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da Costa JC, de Freitas MCM, Barbosa CCL, Guzmán AB, de Campos LFCC, Gómez-Campos R, Cossio-Bolaños M, Ronque ERV. Physical fitness components are bone mineral density predictors in adulthood: cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:714. [PMID: 39237964 PMCID: PMC11375886 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health-related physical fitness (HRPF) attributes are considered important markers beneficial to various health outcomes. However, the literature is divergent regarding HRPF and bone health in adulthood, especially due to the end of the second and beginning of the third decades of life when the peak bone mass period occurs. OBJECTIVE To analyze which HRPF variables are areal bone mineral density (aBMD) predictors in adult males and females. METHODS This study evaluated 137 healthy young adults aged 18-25 years (50% males). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to estimate fat mass and lean mass and aBMD, hand grip strength test, sit-ups test, flexibility test, lower limb muscle strength and 20-meter run were used to evaluate physical fitness. Multiple linear regression using the backward method was used to analyze bone mineral density predictors by sex. RESULTS HRPF indicators showed correlations from R = 0.28 in the right femoral neck aBMD to R = 0.61 in the upper limbs aBMD in males; in females, correlations from R = 0.27 in total body aBMD to R = 0.68 in the lower limbs aBMD were found. In males, body mass and HRPF indicators were aBMD predictors with HRPF indicators explaining variance from R²=0.214 in the lumbar spine to R²=0.497 in the upper limbs, and in females, with the exception of the lumbar spine, variance from R²=0.237 in the right femoral neck aBMD to R²=0.442 in the lower limbs aBMD was found. CONCLUSION Health-related physical fitness components were able to predict aBMD in different anatomical regions in young adults, especially muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness indicators for males, while only lean mass and fat mass for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar da Costa
- Laboratory of Physcal Activity and Health, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Londrina State University - UEL, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mileny Caroline Menezes de Freitas
- Laboratory of Physcal Activity and Health, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Londrina State University - UEL, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Belém Guzmán
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Rossana Gómez-Campos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Marco Cossio-Bolaños
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Enio Ricardo Vaz Ronque
- Laboratory of Physcal Activity and Health, Center for Physical Education and Sports, Londrina State University - UEL, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Oliveira TP, Espada MC, Massini DA, Robalo RAM, Almeida TAF, Hernández-Beltrán V, Gamonales JM, Castro EA, Pessôa Filho DM. Effects of Exercise and Sports Intervention and the Involvement Level on the Mineral Health of Different Bone Sites in the Leg, Hip, and Spine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6537. [PMID: 37569078 PMCID: PMC10419061 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20156537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study analysed whether the osteogenic stimuli of exercises and sports have an independent effect on bone mineral density (BMD). Studies with a design having two different cohorts were searched and selected to distinguish the effect due to long-term involvement (i.e., athletes vs. non-active young with good bone health) and due to the planning of intervention (i.e., pre- vs. post-training) with exercises and sports. Moreover, only studies investigating the bone sites with a body-weight support function (i.e., lower limb, hip, and spine regions) were reviewed, since the osteogenic effects have incongruous results. A meta-analysis was performed following the recommendations of PRISMA. Heterogeneity (I2) was determined by combining Cochran's Q test with the Higgins test, with a significance level of α = 0.05. The studies reporting the effect of involvement in exercise and sports showed high heterogeneity for the lower limb, total hip, and spine (I2 = 90.200%, 93.334%, and 95.168%, respectively, with p < 0.01) and the effect size on sports modalities (Hedge's g = 1.529, 1.652, and 0.417, respectively, with p < 0.05) ranging from moderate to high. In turn, the studies reporting the effect of the intervention planning showed that there was no heterogeneity for the lower limb (I2 = 0.000%, p = 0.999) and spine (I2 = 77.863%, p = 0.000); however, for the hip, it was moderate (I2 = 49.432%, p = 0.054), with a low effect between the pre- and post-training moments presented only for the hip and spine (Hedge's g = 0.313 and 0.353, respectively, with p < 0.05). The current analysis supported the effect of involvement in exercise and sports by evidencing the effect of either weight-bearing or non-weight-bearing movements on BMD at the femoral, pelvic, and lumbar bones sites of the athletes when comparing to non-athletes or non-active peers with healthy bones. Moreover, the effect of different exercise and sports interventions highlighted the alterations in the BMD in the spine bone sites, mainly with long-term protocols (~12 months) planned with a stimulus with high muscle tension. Therefore, exercise and sport (mainly systematic long-term practice) have the potential to increase the BMD of bones with body-weight support beyond the healthy values reached during life phases of youth and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago P. Oliveira
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; (T.P.O.); (D.A.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.)
| | - Mário C. Espada
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal; (M.C.E.); (R.A.M.R.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (LQRC-CIEQV, Leiria), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Danilo A. Massini
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; (T.P.O.); (D.A.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences (FC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. M. Robalo
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal; (M.C.E.); (R.A.M.R.)
