cassilhas
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edilamar Menezes de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the Exercise, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo-SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Leoni De Sousa
- Multicenter Post Graduation Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Federal University of the Valleys of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bal NB, Bostanci A, Sadi G, Dönmez MO, Uludag MO, Demirel-Yilmaz E. Resveratrol and regular exercise may attenuate hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction through modulation of cellular stress responses. Life Sci 2022; 296:120424. [PMID: 35196531 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardiac damage. In this study, the effects of resveratrol supplementation and regular exercise on hypertension-induced cellular stress responses of myocardium were compared. MAIN METHODS Hypertension was induced in male Wistar rats by deoxycorticosterone-acetate + salt administration for 12 weeks. Resveratrol and regular exercise were applied for the last six weeks. In addition to biochemical and molecular examinations, isoprenaline, phenylephrine and, acetylcholine-mediated contractions and sinus rate were recorded in the isolated cardiac tissues. KEY FINDINGS Resveratrol and regular exercise reduced systolic blood pressure in hypertensive rats. The altered adrenergic and cholinergic responses of the right atrium and left papillary muscles in hypertension were separately improved by resveratrol and regular exercise. Resveratrol and regular exercise decreased plasma and cardiac total antioxidant capacity and, augmented the expression of antioxidant genes in hypertensive rats. While regular exercise restored the increase in p-PERK expression associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and decrease in mitophagic marker PINK1 expression, resveratrol only ameliorated PINK1 expression in hypertensive rats. Resveratrol and exercise training suppressed hypertension-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation by reversing the increase in NLRP3, p-NF-κB expression and the mature-IL-1β/pro-IL-1β and cleaved-caspase-1/pro-caspase-1 ratio. Resveratrol and exercise enhanced mRNA expression of caspase-3, bax, and bcl-2 involved in the apoptotic pathway, but attenuated phosphorylation of stress-related mitogenic proteins p38 and JNK induced by hypertension. SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrated the protective effect of resveratrol and exercise on hypertension-induced cardiac dysfunction by modulating cellular stress responses including oxidative stress, ER stress, mitophagy, NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation, and mitogenic activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Banu Bal
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Aykut Bostanci
- Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, K.Ö. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Karaman 70100, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Sadi
- Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, K.Ö. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Karaman 70100, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Oguzhan Dönmez
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mecit Orhan Uludag
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Etiler, 06330 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Demirel-Yilmaz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Sihhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bei Y, Wang L, Ding R, Che L, Fan Z, Gao W, Liang Q, Lin S, Liu S, Lu X, Shen Y, Wu G, Yang J, Zhang G, Zhao W, Guo L, Xiao J. Animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research: Current knowledge and optimal design-A position paper of the Committee on Cardiac Rehabilitation, Chinese Medical Doctors' Association. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:660-674. [PMID: 34454088 PMCID: PMC8724626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated exercise as an effective way to promote cardiovascular health and protect against cardiovascular diseases However, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise have yet to be elucidated. Animal exercise studies are widely used to investigate the key mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiovascular protection. However, standardized procedures and well-established evaluation indicators for animal exercise models are needed to guide researchers in carrying out effective, high-quality animal studies using exercise to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. In our review, we present the commonly used animal exercise models in cardiovascular research and propose a set of standard procedures for exercise training, emphasizing the appropriate measurements and analysis in these chronic exercise models. We also provide recommendations for optimal design of animal exercise studies in cardiovascular research, including the choice of exercise models, control of exercise protocols, exercise at different stages of disease, and other considerations, such as age, sex, and genetic background. We hope that this position paper will promote basic research on exercise-induced cardiovascular protection and pave the way for successful translation of exercise studies from bench to bedside in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Bei
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rongjing Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lin Che
