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de Souza DN, Oliveira RN, Asprino PF, Bettoni F, Macedo CI, Achkar SM, Fahl WO, Brandão PE, Castilho JG. Evolution and divergence of the genetic lineage Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus of rabies virus in São Paulo State. Arch Virol 2023; 168:266. [PMID: 37798456 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The last record of a rabies case caused by the dog-specific rabies virus (RABV) lineage in dogs or cats in São Paulo State was in 1998. From 2002 to 2021, 57 cases of rabies in these animals were reported, and the vast majority (51) were genetically characterized as belonging to the Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus RABV lineage. However, it is not currently possible to infer which of these bats is the source of infection by genome sequencing of RABV isolates. The aims of this study were (a) to characterize the Desmodus rotundus/Artibeus lituratus lineage to determine the relationships between the RABV lineages and each reservoir, (b) to assess the phylogeny and common ancestors of the RABV lineages found in D. rotundus and A. lituratus, and (c) to further understand the epidemiology and control of rabies. In this study, we genetically analyzed 70 RABV isolates from São Paulo State that were received by the Virology Laboratory of the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo between 2006 and 2015. Of these isolates, 33 were associated with the hematophagous bat D. rotundus and 37 with the fruit bat A. lituratus. A genomic approach using phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide sequence comparisons demonstrated that these isolates belonged to the same genetic lineage of RABV. We also found that, in São Paulo State, the D. rotundus/A. lituratus lineage could be subdivided into at least four phylogenetic sublineages: two associated with D. rotundus and two with A. lituratus. These results are of importance for the epidemiological surveillance of rabies in São Paulo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P F Asprino
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - F Bettoni
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C I Macedo
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - S M Achkar
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - W O Fahl
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - P E Brandão
- Departments of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Harding C, Larsen BB, Otto HW, Potticary AL, Kraberger S, Custer JM, Suazo C, Upham NS, Worobey M, Van Doorslaer K, Varsani A. Diverse DNA virus genomes identified in fecal samples of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) captured in Chiricahua Mountains of southeast Arizona (USA). Virology 2023; 580:98-111. [PMID: 36801670 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Bats (order Chiroptera) are some of the most abundant mammals on earth and their species ecology strongly influences zoonotic potential. While substantial research has been conducted on bat-associated viruses, particularly on those that can cause disease in humans and/or livestock, globally, limited research has focused on endemic bats in the USA. The southwest region of the US is of particular interest because of its high diversity of bat species. We identified 39 single-stranded DNA virus genomes in the feces of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) sampled in the Rucker Canyon (Chiricahua Mountains) of southeast Arizona (USA). Twenty-eight of these belong to the virus families Circoviridae (n = 6), Genomoviridae (n = 17), and Microviridae (n = 5). Eleven viruses cluster with other unclassified cressdnaviruses. Most of the viruses identified represent new species. Further research on identification of novel bat-associated cressdnaviruses and microviruses is needed to provide greater insights regarding their co-evolution and ecology relative to bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Harding
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Hans W Otto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ahva L Potticary
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; University of Georgia in the Department of Entomology, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Joy M Custer
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Crystal Suazo
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nathan S Upham
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
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3
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Condori RE, Aragon A, Breckenridge M, Pesko K, Mower K, Ettestad P, Melman S, Velasco-Villa A, Orciari LA, Yager P, Streicker DG, Gigante CM, Morgan C, Wallace R, Li Y. Divergent Rabies Virus Variant of Probable Bat Origin in 2 Gray Foxes, New Mexico, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1137-1145. [PMID: 35608558 PMCID: PMC9155866 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.211718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Western Hemisphere, bat-associated rabies viruses (RABVs) have established independent transmission cycles in multiple mammal hosts, forming genetically distinct lineages. In New Mexico, USA, skunks, bats, and gray foxes are rabies reservoir hosts and represent a public health risk because of encounters with humans. During 2015 and 2019, two previously undescribed RABVs were detected in 2 gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in Lincoln County, New Mexico. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein gene indicated that the isolates are a novel RABV variant. These 2 cases probably represent repeated spillover events from an unknown bat reservoir to gray foxes. Molecular analysis of rabies cases across New Mexico identified that other cross-species transmission events were the result of viral variants previously known to be enzootic to New Mexico. Despite a robust rabies public health surveillance system in the United States, advances in testing and surveillance techniques continue to identify previously unrecognized zoonotic pathogens.
