1
|
Wang L, Bergstrom J, Hahn J, Young M, Zijlstra R. Acid-binding capacity of feed in swine nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
2
|
Sadurní M, Barroeta AC, Sala R, Sol C, Puyalto M, Castillejos L. Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Sodium Butyrate Protected by Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Salts on Gut Health of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2496. [PMID: 36230237 PMCID: PMC9558768 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional strategies to improve gut health of broilers are under research. This study investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with sodium butyrate protected by sodium salts of medium-chain fatty acids as a feed additive on broiler gut health. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing at 0.5, 1, and 2 kg/t in broilers housed under optimal conditions. Supplementation at 0.5 and 1 kg/t maintained goblet cell counts at 10 days of age (p ≤ 0.05), and supplementation at 1 kg/t decreased intraepithelial lymphocyte counts compared to 2 kg/t at 39 days (p ≤ 0.10). Abdominal fat pad levels of lauric and myristic acids were gradually increased by supplement dose (p ≤ 0.05). In the second experiment, the feed additive at 1 kg/t was evaluated in coccidiosis-challenged broilers. Experimental treatments were as follows: non-challenged, control-challenged, and supplemented-challenged treatments. Coccidiosis negatively impact performance and modify histomorphometry and microbiota (p ≤ 0.05). The feed additive increased crypt depth at 7 days post-inoculation and goblet cell count at 14 days post-inoculation (p ≤ 0.05). Further, supplementation interacted with the microbiota modification led by the coccidiosis (p ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that this feed additive could be a useful strategy to reinforce the gut barrier, especially for birds under coccidiosis-challenge treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Sadurní
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Barroeta
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roser Sala
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | | | - Lorena Castillejos
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Animal and Food Science Department, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Güths MF, Siqueira HA, Montes JH, Moreira F, Rizzoto G, Peripolli V, Tutida YH, Lucia T, Irgang R, Kich JD, Bianchi I. Removal or substitution of in feed antimicrobials in swine production. Prev Vet Med 2022; 205:105696. [PMID: 35753200 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial substitutes are being used in pig production systems, to maintain the health of the animals without compromising their performance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of either the removal of in feed antimicrobials or their substitution for feed additives, at the nursery and growing/finishing stages. At weaning, 1091 piglets were sexed, vaccinated, homogenized by weight and allocated to six treatments during the nursery stage (26-63 d): T1- feed with no antimicrobials nor additives; T2 - feed with antimicrobials; T3 - feed with prebiotic; T4 - feed with probiotic; T5 - feed with essential oils; T6 - feed with organic acids. The same treatments were applied to 840 pigs during the growing/finishing stages (64-167 d). There was no effect of the treatments on feed conversion at the nursery (P = 0.222) and the growing/finishing (P = 0.809) stages. The average daily gain did not differ across treatments in the nursery (P = 0.342) and in growing/finishing (P = 0.050). The cost of the interventions with injectable drugs was not different between the treatments neither at the nursery (P = 0.990) nor at the growing/finishing (P = 0.310). However, the pneumonia and pleurisy index for all treatments was equal or above 1.0, which indicates a respiratory challenge. There was an increase in the cost with antimicrobials or additives per kg of feed produced, which impacts the cost per kg of pig produced. In conclusion, the removal of antimicrobials in pig diets is financially feasible and their substitution by additives did not impact growing performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Felipe Güths
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PPGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helloa Alaide Siqueira
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Julia Helena Montes
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Moreira
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PPGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Rizzoto
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus de Botucatu, 18618-681, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peripolli
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PPGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Yuso Henrique Tutida
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PPGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Lucia
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, 96010-900 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renato Irgang
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88034-000 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jalusa Deon Kich
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PPGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Embrapa Suínos e Aves, 89715-899 Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - I Bianchi
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PPGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, 89245-000 Araquari, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oliveira Júnior J, Mendes A, Montes J, Alves B, Moreira F, Bianchi I, Schwegler E, Peripolli V. Acidifiers blend on digestibility, blood metabolites and performance of nursery piglets. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of two acidifiers blend (with different protection levels) on the acidification potential in vitro, apparent total tract digestibility of diet nutrients, blood metabolites, and average daily gain of nursery piglets. Two commercial acidifiers blend additives (AC1 and AC2) were evaluated. The acidification potential of the two acidifiers blend added to the diet were tested by buffering capacity and initial pH in vitro. For the evaluation of apparent digestibility of diet nutrients, blood metabolites and average daily gain, two experiments were carried out. The AC2 acidifier had a greater effect on the initial reduction in pH and a lower linear buffering rate of the diet. The use of acidifiers did not improve the nutrient digestibility of the diets and had no effect on the blood metabolite concentrations of urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, and lactate. Although the inclusion of acidifiers in the diets did not affect the apparent total tract digestibility of the diet nutrients the inclusion of the AC2 acidifier at different levels showed a negative quadratic effect on the average daily gain, with the best inclusion level being 0.26%.