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Zhiqing Fan
- Department of Cardiology, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing 163000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shenghui Lin
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yuqin Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Guifu Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; Guangdong Innovative Engineering and Technology Research Center for Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lan Guo
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Institute of Geriatrics, Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University, Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong 226011, China; Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pagan LU, Gomes MJ, Damatto RL, Lima ARR, Cezar MDM, Damatto FC, Reyes DRA, Campos DHS, Caldonazo TMM, Polegato BF, Fernandes DC, Laurindo FR, Fernandes AAH, Lloret A, Cicogna AC, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K. Aerobic Exercise During Advance Stage of Uncontrolled Arterial Hypertension. Front Physiol 2021; 12:675778. [PMID: 34149455 PMCID: PMC8209380 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.675778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the influence of physical training on myocardial function, oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), at advanced stage of arterial hypertension, which precedes heart failure development. Methods We studied four experimental groups: normotensive Wistar rats (W, n = 27), trained W (W-EX, n = 31), SHR (n = 27), and exercised SHR (SHR-EX, n = 32). At 13 months old, the exercise groups underwent treadmill exercise 5 days a week for 4 months. In vitro myocardial function was analyzed in left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle preparations. Antioxidant enzyme activity and energy metabolism were assessed by spectrophotometry. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity was analyzed by lucigenin reduction and protein expression by Western blot. Statistical analyzes: ANOVA and Tukey or Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. Results SHR-EX had a lower frequency of heart failure features than SHR. Myocardial function and antioxidant enzyme activity were better in SHR-EX than SHR. Lipid hydroperoxide concentration, and phosphorylated JNK and total IkB protein expression were higher in hypertensive than control groups. Malondialdehyde, NADPH oxidase activity, total JNK, phosphorylated p38, phosphorylated and total p65 NF-κB, and phosphorylated IkB did not differ between groups. Protein expression from total p38, and total and phosphorylated ERK were higher in SHR than W. Lactate dehydrogenase and phosphorylated ERK were lower and citrate synthase and β-hydroxyacyldehydrogenase were higher in SHR-EX than SHR. Conclusion Exercise improves physical capacity, myocardial function, and antioxidant enzyme activity; reduces the frequency of heart failure features and ERK phosphorylation; and normalizes energy metabolism in SHR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luana U Pagan
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mariana J Gomes
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Aline R R Lima
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe C Damatto
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - David R A Reyes
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Dijon H S Campos
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Tulio M M Caldonazo
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Bertha F Polegato
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Denise C Fernandes
- Department of Cardiopneumology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco R Laurindo
- Department of Cardiopneumology, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana A H Fernandes
- Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Lloret
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, CIBERFES, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio C Cicogna
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Marina P Okoshi
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Katashi Okoshi
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Linear periodization of strength training in blocks attenuates hypertension and diastolic dysfunction with normalization of myocardial collagen content in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2020; 38:73-81. [PMID: 31335510 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHOD This study evaluated the effects of a linear block strength training programme on the parameters of cardiac remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Thirty-nine rats were equally distributed in four groups: normotensive sedentary, normotensive trained, hypertensive sedentary and hypertensive trained. The strength training protocol was organized in three mesocycles of 4 weeks, with an increase in the training load organized in a linear fashion for each block, considering the weight established in the maximum loaded load test. The following parameters were evaluated: ventricular function assessed by echocardiogram, caudal blood pressure, ventricular haemodynamics and cardiac masses. Two-way analysis of variance was used to determine the differences between the group and time. RESULTS After 12 weeks of training, the hypertensive trained group presented the following results: increased muscle strength, reduced blood pressure, reduced heart rate, isovolumetric relaxation time and total collagen content, with increased cardiac function, without promoting changes in the mass and nuclear volume of cardiomyocytes. Also, blood pressure reduction seems to be associated with both muscle strength adjustments and total load progress. CONCLUSION The findings of this study showed that the training programme carried out attenuated systemic arterial pressure and preserved the ventricular function of spontaneously hypertensive rats without cardiac mass change.