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Larsen BB, McMahon T, Brown JT, Wang Z, Radford CE, Crowe JE, Veesler D, Bloom JD. Functional and antigenic landscape of the Nipah virus receptor binding protein. bioRxiv 2024:2024.04.17.589977. [PMID: 38659959 PMCID: PMC11042328 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nipah virus recurrently spills over to humans, causing fatal infections. The viral receptor-binding protein (RBP or G) attaches to host receptors and is a major target of neutralizing antibodies. Here we use deep mutational scanning to measure how all amino-acid mutations to the RBP affect cell entry, receptor binding, and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We identify functionally constrained regions of the RBP, including sites involved in oligomerization, along with mutations that differentially modulate RBP binding to its two ephrin receptors. We map escape mutations for six anti-RBP antibodies, and find that few antigenic mutations are present in natural Nipah strains. Our findings offer insights into the potential for functional and antigenic evolution of the RBP that can inform the development of antibody therapies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B. Larsen
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Teagan McMahon
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jack T. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Caelan E. Radford
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology Microbiology and Immunology, The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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2
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Lund MC, Larsen BB, Rowsey DM, Otto HW, Gryseels S, Kraberger S, Custer JM, Steger L, Yule KM, Harris RE, Worobey M, Van Doorslaer K, Upham NS, Varsani A. Using archived and biocollection samples towards deciphering the DNA virus diversity associated with rodent species in the families cricetidae and heteromyidae. Virology 2023; 585:42-60. [PMID: 37276766 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rodentia is the most speciose order of mammals, and they are known to harbor a wide range of viruses. Although there has been significant research on zoonotic viruses in rodents, research on the diversity of other viruses has been limited, especially for rodents in the families Cricetidae and Heteromyidae. In fecal and liver samples of nine species of rodents, we identify 346 distinct circular DNA viral genomes. Of these, a large portion are circular, single-stranded DNA viruses in the families Anelloviridae (n = 3), Circoviridae (n = 5), Genomoviridae (n = 7), Microviridae (n = 297), Naryaviridae (n = 4), Vilyaviridae (n = 15) and in the phylum Cressdnaviricota (n = 13) that cannot be assigned established families. We also identified two large bacteriophages of 36 and 50 kb that are part of the class Caudoviricetes. Some of these viruses are clearly those that infect rodents, however, most of these likely infect various organisms associated with rodents, their environment or their diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Lund
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA; The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Dakota M Rowsey
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA; Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Hans W Otto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium; OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Museum of Natural Sciences, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Joy M Custer
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Laura Steger
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA; Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Kelsey M Yule
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA; Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Robin E Harris
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Nathan S Upham
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA; Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5001, USA; The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
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3
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Harding C, Larsen BB, Otto HW, Potticary AL, Kraberger S, Custer JM, Suazo C, Upham NS, Worobey M, Van Doorslaer K, Varsani A. Diverse DNA virus genomes identified in fecal samples of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) captured in Chiricahua Mountains of southeast Arizona (USA). Virology 2023; 580:98-111. [PMID: 36801670 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Bats (order Chiroptera) are some of the most abundant mammals on earth and their species ecology strongly influences zoonotic potential. While substantial research has been conducted on bat-associated viruses, particularly on those that can cause disease in humans and/or livestock, globally, limited research has focused on endemic bats in the USA. The southwest region of the US is of particular interest because of its high diversity of bat species. We identified 39 single-stranded DNA virus genomes in the feces of Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) sampled in the Rucker Canyon (Chiricahua Mountains) of southeast Arizona (USA). Twenty-eight of these belong to the virus families Circoviridae (n = 6), Genomoviridae (n = 17), and Microviridae (n = 5). Eleven viruses cluster with other unclassified cressdnaviruses. Most of the viruses identified represent new species. Further research on identification of novel bat-associated cressdnaviruses and microviruses is needed to provide greater insights regarding their co-evolution and ecology relative to bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Harding
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Hans W Otto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ahva L Potticary
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; University of Georgia in the Department of Entomology, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Joy M Custer
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Crystal Suazo
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nathan S Upham
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
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4
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Harding C, Larsen BB, Gryseels S, Otto HW, Suazo C, Kraberger S, Upham NS, Worobey M, Van Doorslaer K, Varsani A. Discovery of three cycloviruses in fecal samples from silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) in Arizona (USA). Arch Virol 2022; 167:2771-2775. [PMID: 36045303 PMCID: PMC9432798 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bats harbour a diverse array of viruses, some of which are zoonotic, and are one of the most speciose groups of mammals on earth. As part of an ongoing bat-associated viral diversity research project, we identified three cycloviruses (family Circoviridae) in fecal samples of silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) caught in Cave Creek Canyon of Arizona (USA). Two of the three identified genomes represent two new species in the genus Cyclovirus. Cycloviruses have been found in a wide range of environments and hosts; however, little is known about their biology. These new genomes of cycloviruses are the first from silver-haired bats, adding to the broader knowledge of cyclovirus diversity. With continuing studies, it is likely that additional viruses of the family Circoviridae will be identified in Arizona bat populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Harding
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 98102, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans W Otto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Crystal Suazo