Collapse
|
5
|
Talari K, Ganji SK, Mutyam S, Tiruveedula RR. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric determination of organic acids by ion pair liquid extraction followed by in-situ butylation from aqua feed samples. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2022; 28:25-34. [PMID: 35746850 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive analytical method was developed to quantitatively determine organic acids (OAs) from fish feed samples extracted by ion-pair (IP) solvent extraction, followed by in-situ butylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. The extraction of OAs was carried out with acetonitrile containing 10 mM tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH), and the analytes were derivatized to their butyl esters in the injection port of the GC-MS system. The developed method was validated in the range of 1-5000 ng/g, with recoveries ranging from 93-117%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 1-5 ng/g and 2-10 ng/g, respectively, yielding good linearity (R2 > 0.9990) and precision with a relative standard deviation less than 10%. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze OAs in sinking and floating fish feed samples. The analyzed samples showed the presence of benzoic, succinic, fumaric, glutaric, adipic, and phthalic acids in sinking feed samples; and benzoic, succinic, adipic, phthalic acids in floating feed samples, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Talari
- Department of Chemistry, 28629Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemistry, Government College for Women (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Krishna Ganji
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, 62391CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Satish Mutyam
- Analytical and Structural Chemistry Division, Centre for Mass Spectrometry, 62391CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tutida Y, Montes J, Borstnez K, Siqueira H, Güths MF, Moreira F, Peripolli V, Irgang R, Morés N, Bianchi I, Kich J. Effects of in feed removal of antimicrobials in comparison to other prophylactic alternatives in growing and finishing pigs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The utilization of antimicrobials in animal production, causes selection of resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to compare the utilization of alternatives in association with preventive antibiotic therapy in swine feed during the growing and finishing phases. 1,045 animals were used from 60 to 190 days of age and were subjected to six treatments with 16 repetitions as follows: 1) antibiotic free; 2) antibiotics; 3) prebiotic; 4) probiotic; 5) essential oils; and 6) organic acid. Animals were weighted, and clinical history was recorded including mortality and diarrhea. At the abattoir, pneumonia index and gastric ulcers were investigated. The cost for each treatment was discussed. No difference between treatments were observed (P>0.05) regarding feed conversion rate (2.64±0.03), overall average weight gain (107.06±0.9kg), average daily weight gain (856.49±7.7g) and carcass weight (92.4±0.7kg). The application injectable drugs in animals presenting clinical symptoms, represented US$ 0.56/intervention, without difference between the treatments (P>0.05). Furthermore, independently of the treatment, high frequency of pneumonia was observed (>0.90). No difference for the degree of gastric ulcer nor feces consistency were observed (P>0.05). The utilization of antibiotic therapy and alternatives to antibiotics in feed did not produce benefits to the production indices and sanitary performances of the animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R. Irgang
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | - J.D. Kich
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Brazil; Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maito CD, Melo ADB, Oliveira ACDFD, Genova JL, Filho JRE, Macedo REFD, Monteiro KM, Weber SH, Koppenol A, Costa LB. Simultaneous feeding of calcium butyrate and tannin extract decreased the incidence of diarrhea and proinflammatory markers in weaned piglets. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:87-95. [PMID: 34237915 PMCID: PMC8738937 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the effect of associating calcium butyrate with tannin extract, compared to an antimicrobial on the growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, intestinal histology, immune-expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in piglets. METHODS Seventy-two piglets (36 barrows and 36 gilts) weaned at 28±2 d and initial body weight of 7.17±1.07 kg were allocated to 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates per treatment and 3 animals per experimental unit. Treatments were composed of NC, negative control: basal diet without additives; PC, positive control: basal diet + 40 mg/kg of colistin sulfate; or BT, basal diet + calcium butyrate + tannin extract. The butyrate and tannin inclusion levels were 0.15% in the pre-starter phase and 0.075% in the starter phase. Incidence of diarrhea was monitored daily, and on d 14 and 35 of experiment, 1 animal from each experimental unit was slaughtered to collect intestinal samples. RESULTS No significant differences were observed for growth performance. The butyrate-and tannin-based additive resulted in reduced (p<0.05) incidence of diarrhea in piglets during d 1 to 14 and d 1 to 35 in comparison with the other treatments. Piglets that consumed the diet containing the calcium-butyrate and tannin showed a lower (p<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum than those receiving the NC treatment at 14 d of experimentation. The BT treatment provided a lower (p<0.05) immune-expression of COX-2 at 14 d and TNF-α at 35 d in the duodenum. CONCLUSION Association between calcium butyrate and tannin extract resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of diarrhea and inflammatory process in the duodenum of piglets. Therefore, calcium-butyrate combined with tannin could be a part of an alternative program to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the diet of weaned piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Demarco Maito
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Antonio Diego Brandão Melo
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | | | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Jair Rodini Engracia Filho
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Renata Ernlund Freitas de Macedo
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Kelly Mazutti Monteiro
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | - Saulo Henrique Weber
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 80215- 901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The effects and mechanisms of acids on the health of piglets and weaners – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The rearing of piglets is the most difficult period in the pigs’ production because of their poorly developed digestive system and the low activity of digestive enzymes. Problems in nutrition and stress cause some disorders in the functioning of the digestive system leading to diarrhea and the mortality of piglets. Starting in 2006 in the EU, a total ban on antibiotics in their use as growth promoters was introduced. Since then, new and safe feed additives have been sought in order to replace antibiotics. Organic and inorganic acids as well as their salts were recognized as effective and safe additives. Due to their properties, they can improve feed palatability and digestibility, reduce the buffer capacity of feed, impact the development and functioning of the pig’s digestive system and improve the health and growth parameters. However, the effectiveness of acids is related to their qualitative and quantitative share in the feed additive. In this review, some strategies for using organic acids, their mixtures and also some new multi-component products will be discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Nguyen Cong O, Taminiau B, Pham Kim D, Daube G, Nguyen Van G, Bindelle J, Abdulaye Fall P, Vu Dinh T, Hornick JL. Effect of increasing levels of rice distillers' by-product on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile and colonic microbiota of weaned piglets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 33:788-801. [PMID: 31480165 PMCID: PMC7206405 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets containing different wet rice distillers' by-product (RDP) levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and gut microbiome of weaned piglets. METHODS A total of 48 weaned castrated male crossbred pigs, initial body weight 7.54±0.97 kg, and age about 4 wks, were used in this experiment. The piglets were randomly allocated into three iso-nitrogenous diet groups that were fed either a control diet, a diet with 15% RDP, or a diet with 30% RDP for a total of 35 days. Chromium oxide was used for apparent digestibility measurements. On d 14 and d 35, half of the piglets were randomly selected for hemato-biochemical and gut microbiota evaluations. RESULTS Increasing inclusion levels of RDP tended to linearly increase (p≤0.07) average daily gain on d 14 and d 35, and decreased (p = 0.08) feed conversion ratio on d 35. Empty stomach weight increased (p = 0.03) on d 35 while digestibility of diet components decreased. Serum globulin concentration decreased on d 14 (p = 0.003) and red blood cell count tended to