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dawkins TG, Curry BA, Drane AL, Lord RN, Richards C, Brown M, Pugh CJA, Lodge F, Yousef Z, Stembridge M, Shave RE. Stimulus-specific functional remodeling of the left ventricle in endurance and resistance-trained men. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H632-H641. [PMID: 32772543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00233.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) structural remodeling following athletic training has been evidenced through training-specific changes in wall thickness and geometry. Whether the LV response to changes in hemodynamic load also adapts in a training-specific manner is unknown. Using echocardiography, we examined LV responses of endurance-trained (n = 15), resistance-trained (n = 14), and nonathletic men (n = 13) to 1) 20, 40, and 60% one repetition-maximum (1RM), leg-press exercise and 2) intravascular Gelofusine infusion (7 mL/kg) with passive leg raise. While resting heart rate was lower in endurance-trained participants versus controls (P = 0.001), blood pressure was similar between groups. Endurance-trained individuals had lower wall thickness but greater LV mass relative to body surface area versus controls, with no difference between resistance-trained individuals and controls. Leg press evoked a similar increase in blood pressure; however, resistance-trained participants preserved stroke volume (SV; -3 ± 8%) versus controls at 60% 1RM (-15 ± 7%, P = 0.001). While the maintenance of SV was related to the change in longitudinal strain across all groups (R = 0.537; P = 0.007), time-to-peak strain was maintained in resistance-trained but delayed in endurance-trained individuals (1 vs. 12% delay; P = 0.021). Volume infusion caused a similar increase in end-diastolic volume (EDV) and SV across groups, but leg raise further increased EDV only in endurance-trained individuals (5 ± 5 to 8 ± 5%; P = 0.018). Correlation analysis revealed a relationship between SV and longitudinal strain following infusion and leg raise (R = 0.334, P = 0.054); however, we observed no between-group differences in longitudinal myocardial mechanics. In conclusion, resistance-trained individuals better maintained SV during pressure loading, whereas endurance-trained individuals demonstrated greater EDV reserve during volume loading. These data provide novel evidence of training-specific LV functional remodeling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Training-specific functional remodeling of the LV in response to different loading conditions has been recently suggested, but not experimentally tested in the same group of individuals. Our data provide novel evidence of a dichotomous, training-specific LV adaptive response to hemodynamic pressure or volume loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony G Dawkins
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony A Curry
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aimee L Drane
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel N Lord
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Cory Richards
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Brown
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Freya Lodge
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Zaheer Yousef
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rob E Shave
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prokic V, Plecevic S, Bradic J, Petkovic A, Srejovic I, Bolevich S, Jeremic J, Bolevich S, Jakovljevic V, Zivkovic V. The impact of nine weeks swimming exercise on heart function in hypertensive and normotensive rats: role of cardiac oxidative stress. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:2075-2083. [PMID: 31240902 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of 9-week swimming training on cardiodynamic parameters and coronary flow in a rat model of high salt-induced hypertension with a special focus on the role of oxidative stress. METHODS Rats involved in the research were divided randomly into four groups: healthy sedentary (SA), healthy trained (TA), sedentary hypertensive (SHA) and trained hypertensive animals (THA). Trained rats were exposed to 9-week swimming training (5 days/week, 60 min/day). Additionally, in order to induce hypertension animals from SHA and THA groups were on high sodium (8% NaCl solution) diet during 4 weeks. Afterwards all rats were sacrificed and hearts were isolated and retrogradely perfused according to Langendorff technique. The following parameters of cardiac function were continuously recorded: maximum and minimum rate of pressure development in left ventricle, systolic and diastolic left ventricular pressure and heart rate. Coronary flow was measured flowmetrically. Oxidative stress markers were determined in coronary venous effluent. RESULTS Our findings demonstrated that 9 weeks of swimming training led to improvement of cardiac contractility, relaxation and systolic capacity of normotensive rats, while this training protocol induced enhanced diastolic function in hypertensive conditions. More pronounced effects of exercise in alleviating oxidative stress were observed in hypertensive rats. CONCLUSIONS Obvious beneficial exercise-induced cardiac adaptations provide scientific basis for further researches which would thoroughly clarify the mechanisms through which swimming training alters myocardial function both in healthy conditions and in the presence of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veljko Prokic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sasa Plecevic