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nathan S Upham
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona, 85724, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 85287-5001, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7701, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
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5
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Washington NL, Gangavarapu K, Zeller M, Bolze A, Cirulli ET, Schiabor Barrett KM, Larsen BB, Anderson C, White S, Cassens T, Jacobs S, Levan G, Nguyen J, Ramirez JM, Rivera-Garcia C, Sandoval E, Wang X, Wong D, Spencer E, Robles-Sikisaka R, Kurzban E, Hughes LD, Deng X, Wang C, Servellita V, Valentine H, De Hoff P, Seaver P, Sathe S, Gietzen K, Sickler B, Antico J, Hoon K, Liu J, Harding A, Bakhtar O, Basler T, Austin B, MacCannell D, Isaksson M, Febbo PG, Becker D, Laurent M, McDonald E, Yeo GW, Knight R, Laurent LC, de Feo E, Worobey M, Chiu CY, Suchard MA, Lu JT, Lee W, Andersen KG. Emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States. Cell 2021; 184:2587-2594.e7. [PMID: 33861950 PMCID: PMC8009040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in the United Kingdom, has gained a foothold across the world. Using S gene target failure (SGTF) and SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing, we investigated the prevalence and dynamics of this variant in the United States (US), tracking it back to its early emergence. We found that, while the fraction of B.1.1.7 varied by state, the variant increased at a logistic rate with a roughly weekly doubling rate and an increased transmission of 40%–50%. We revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the US as early as late November 2020, with community transmission spreading it to most states within months. We show that the US is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 became dominant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Catelyn Anderson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ezra Kurzban
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura D Hughes
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Xianding Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Candace Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Holly Valentine
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter De Hoff
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phoebe Seaver
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shashank Sathe
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Basler
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Brett Austin
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Duncan MacCannell
- Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric McDonald
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA.
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6
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Washington NL, Gangavarapu K, Zeller M, Bolze A, Cirulli ET, Barrett KMS, Larsen BB, Anderson C, White S, Cassens T, Jacobs S, Levan G, Nguyen J, Ramirez JM, Rivera-Garcia C, Sandoval E, Wang X, Wong D, Spencer E, Robles-Sikisaka R, Kurzban E, Hughes LD, Deng X, Wang C, Servellita V, Valentine H, De Hoff P, Seaver P, Sathe S, Gietzen K, Sickler B, Antico J, Hoon K, Liu J, Harding A, Bakhtar O, Basler T, Austin B, Isaksson M, Febbo PG, Becker D, Laurent M, McDonald E, Yeo GW, Knight R, Laurent LC, de Feo E, Worobey M, Chiu C, Suchard MA, Lu JT, Lee W, Andersen KG. Genomic epidemiology identifies emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.06.21251159. [PMID: 33564780 PMCID: PMC7872373 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.06.21251159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As of January of 2021, the highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, which was first identified in the United Kingdom (U.K.), has gained a strong foothold across the world. Because of the sudden and rapid rise of B.1.1.7, we investigated the prevalence and growth dynamics of this variant in the United States (U.S.), tracking it back to its early emergence and onward local transmission. We found that the RT-qPCR testing anomaly of S gene target failure (SGTF), first observed in the U.K., was a reliable proxy for B.1.1.7 detection. We sequenced 212 B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected from testing facilities in the U.S. from December 2020 to January 2021. We found that while the fraction of B.1.1.7 among SGTF samples varied by state, detection of the variant increased at a logistic rate similar to those observed elsewhere, with a doubling rate of a little over a week and an increased transmission rate of 35-45%. By performing time-aware Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, we revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the U.S. as early as late November 2020, with onward community transmission enabling the variant to spread to at least 30 states as of January 2021. Our study shows that the U.S. is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 rapidly became the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Catelyn Anderson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Ezra Kurzban
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura D. Hughes
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xianding Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Candace Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Basler
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA
| | - Brett Austin
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric McDonald
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Charles Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA
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7
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Worobey M, Pekar J, Larsen BB, Nelson MI, Hill V, Joy JB, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Wertheim JO, Lemey P. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and North America. Science 2020; 370:564-570. [PMID: 32912998 PMCID: PMC7810038 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc8169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of the global spread of emerging viruses is critical for public health responses and for anticipating and preventing future outbreaks. Here we elucidate when, where, and how the earliest sustained severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission networks became established in Europe and North America. Our results suggest that rapid early interventions successfully prevented early introductions of the virus from taking hold in Germany and the United States. Other, later introductions of the virus from China to both Italy and Washington state, United States, founded the earliest sustained European and North America transmission networks. Our analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of public health measures in preventing onward transmission and show that intensive testing and contact tracing could have prevented SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks from becoming established in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Jonathan Pekar
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Martha I. Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verity Hill
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Jeffrey B. Joy
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Bioinformatics Programme, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Corresponding author. (M.W.); (M.A.S.); (J.O.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Joel O. Wertheim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Corresponding author. (M.W.); (M.A.S.); (J.O.W.); (P.L.)