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Human Rabies by Secondary Transmission in Argentina, 2021. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10010017. [PMID: 35323184 PMCID: PMC8947700 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV) that causes fatal encephalitis in mammals. Bats can transmit the disease to urban canines and felines, which rarely infect humans, establishing a secondary link. The last case of human rabies in Argentina was transmitted by a dog in 2008. We present the first case of human rabies originating from an insectivorous bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, transmitted by a feral cat in Buenos Aires province, Argentina.
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Horta MA, Ledesma LA, Moura WC, Lemos ERS. From dogs to bats: Concerns regarding vampire bat-borne rabies in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010160. [PMID: 35239665 PMCID: PMC8893325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Aurélio Horta
- BSL-3 Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Leandro Augusto Ledesma
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wlamir Correa Moura
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elba Regina Sampaio Lemos
- Laboratory of Hantavirus and Rickettsiosis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bouslama Z, Kharmachi H, Basdouri N, Ben Salem J, Ben Maiez S, Handous M, Saadi M, Ghram A, Turki I. Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies in Wild Canidae in Tunisia. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122473. [PMID: 34960742 PMCID: PMC8703460 DOI: 10.3390/v13122473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a viral zoonosis that is transmissible to humans via domestic and wild animals. There are two epidemiological cycles for rabies, the urban and the sylvatic cycles. In an attempt to study the epidemiological role of wild canidae in rabies transmission, the present study aimed to analyze the genetic characteristics of virus isolates and confirm prior suggestions that rabies is maintained through a dog reservoir in Tunisia. Virus strains isolated from wild canidae were subject to viral sequencing, and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed using Beast2 software. Essentially, the virus strains isolated from wild canidae belonged to the Africa-1 clade, which clearly diverges from fox-related strains. Our study also demonstrated that genetic characteristics of the virus isolates were not as distinct as could be expected if a wild reservoir had already existed. On the contrary, the geographic landscape is responsible for the genetic diversity of the virus. The landscape itself could have also acted as a natural barrier to the spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Bouslama
- Laboratory for Rabies Diagnostics, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.K.); (N.B.); (J.B.S.); (S.B.M.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
- Faculty of Sciences, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Habib Kharmachi
- Laboratory for Rabies Diagnostics, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.K.); (N.B.); (J.B.S.); (S.B.M.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Nourhene Basdouri
- Laboratory for Rabies Diagnostics, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.K.); (N.B.); (J.B.S.); (S.B.M.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Jihen Ben Salem
- Laboratory for Rabies Diagnostics, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.K.); (N.B.); (J.B.S.); (S.B.M.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Samia Ben Maiez
- Laboratory for Rabies Diagnostics, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.K.); (N.B.); (J.B.S.); (S.B.M.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariem Handous
- Laboratory for Rabies Diagnostics, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.K.); (N.B.); (J.B.S.); (S.B.M.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Mohamed Saadi
- Laboratory for Rabies Diagnostics, Institute Pasteur of Tunis, Belvedere, Tunis 1002, Tunisia; (H.K.); (N.B.); (J.B.S.); (S.B.M.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Abdeljalil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR 16 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Imed Turki
- Service des Maladies Contagieuses, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire-Sidi Thabet, Université Manouba, Sidi Thabet 2020, Tunisia;
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Riccardi N, Giacomelli A, Antonello RM, Gobbi F, Angheben A. Rabies in Europe: An epidemiological and clinical update. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 88:15-20. [PMID: 33934971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine preventable zoonotic disease with a significant mortality burden worldwide. Several years of vaccination campaigns in wildlife animals have now achieved the control of rabies in Western Europe through a vaccination belt in front of endemic Eastern European countries. Nevertheless, rabies could be imported both by travellers from areas without an active public control of the disease or by animals coming from areas where the virus circulates in wildlife fauna. The knowledge of the current world epidemiology combined with a high index of clinical suspicion are needed to reach a diagnosis of rabies, especially in case of atypical presentation or without a history of animal exposure. The pre-travel counselling to people visiting highly endemic areas is essential to give information on how to reduce exposure to potential sources of infection and to select those subjects who could benefit from pre-travel vaccination. Rabies is almost invariably fatal, but the prompt administration of a vaccine course combined with anti-rabies immunoglobulins significantly reduces the probability to develop life-threatening consequences. In this review, we give a brief epidemiological and clinical update about rabies in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Riccardi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- III Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta Maria Antonello
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University Hospital, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
| | - Andrea Angheben
- Department of Infectious, Tropical Diseases & Microbiology (DITM), IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy.
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