- Sports Medicine Association of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Bradic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Anica Petkovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jovana Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stefani Bolevich
- Department of Pathophysiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia -
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The hypertension advantage and natural selection: Since type 2 diabetes associates with co-morbidities and premature death, why have the genetic variants remained in the human genome? Med Hypotheses 2019; 129:109237. [PMID: 31371084 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a major public health crisis around the world. It is estimated that more than 300 million people worldwide have type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the World Health Organization estimates that deaths from the complications of diabetes will increase by two thirds between 2008 and 2030. Since type 2 diabetes is a major public health crisis, why have the genetic variants for diabetes not been removed from the genome by natural selection? We hypothesize that insulin resistance, a predisposition to type 2 diabetes, and the associated elevation in sympathetic nervous system activity and arterial blood pressure provided an advantage to humans who lived as hunter-gatherers. Specifically, sympathetic hyperactivity stimulates the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, promotes sodium reabsorption, and increases blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume and peripheral vascular resistance, thus inducing hypertension. The hypertension in turn provides a hemodynamic advantage for hunter-gatherers. Specifically, sympathetic hyperactivity and increased blood pressure increases blood flow delivery to working muscles by increasing cardiac output and shunting blood from non-active tissue. This natural selection for hypertension occurred during the time in human evolutionary history when the lifespan of most individuals was probably 30-40 years, and morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disorders was limited. Thus, the selection pressure for elevation in sympathetic nervous system activity and blood pressure provided an advantage for hunting and gathering that would be greater than the selection pressure exerted by the manifestations of cardiovascular disease in aged individuals.
Collapse
|
9
|
McDonald MW, Dotzert MS, Jiang M, Murray MR, Noble EG, James Melling CW. Exercise Training Induced Cardioprotection with Moderate Hyperglycemia versus Sedentary Intensive Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. J Diabetes Res 2018; 2018:8485624. [PMID: 30116746 PMCID: PMC6079594 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8485624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive insulin therapy (IIT; 4-7 mmol/L) is the preferred treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, this treatment strategy has been questioned as it is accompanied with a sedentary lifestyle leading to weight gain and insulin resistance. T1DM patients who partake in high-intensity aerobic training (AThigh) to reduce CVD often utilize conventional insulin therapy (CIT; 9-15 mmol/L) to offset the risk of hypoglycemia. Moreover, exercise modalities incorporating resistance training (RT) have been shown to further reduce this risk. The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (1) to determine if CIT paired with AThigh results in larger cardioprotection from an ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury than IIT and (2) to establish if the integration of RT with AThigh (ART) results in similar cardioprotection as AThigh. Diabetic (D) male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into D-IIT (n = 12), D-CIT (n = 12), D-AThigh (n = 8), D-RT (n = 8), and D-ART (n = 8). T1DM was induced with streptozotocin, and blood glucose was adjusted with insulin. D-AThigh occurred on a treadmill (27 m/min; 1 hr), D-RT performed weighted ladder climbs, and D-ART alternated daily between AThigh and RT. Exercise occurred 5 days/wk for 12 wks. This investigation demonstrates that cardioprotection following an I-R injury was similar between D-AThigh and D-IIT. This cardioprotection is not exercise-specific, and each provides unique advantages. D-AThigh leads to improved glycemia while insulin sensitivity was enhanced following resistance exercises. Thus, exercise is an effective means to elicit cardioprotection in T1DM. However, in addition to glycemia, other factors should be considered when tailoring an exercise program for T1DM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. McDonald
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle S. Dotzert
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mao Jiang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Michael R. Murray