| | - Philippe Lemey
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium.
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8
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Ladner JT, Larsen BB, Bowers JR, Hepp CM, Bolyen E, Folkerts M, Sheridan K, Pfeiffer A, Yaglom H, Lemmer D, Sahl JW, Kaelin EA, Maqsood R, Bokulich NA, Quirk G, Watts TD, Komatsu KK, Waddell V, Lim ES, Caporaso JG, Engelthaler DM, Worobey M, Keim P. An Early Pandemic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Population Structure and Dynamics in Arizona. mBio 2020; 11:e02107-20. [PMID: 32887735 PMCID: PMC7474171 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02107-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In December of 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in the city of Wuhan, China, causing severe morbidity and mortality. Since then, the virus has swept across the globe, causing millions of confirmed infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths. To better understand the nature of the pandemic and the introduction and spread of the virus in Arizona, we sequenced viral genomes from clinical samples tested at the TGen North Clinical Laboratory, the Arizona Department of Health Services, and those collected as part of community surveillance projects at Arizona State University and the University of Arizona. Phylogenetic analysis of 84 genomes from across Arizona revealed a minimum of 11 distinct introductions inferred to have occurred during February and March. We show that >80% of our sequences descend from strains that were initially circulating widely in Europe but have since dominated the outbreak in the United States. In addition, we show that the first reported case of community transmission in Arizona descended from the Washington state outbreak that was discovered in late February. Notably, none of the observed transmission clusters are epidemiologically linked to the original travel-related case in the state, suggesting successful early isolation and quarantine. Finally, we use molecular clock analyses to demonstrate a lack of identifiable, widespread cryptic transmission in Arizona prior to the middle of February 2020.IMPORTANCE As the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the United States, there was great differential impact on local and regional communities. One of the earliest and hardest hit regions was in New York, while at the same time Arizona (for example) had low incidence. That situation has changed dramatically, with Arizona now having the highest rate of disease increase in the country. Understanding the roots of the pandemic during the initial months is essential as the pandemic continues and reaches new heights. Genomic analysis and phylogenetic modeling of SARS-COV-2 in Arizona can help to reconstruct population composition and predict the earliest undetected introductions. This foundational work represents the basis for future analysis and understanding as the pandemic continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Ladner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jolene R Bowers
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Crystal M Hepp
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Evan Bolyen
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Megan Folkerts
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Krystal Sheridan
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashlyn Pfeiffer
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Hayley Yaglom
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Darrin Lemmer
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Emily A Kaelin
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Rabia Maqsood
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bokulich
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Grace Quirk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Thomas D Watts
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Victor Waddell
- Bureau of Laboratory Services, Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Efrem S Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - J Gregory Caporaso
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - David M Engelthaler
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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9
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Bolyen E, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Ladner JT, Larsen BB, Hepp CM, Lemmer D, Sahl JW, Sanchez A, Holdgraf C, Sewell C, Choudhury AG, Stachurski J, McKay M, Simard A, Engelthaler DM, Worobey M, Keim P, Caporaso JG. Reproducibly sampling SARS-CoV-2 genomes across time, geography, and viral diversity. F1000Res 2020; 9:657. [PMID: 33500774 PMCID: PMC7814287 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24751.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rapid accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genomes, enabling genomic epidemiology on local and global scales. Collections of genomes from resources such as GISAID must be subsampled to enable computationally feasible phylogenetic and other analyses. We present genome-sampler, a software package that supports sampling collections of viral genomes across multiple axes including time of genome isolation, location of genome isolation, and viral diversity. The software is modular in design so that these or future sampling approaches can be applied independently and combined (or replaced with a random sampling approach) to facilitate custom workflows and benchmarking. genome-sampler is written as a QIIME 2 plugin, ensuring that its application is fully reproducible through QIIME 2's unique retrospective data provenance tracking system. genome-sampler can be installed in a conda environment on macOS or Linux systems. A complete default pipeline is available through a Snakemake workflow, so subsampling can be achieved using a single command. genome-sampler is open source, free for all to use, and available at https://caporasolab.us/genome-sampler. We hope that this will facilitate SARS-CoV-2 research and support evaluation of viral genome sampling approaches for genomic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Bolyen