decrease (p = 0.06) on d 35, parallel to increase RDP levels. Gene amplicon profiling of 16S rRNA revealed that the colonic microbiota composition of weaned pigs changed by inclusion of RDP over the period. On d 14, decreased proportions of Lachnospiraceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Bacteroidales_ge, and increased proportions of Prevotellaceae_ge, Prevotella_2, and Prevotella_9 were found with inclusion of RDP, whereas opposite effect was found on d 35. Additionally, the proportion of Lachnospiraceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Bacteroidales_ge in RDP diets decreased over periods in control diet but increased largely in diet with 30% RDP. CONCLUSION These results indicate that RDP in a favorable way modulate gastrointestinal microbiota composition and improve piglet performance despite a negative impact on digestibility of lipids and gross energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oanh Nguyen Cong
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi Capital 100000, Vietnam
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dang Pham Kim
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi Capital 100000, Vietnam
| | - Georges Daube
- Department of Food Sciences, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Giap Nguyen Van
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Jérôme Bindelle
- Animal Science Unit, GemABT, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Ton Vu Dinh
- Faculty of Animal Science, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi Capital 100000, Vietnam
| | - Jean-Luc Hornick
- Department of Veterinary Management of Animal Resources, FARAH Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Olsen KM, Gabler NK, Rademacher CJ, Schwartz KJ, Schweer WP, Gourley GG, Patience JF. The effects of group size and subtherapeutic antibiotic alternatives on growth performance and morbidity of nursery pigs: a model for feed additive evaluation. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:298-310. [PMID: 32289107 PMCID: PMC7107267 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effects of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), two group sizes, and their interaction on nursery pig performance to serve as a model for future AGP alternative studies. A 41-d experiment was conducted in a commercial wean-to-finish barn; 1,300 piglets weaned at 21 d of age (weaned 2 or 4 d prior to experiment; 6.14 ± 0.18 kg BW; PIC 1050 sows and multiple sire lines) were blocked by sire, sex, and weaning date, then assigned to eight treatments: four dietary treatments each evaluated across two group sizes. The four dietary treatments were: negative control (NC), positive control (PC; NC + in-feed antibiotics), zinc oxide plus a dietary acidifier (blend of fumaric, citric, lactic, and phosphoric acid) (ZA; NC + ZnO + acid), and a Bacillus-based direct-fed-microbial (DFM) plus resistant potato starch (RS) (DR; NC + DFM + RS). The two group sizes were 31 or 11 pigs/pen; floor space was modified so area/pig was equal between the group sizes (0.42 m2/pig). There were 7 pens/diet with 11 pigs/pen and 8 pens/diet with 31 pigs/pen. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. Diagnostic assessment of oral fluids, serum, and tissue samples was used to characterize health status. Pigs experienced natural challenges of acute diarrhea and septicemia in week 1 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in weeks 4-6. There was a significant interaction between diet and group size for ADG (P = 0.012). PC increased ADG in large and small groups (P < 0.05) and ZA increased ADG only in large groups (P < 0.05). Small groups had improved ADG compared to large groups when fed NC or DR diets (P < 0.05). Similarly, PC increased ADFI (P < 0.05). Compared to NC, ZA improved ADFI in large groups only (P < 0.05; diet × group size: P = 0.015). Pigs fed PC had greater G:F than NC (P < 0.05), and small groups had greater G:F than large groups (P < 0.05). There was no effect of ZA or DR on G:F. Pigs fed PC required fewer individual medical treatments than NC and pigs fed ZA were intermediate (P = 0.024). More pigs were removed from large than small groups (P = 0.049), and there was no effect of diet on removals (P > 0.10). In conclusion, careful study design, protocol implementation, sample collection, and recording of important information allowed us to characterize the health status of this group of pigs and determine treatment effects on growth performance and morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Olsen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Chris J Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - John F Patience
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| |
Collapse
|