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Earl G. Noble
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - C. W. James Melling
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Melo S, da Silva Júnior N, Barauna V, Oliveira E. Cardiovascular Adaptations Induced by Resistance Training in Animal Models. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:403-410. [PMID: 29511376 PMCID: PMC5835711 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 10 years the number of studies showing the benefits of resistance training (RT) to the cardiovascular system, have grown. In comparison to aerobic training, RT-induced favorable adaptations to the cardiovascular system have been ignored for many years, thus the mechanisms of the RT-induced cardiovascular adaptations are still uncovered. The lack of animal models with comparable protocols to the RT performed by humans hampers the knowledge. We have used squat-exercise model, which is widely used by many others laboratories. However, to a lesser extent, other models are also employed to investigate the cardiovascular adaptations. In the subsequent sections we will review the information regarding cardiac morphological adaptations, signaling pathway of the cardiac cell, cardiac function and the vascular adaptation induced by RT using this animal model developed by Tamaki et al. in 1992. Furthermore, we also describe cardiovascular findings observed using other animal models of RT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S.F.S. Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo. Address: Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 Maruípe, Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil. Postal code: 29043900. Telephone number: (5527)996892407
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo. Address: Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Postal code: 05508-9000. Telephone number: (5511) 30913136
| | - N.D. da Silva Júnior
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo. Address: Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Postal code: 05508-9000. Telephone number: (5511) 30913136
| | - V.G. Barauna
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo. Address: Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 Maruípe, Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil. Postal code: 29043900. Telephone number: (5527)996892407
| | - E.M. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo. Address: Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Postal code: 05508-9000. Telephone number: (5511) 30913136
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ribeiro Junior RF, Fiorim J, Marques VB, de Sousa Ronconi K, Botelho T, Grando MD, Bendhack LM, Vassallo DV, Stefanon I. Vascular activation of K+ channels and Na+-K+ ATPase activity of estrogen-deficient female rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 99:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
12
|
Mota MM, Silva TLTBD, Macedo FN, Mesquita TRR, Quintans LJ, Santana-Filho VJD, Lauton-Santos S, Santos MRV. Effects of a Single Bout of Resistance Exercise in Different Volumes on Endothelium Adaptations in Healthy Animals. Arq Bras Cardiol 2017; 108:436-442. [PMID: 28591321 PMCID: PMC5444890 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20170060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Resistance exercise (RE) has been recommended for patients with cardiovascular diseases. Recently, a few studies have demonstrated that the intensity of a single bout of RE has an effect on endothelial adaptations to exercise. However, there is no data about the effects of different volumes of RE on endothelium function. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of different volumes of RE in a single bout on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the mesenteric artery of healthy animals. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: Control (Ct); low-volume RE (LV, 5 sets x 10 repetitions) and high-volume RE (HV, 15 sets x 10 repetitions). The established intensity was 70% of the maximal repetition test. After the exercise protocol, rings of mesenteric artery were used for assessment of vascular reactivity, and other mesenteric arteries were prepared for detection of measure NO production by DAF-FM fluorescence. Insulin responsiveness on NO synthesis was evaluated by stimulating the vascular rings with insulin (10 nM). Results: The maximal relaxation response to insulin increased in the HV group only as compared with the Ct group. Moreover, the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis (L-NAME) completely abolished the insulin-induced vasorelaxation in exercised rats. NO production showed a volume-dependent increase in the endothelial and smooth muscle layer. In endothelial layer, only Ct and LV groups showed a significant increase in NO synthesis when compared to their respective group under basal condition. On the other hand, in smooth muscle layer, NO fluorescence increased in all groups when compared to their respective group under basal condition. Conclusions: Our results suggest that a single bout of RE promotes vascular endothelium changes in a volume-dependent manner. The 15 sets x 10 repetitions exercise plan induced the greatest levels of NO synthesis. Fundamentos: O exercício resistido (ER) tem sido recomendado para pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares. Recentemente, alguns estudos demonstraram que a intensidade de uma sessão de ER exerce um efeito sobre a disfunção endotelial. No entanto, não há dados sobre os efeitos de diferentes volumes de ER sobre a função endotelial. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes volumes de ER, realizados em uma única sessão, sobre a vasodilatação dependente do endotélio e síntese de óxido nítrico (NO) em artéria mesentérica de animais saudáveis. Métodos: Ratos Wistar machos foram divididos em três grupos: Controle (Ct); baixo volume (BV, 5 séries x 10 repetições) e alto volume de ER (AV, 15 séries x 10 repetições). Foi estabelecida a intensidade de 70% do teste de repetição máxima. Após o protocolo de exercício, anéis de artéria mesentérica foram utilizados na avaliação da reatividade vascular, e outras artérias mesentéricas foram preparadas para a detecção da produção de NO por fluorescência com para do DAF-FM. A resposta à insulina pela síntese de NO foi avaliada estimulando-se os anéis vasculares com insulina (10nM). Resultados: A resposta máxima do relaxamento induzido por insulina foi aumentada somente no grupo AV em comparação ao grupo Ct. Além disso, a inibição da síntese do NO (L-NAME), aboliu completamente o relaxamento vascular induzido por insulina em ratos exercitados. A produção de NO mostrou um aumento dependente do volume no endotélio e no músculo liso. No endotélio, apenas os grupos Ct e BV mostraram aumento significativo na síntese de NO quando comparado aos seus respectivos grupos sob condição basal. No entanto, no músculo liso, a fluorescência foi aumentada em todos os grupos quando comparados aos seus respectivos grupos sob a condição basal. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que uma única sessão de ER foi capaz de promover adaptações no endotélio vascular. Além disso, nós observamos que este efeito é volume-dependente e o volume de 15 séries x10 repetições induziu o maior aumento na síntese de NO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Mendonça Mota
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil.,Curso de Educação Física da Faculdade Estácio de Sergipe (Estácio/FASE), Aracaju, SE - Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Nunes Macedo
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brazil.,Curso de Educação Física da Faculdade Estácio de Sergipe (Estácio/FASE), Aracaju, SE - Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chronic iron overload induces functional and structural vascular changes in small resistance arteries via NADPH oxidase-dependent O 2 − production. Toxicol Lett 2017; 279:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
14
|
Ribeiro Junior RF, Rodrigues PL, Morra EA, Ronconi KS, Do Val Lima PR, Porto ML, Simões MR, Vassallo DV, Figueiredo SG, Stefanon I. Estrogen regulates spatially distinct cardiac mitochondrial subpopulations. Mitochondrion 2017; 35:87-96. [PMID: 28572055 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a significant concern to decreased cardiac performance in postmenopausal females. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of estrogen deficiency on the two spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations from left ventricle: subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and intermyofibrillar mitochondria (IFM) based on: morphology, membrane potential, oxidative phosphorylation, mPTP and reactive oxygen species production. Female rats (8weeks old) that underwent bilateral ovariectomy were randomly assigned to receive daily treatment with placebo (OVX), estrogen replacement (OVX+E2) and Sham for 60days. The yield for IFM was found higher in the OVX group and lower in the SSM. SSM internal complexity and size were higher in the OVX group, although membrane potential was not different. The maximal rate of mitochondrial respiration, states 3 and 4, using glutamate+malate as substrate, were higher in IFM and SSM from the OVX group. The respiratory control ratio (RCR - state3/state 4), was not different in both SSM and IFM with glutamate+malate. The ADP:O ratio was found lower in IFM and SSM from OVX compared to Sham. When pyruvate was used, state 3 was found unchanged in both IFM and SSM, state 4 was greater in IFM from OVX rats compared to Sham and the ADP/O ratio was decreased. The RCR was unchanged in both subpopulations. The IFM from OVX rats presented a lower Ca2+retention capacity compared to Sham, however, the SSM remained unchanged. Hydrogen peroxide formation was found increased in the IFM from OVX animals with glutamate+malate and rotenone+succinate as substrates. The SSM showed increased ROS production only with rotenone+succinate. Western blot analyzes showed decreased levels of PGC-1α and NRF-1 in the OVX group. Estrogen replacement was able to restore most of the alterations induced by ovariectomy. In conclusion, our data shows that estrogen deficiency has distinct effects on the two spatially distinct mitochondrial subpopulations in oxidative phosphorylation, morphology, calcium retention capacity and ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Lopes Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Elis Aguiar Morra
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Karoline Sousa Ronconi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Marcella Leite Porto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Maylla Ronacher Simões
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Suely Gomes Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Ivanita Stefanon
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|