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew R. Dillon
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Bokulich
- Laboratory of Food Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason T. Ladner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Crystal M. Hepp
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Darrin Lemmer
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jason W. Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Sanchez
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Chris Holdgraf
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris Sewell
- Theory and Simulation of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aakash G. Choudhury
- Research School of Economics, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - John Stachurski
- Research School of Economics, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew McKay
- Research School of Economics, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony Simard
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - David M. Engelthaler
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - J. Gregory Caporaso
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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10
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Bolyen E, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Ladner JT, Larsen BB, Hepp CM, Lemmer D, Sahl JW, Sanchez A, Holdgraf C, Sewell C, Choudhury AG, Stachurski J, McKay M, Simard A, Engelthaler DM, Worobey M, Keim P, Caporaso JG. Reproducibly sampling SARS-CoV-2 genomes across time, geography, and viral diversity. F1000Res 2020; 9:657. [PMID: 33500774 PMCID: PMC7814287 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.24751.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rapid accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genomes, enabling genomic epidemiology on local and global scales. Collections of genomes from resources such as GISAID must be subsampled to enable computationally feasible phylogenetic and other analyses. We present genome-sampler, a software package that supports sampling collections of viral genomes across multiple axes including time of genome isolation, location of genome isolation, and viral diversity. The software is modular in design so that these or future sampling approaches can be applied independently and combined (or replaced with a random sampling approach) to facilitate custom workflows and benchmarking. genome-sampler is written as a QIIME 2 plugin, ensuring that its application is fully reproducible through QIIME 2’s unique retrospective data provenance tracking system. genome-sampler can be installed in a conda environment on macOS or Linux systems. A complete default pipeline is available through a Snakemake workflow, so subsampling can be achieved using a single command. genome-sampler is open source, free for all to use, and available at
https://caporasolab.us/genome-sampler. We hope that this will facilitate SARS-CoV-2 research and support evaluation of viral genome sampling approaches for genomic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Bolyen
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.,School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew R Dillon
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bokulich
- Laboratory of Food Systems Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason T Ladner
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Crystal M Hepp
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.,Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Darrin Lemmer
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jason W Sahl
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew Sanchez
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Chris Holdgraf
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris Sewell
- Theory and Simulation of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aakash G Choudhury
- Research School of Economics, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - John Stachurski
- Research School of Economics, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew McKay
- Research School of Economics, Australian National University, ACT, Australia
| | - Anthony Simard
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - David M Engelthaler
- Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Paul Keim
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.,Pathogen and Microbiome Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - J Gregory Caporaso
- Center for Applied Microbiome Science, Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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11
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Worobey M, Pekar J, Larsen BB, Nelson MI, Hill V, Joy JB, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Wertheim JO, Lemey P. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and the US. bioRxiv 2020:2020.05.21.109322. [PMID: 32511416 PMCID: PMC7265688 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.21.109322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of the global spread of emerging viruses is critically important for public health response and for anticipating and preventing future outbreaks. Here, we elucidate when, where and how the earliest sustained SARS-CoV-2 transmission networks became established in Europe and the United States (US). Our results refute prior findings erroneously linking cases in January 2020 with outbreaks that occurred weeks later. Instead, rapid interventions successfully prevented onward transmission of those early cases in Germany and Washington State. Other, later introductions of the virus from China to both Italy and Washington State founded the earliest sustained European and US transmission networks. Our analyses reveal an extended period of missed opportunity when intensive testing and contact tracing could have prevented SARS-CoV-2 from becoming established in the US and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jonathan Pekar
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Martha I. Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Verity Hill