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tiago A. F. Almeida
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; (T.P.O.); (D.A.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences (FC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Víctor Hernández-Beltrán
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (V.H.-B.); (J.M.G.)
| | - José M. Gamonales
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (V.H.-B.); (J.M.G.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliane A. Castro
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; (T.P.O.); (D.A.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.)
- LFE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dalton M. Pessôa Filho
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, Brazil; (T.P.O.); (D.A.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.)
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences (FC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil
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Massini DA, de Souza Martins ND, de Oliveira TP, Macedo AG, Castro EA, Almeida TAF, Santos FJ, Espada MC, Pessôa Filho DM. The effect of the exercise environment and the level of involvement on bone mineral health. J Bone Miner Metab 2023; 41:113-123. [PMID: 36422677 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-022-01387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare athletes practicing exercise in different environments with non-active young and elderly men and women regarding bone mineral density (BMD), hypothesizing that BMD values differ between athletes according to the environment of exercise practice, but those training in a low-gravitational environment have no different stimuli to BMD increasing if compared with healthy peers experiencing reduced exercise involvement, whatever the age group and sex. MATERIALS AND METHODS 104 participants of both sexes were selected according to the environment of exercise practice [swimmers (N = 26) and judo fighters (N = 26)], and exercise level of involvement [non-active young (N = 26) and older adults (N = 26)]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provided BMD, lean mass, and fat mass (FM) for the whole body (WB), upper (UL), and lower limbs (LL). RESULTS For the BMD in WB, UL and LL no effects of group and sex were observed (p > 0.05). Post-hoc analyses detected higher values of BMD in UL for female swimmers compared to non-active older adults (p < 0.05), while judo fighters showed higher BMD in WB, UL, and LL than other participants whatever the sex (p < 0.01). Lower FM was observed for WB, UL, and LL when swimmers and judo fighters were compared to non-active young and older female peers (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The findings emphasized that BMD stimuli with swimming are reduced when compared to judo, and despite the stimuli in swimming is not distinguishable from that affecting BMD in WB, UL and LL of non-active young, it is effective in differing BMD in UL among non-active older for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo A Massini
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Nilson D de Souza Martins
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- University Centre of São Paulo State, UNICEP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13500-200, Brazil
| | - Thiago P de Oliveira
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Anderson G Macedo
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane A Castro
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil
- LFE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiago A F Almeida
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil
| | - Fernando J Santos
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, 2914-504, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Mário C Espada
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, 2914-504, Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Dalton M Pessôa Filho
- Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil.
- Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil.
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Association Between Muscular Strength and Bone Health from Children to Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:1163-1190. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pimenta LD, Massini DA, Santos DD, Vasconcelos CMT, Simionato AR, Gomes LAT, Guimarães BR, Neiva CM, Pessôa Filho DM. BONE HEALTH, MUSCLE STRENGTH AND LEAN MASS: RELATIONSHIPS AND EXERCISE RECOMMENDATIONS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192503210258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Although muscle strength, lean mass and bone mineral content/density (BMC/BMD) are consistently reported as major outcomes of resistance training (RT), there is still no agreement on the RT regimen that is capable of achieving this result in men and women of different ages. This study describes the effects of RT on muscle strength, lean mass and bone mineralization, highlighting the relationships between them and analyzing the effectiveness of the RT protocol. Information searches were conducted in open access online academic libraries, using the BMC/BMD indices combined with muscle strength, body composition, and resistance exercises. The results showed changes in BMC/BMD in 72% of the studies published in the last decade. Among these, 77% recommended loads ≥ 80% 1-RM, 61% involved older individuals (> 60 years) and 61% had planning protocols of between 3 and 5 months (~12-20 weeks). The results also highlight muscle strength as a promising index of variations in BMC/BMD, with a moderate to high level of association (r2>0.5), which are specific for men and women in relation to the body region with best responsiveness. Among the studies published in last decade, about 61% had protocols involving only RT, and of these, 82% observed combined changes in BMC/BMD, body composition and muscle strength. This review therefore concludes that RT is important for improving muscle strength, increasing lean mass (whole-body and regional) and preventing risk factors that could impair the mineral integrity of the bone tissue, in individuals of all ages and sexes. Level of Evidence I; Systematic review of Level I RCTs (and study results were homogenous).
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