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Jeffrey B. Joy
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Bioinformatics Programme, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joel O. Wertheim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Evolutionary Virology, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Abstract
The long-term evolutionary history of many viral lineages is poorly understood. Novel sources of ancient DNA combined with phylogenetic analyses can provide insight into the time scale of virus evolution. Here we report viral sequences from ancient North American packrat middens. We screened samples up to 27,000-years old and found evidence of papillomavirus (PV) infection in Neotoma cinerea (Bushy-tailed packrat). Phylogenetic analysis placed the PV sequences in a clade with other previously published PV sequences isolated from rodents. Concordance between the host and virus tree topologies along with a correlation in branch lengths suggests a shared evolutionary history between rodents and PVs. Based on host divergence times, PVs have likely been circulating in rodents for at least 17 million years. These results have implications for our understanding of PV evolution and for further research with ancient DNA from Neotoma middens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, 85721 AZ, USA
| | - Kenneth L Cole
- Northern Arizona University, School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, 525 S. Beaver St., Flagstaff, 86011 AZ, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, 1041 E. Lowell St., Tucson, 85721 AZ, USA
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13
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Larsen BB, Miller EC, Rhodes MK, Wiens JJ. Inordinate Fondness Multiplied and Redistributed: the Number of Species on Earth and the New Pie of Life. The Quarterly Review of Biology 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/693564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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14
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Iyer S, Casey E, Bouzek H, Kim M, Deng W, Larsen BB, Zhao H, Bumgarner RE, Rolland M, Mullins JI. Comparison of Major and Minor Viral SNPs Identified through Single Template Sequencing and Pyrosequencing in Acute HIV-1 Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135903. [PMID: 26317928 PMCID: PMC4552882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technologies, such as 454-pyrosequencing, allow for the identification of variants in sequence populations at lower levels than consensus sequencing and most single-template Sanger sequencing experiments. We sought to determine if the greater depth of population sampling attainable using MPS technology would allow detection of minor variants in HIV founder virus populations very early in infection in instances where Sanger sequencing detects only a single variant. We compared single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) during acute HIV-1 infection from 32 subjects using both single template Sanger and 454-pyrosequencing. Pyrosequences from a median of 2400 viral templates per subject and encompassing 40% of the HIV-1 genome, were compared to a median of five individually amplified near full-length viral genomes sequenced using Sanger technology. There was no difference in the consensus nucleotide sequences over the 3.6kb compared in 84% of the subjects infected with single founders and 33% of subjects infected with multiple founder variants: among the subjects with disagreements, mismatches were found in less than 1% of the sites evaluated (of a total of nearly 117,000 sites across all subjects). The majority of the SNPs observed only in pyrosequences were present at less than 2% of the subject’s viral sequence population. These results demonstrate the utility of the Sanger approach for study of early HIV infection and provide guidance regarding the design, utility and limitations of population sequencing from variable template sources, and emphasize parameters for improving the interpretation of massively parallel sequencing data to address important questions regarding target sequence evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Eleanor Casey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Heather Bouzek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Moon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Roger E. Bumgarner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, United States of America
- Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, 20817, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Edlefsen PT, Rolland M, Hertz T, Tovanabutra S, Gartland AJ, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Gottardo R, Juraska M, McCoy C, Larsen BB, Sanders-Buell E, Carrico C, Menis S, Bose M, Arroyo MA, O’Connell RJ, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Kirys T, Georgiev IS, Kwong PD, Scheffler K, Pond SLK, Carlson JM, Michael NL, Schief WR, Mullins JI, Kim JH, Gilbert PB. Comprehensive sieve analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1003973. [PMID: 25646817 PMCID: PMC4315437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 clinical trial showed the partial efficacy of a vaccine regimen with an estimated vaccine efficacy (VE) of 31% for protecting low-risk Thai volunteers against acquisition of HIV-1. The impact of vaccine-induced immune responses can be investigated through sieve analysis of HIV-1 breakthrough infections (infected vaccine and placebo recipients). A V1/V2-targeted comparison of the genomes of HIV-1 breakthrough viruses identified two V2 amino acid sites that differed between the vaccine and placebo groups. Here we extended the V1/V2 analysis to the entire HIV-1 genome using an array of methods based on individual sites, k-mers and genes/proteins. We identified 56 amino acid sites or "signatures" and 119 k-mers that differed between the vaccine and placebo groups. Of those, 19 sites and 38 k-mers were located in the regions comprising the RV144 vaccine (Env-gp120, Gag, and Pro). The nine signature sites in Env-gp120 were significantly enriched for known antibody-associated sites (p = 0.0021). In particular, site 317 in the third variable loop (V3) overlapped with a hotspot of antibody recognition, and sites 369 and 424 were linked to CD4 binding site neutralization. The identified signature sites significantly covaried with other sites across the genome (mean = 32.1) more than did non-signature sites (mean = 0.9) (p < 0.0001), suggesting functional and/or structural relevance of the signature sites. Since signature sites were not preferentially restricted to the vaccine immunogens and because most of the associations were insignificant following correction for multiple testing, we predict that few of the genetic differences are strongly linked to the RV144 vaccine-induced immune pressure. In addition to presenting results of the first complete-genome analysis of the breakthrough infections in the RV144 trial, this work describes a set of statistical methods and tools applicable to analysis of breakthrough infection genomes in general vaccine efficacy trials for diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Connor McCoy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Carrico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sergey Menis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Meera Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tatsiana Kirys
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Konrad Scheffler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Carlson
- eSience Research Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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16
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Edlefsen PT, Rolland M, Hertz T, Tovanabutra S, Gartland AJ, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Gottardo R, Juraska M, McCoy C, Larsen BB, Sanders-Buell E, Carrico C, Menis S, Bose M, Arroyo MA, O'Connell RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS, Kirys T, Kwong PD, Carlson JM, Michael NL, Schief WR, Mullins JI, Kim JH, Gilbert PB. Comprehensive Sieve Analysis of Breakthrough HIV-1 Sequences in the RV144 Vaccine Efficacy Trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5036.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Edlefsen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Andrew J. Gartland
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michal Juraska
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Connor McCoy
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Chris Carrico
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sergey Menis
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Meera Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tatsiana Kirys
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - William R. Schief
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - James I. Mullins
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
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Gartland AJ, Li S, McNevin J, Tomaras GD, Gottardo R, Janes H, Fong Y, Morris D, Geraghty DE, Kijak GH, Edlefsen PT, Frahm N, Larsen BB, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Goodridge JP, Chen L, Konopa P, Nariya S, Stoddard JN, Wong K, Zhao H, Deng W, Maust BS, Bose M, Howell S, Bates A, Lazzaro M, O'Sullivan A, Lei E, Bradfield A, Ibitamuno G, Assawadarachai V, O'Connell RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Sidney J, Sette A, Zolla-Pazner S, Montefiori D, McElrath MJ, Mullins JI, Kim JH, Gilbert PB, Hertz T. Analysis of HLA A*02 association with vaccine efficacy in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial. J Virol 2014; 88:8242-55. [PMID: 24829343 PMCID: PMC4135964 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01164-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial demonstrated partial efficacy of 31% against HIV-1 infection. Studies into possible correlates of protection found that antibodies specific to the V1 and V2 (V1/V2) region of envelope correlated inversely with infection risk and that viruses isolated from trial participants contained genetic signatures of vaccine-induced pressure in the V1/V2 region. We explored the hypothesis that the genetic signatures in V1 and V2 could be partly attributed to selection by vaccine-primed T cells. We performed a T-cell-based sieve analysis of breakthrough viruses in the RV144 trial and found evidence of predicted HLA binding escape that was greater in vaccine versus placebo recipients. The predicted escape depended on class I HLA A*02- and A*11-restricted epitopes in the MN strain rgp120 vaccine immunogen. Though we hypothesized that this was indicative of postacquisition selection pressure, we also found that vaccine efficacy (VE) was greater in A*02-positive (A*02(+)) participants than in A*02(-) participants (VE = 54% versus 3%, P = 0.05). Vaccine efficacy against viruses with a lysine residue at site 169, important to antibody binding and implicated in vaccine-induced immune pressure, was also greater in A*02(+) participants (VE = 74% versus 15%, P = 0.02). Additionally, a reanalysis of vaccine-induced immune responses that focused on those that were shown to correlate with infection risk suggested that the humoral responses may have differed in A*02(+) participants. These exploratory and hypothesis-generating analyses indicate there may be an association between a class I HLA allele and vaccine efficacy, highlighting the importance of considering HLA alleles and host immune genetics in HIV vaccine trials. IMPORTANCE The RV144 trial was the first to show efficacy against HIV-1 infection. Subsequently, much effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanisms of protection. Here, we conducted a T-cell-based sieve analysis, which compared the genetic sequences of viruses isolated from infected vaccine and placebo recipients. Though we hypothesized that the observed sieve effect indicated postacquisition T-cell selection, we also found that vaccine efficacy was greater for participants who expressed HLA A*02, an allele implicated in the sieve analysis. Though HLA alleles have been associated with disease progression and viral load in HIV-1 infection, these data are the first to suggest the association of a class I HLA allele and vaccine efficacy. While these statistical analyses do not provide mechanistic evidence of protection in RV144, they generate testable hypotheses for the HIV vaccine community and they highlight the importance of assessing the impact of host immune genetics in vaccine-induced immunity and protection. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00223080.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sue Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daryl Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Konopa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Snehal Nariya
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia N Stoddard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kim Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brandon S Maust
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shana Howell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Bates
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Lazzaro
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Esther Lei
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Bradfield
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Grace Ibitamuno
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Wagner TA, McLaughlin S, Garg K, Cheung CYK, Larsen BB, Styrchak S, Huang HC, Edlefsen PT, Mullins JI, Frenkel LM. HIV latency. Proliferation of cells with HIV integrated into cancer genes contributes to persistent infection. Science 2014; 345:570-3. [PMID: 25011556 DOI: 10.1126/science.1256304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) of HIV infection suppresses viral replication. Yet if ART is stopped, virus reemerges because of the persistence of infected cells. We evaluated the contribution of infected-cell proliferation and sites of proviral integration to HIV persistence. A total of 534 HIV integration sites (IS) and 63 adjacent HIV env sequences were derived from three study participants over 11.3 to 12.7 years of ART. Each participant had identical viral sequences integrated at the same position in multiple cells, demonstrating infected-cell proliferation. Integrations were overrepresented in genes associated with cancer and favored in 12 genes across multiple participants. Over time on ART, a greater proportion of persisting proviruses were in proliferating cells. HIV integration into specific genes may promote proliferation of HIV-infected cells, slowing viral decay during ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor A Wagner
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sherry McLaughlin
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kavita Garg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Sheila Styrchak
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah C Huang
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Frenkel
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Deng W, Maust BS, Westfall DH, Chen L, Zhao H, Larsen BB, Iyer S, Liu Y, Mullins JI. Indel and Carryforward Correction (ICC): a new analysis approach for processing 454 pyrosequencing data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 29:2402-9. [PMID: 23900188 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Pyrosequencing technology provides an important new approach to more extensively characterize diverse sequence populations and detect low frequency variants. However, the promise of this technology has been difficult to realize, as careful correction of sequencing errors is crucial to distinguish rare variants (∼1%) in an infected host with high sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS We developed a new approach, referred to as Indel and Carryforward Correction (ICC), to cluster sequences without substitutions and locally correct only indel and carryforward sequencing errors within clusters to ensure that no rare variants are lost. ICC performs sequence clustering in the order of (i) homopolymer indel patterns only, (ii) indel patterns only and (iii) carryforward errors only, without the requirement of a distance cutoff value. Overall, ICC removed 93-95% of sequencing errors found in control datasets. On pyrosequencing data from a PCR fragment derived from 15 HIV-1 plasmid clones mixed at various frequencies as low as 0.1%, ICC achieved the highest sensitivity and similar specificity compared with other commonly used error correction and variant calling algorithms. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Source code is freely available for download at http://indra.mullins.microbiol.washington.edu/ICC. It is implemented in Perl and supported on Linux, Mac OS X and MS Windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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20
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Rolland M, Edlefsen PT, Larsen BB, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, Hertz T, deCamp AC, Carrico C, Menis S, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Juraska M, Chen L, Konopa P, Nariya S, Stoddard JN, Wong K, Zhao H, Deng W, Maust BS, Bose M, Howell S, Bates A, Lazzaro M, O'Sullivan A, Lei E, Bradfield A, Ibitamuno G, Assawadarachai V, O'Connell RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, McLellan JS, Georgiev I, Kwong PD, Carlson JM, Michael NL, Schief WR, Gilbert PB, Mullins JI, Kim JH. Increased HIV-1 vaccine efficacy against viruses with genetic signatures in Env V2. Nature 2012; 490:417-20. [PMID: 22960785 PMCID: PMC3551291 DOI: 10.1038/nature11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RV144 trial demonstrated 31% vaccine efficacy at preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope variable loops 1 and 2 (Env V1 and V2) correlated inversely with infection risk. We proposed that vaccine-induced immune responses against V1/V2 would have a selective effect against, or sieve, HIV-1 breakthrough viruses. A total of 936 HIV-1 genome sequences from 44 vaccine and 66 placebo recipients were examined. We show that vaccine-induced immune responses were associated with two signatures in V2 at amino acid positions 169 and 181. Vaccine efficacy against viruses matching the vaccine at position 169 was 48% (confidence interval 18% to 66%; P = 0.0036), whereas vaccine efficacy against viruses mismatching the vaccine at position 181 was 78% (confidence interval 35% to 93%; P = 0.0028). Residue 169 is in a cationic glycosylated region recognized by broadly neutralizing and RV144-derived antibodies. The predicted distance between the two signature sites (21 ± 7 Å) and their match/mismatch dichotomy indicate that multiple factors may be involved in the protection observed in RV144. Genetic signatures of RV144 vaccination in V2 complement the finding of an association between high V1/V2-binding antibodies and reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition, and provide evidence that vaccine-induced V2 responses plausibly had a role in the partial protection conferred by the RV144 regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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21
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Hertz T, Gartland A, Janes H, Li S, Fong Y, Tomaras GD, Morris D, Geraghty D, Kijak GH, Edlefsen PT, Rolland M, Larsen BB, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, DeCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Nariya S, Wong K, Zhao H, Deng W, Maust BS, Bose M, Howell S, Lazzaro M, Bates A, Lei E, Bradfield A, Ibitamuno G, Assawadarachai V, O'Connel RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, McElrath MJ, Haynes BF, Michael NL, Gilbert PB, Mullins JI, Kim JH. T-cell based sieve analysis ties HLA A*02 to vaccine efficacy and IgA-C1 immune correlate in RV144 Thai trial. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441303 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-o61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Hertz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Gartland
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Janes
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Li
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Y Fong
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - GD Tomaras
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D Morris
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D Geraghty
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - GH Kijak
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - PT Edlefsen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - BB Larsen
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - AC DeCamp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - CA Magaret
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Ahmed
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Nariya
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - K Wong
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - H Zhao
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - W Deng
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - BS Maust
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - S Howell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - M Lazzaro
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - A Bates
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - E Lei
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - A Bradfield
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - G Ibitamuno
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - RJ O'Connel
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - MS deSouza
- Royal Thai Army Component, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Nitayaphan
- Royal Thai Army Component, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Rerks-Ngarm
- Royal Thai Army Component, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - ML Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - MJ McElrath
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - BF Haynes
- Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - NL Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - PB Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - JI Mullins
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - JH Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this clinical trial was to investigate whether repeated inhalation of the new inhaled steroid ciclesonide reduces the early-phase (EAR) and late-phase (LAR) reactions after allergen challenge in patients with mild allergic asthma. Also, this study provides further data on safety and tolerance of ciclesonide. METHODS The study was designed as a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized crossover trial. Following a baseline period, patients were randomized to either of two treatment sequences (ciclesonide/placebo, placebo/ciclesonide) each of which lasted for one week and were separated by 3-5 weeks from the alternate treatment sequence. Patients received 800 micro g ciclesonide twice daily by means of a Cyclohaler. At the end of each treatment patients were subjected to an allergen challenge. RESULTS Thirteen asthmatic patients (mean FEV1 of 91% predicted) who experienced an EAR and LAR after allergen challenge participated in the study. The time-average FEV1 decreases 0-2 h (2-12 h) after allergen challenge as measure of the EAR (LAR) were significantly reduced (P < 0.05, one-sided) from 0.426 L to 0.233 L (EAR) and from 0.443 L to 0.213 L (LAR), respectively. Thus, the study results suggest that ciclesonide significantly lowered the extent of EAR and LAR compared to placebo. Ciclesonide was well tolerated and no drug-related adverse events were reported. Cortisol excretion in 24-h urine showed no significant difference between ciclesonide and placebo. CONCLUSIONS The study supports the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Larsen
- University Hospital Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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23
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Abstract
Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways and long-term treatment with inhaled glucocorticosteroids improve clinical control in patients previously treated with inhaled rescue beta-2 agonist. We investigated whether the dose of inhaled glucocorticosteroid was related to outcome compared with oral theophylline. Budesonide 800 microg bd, budesonide 200 microg bd, or theophylline (Theo-Dur 300 mg bd was given double-blind, double-dummy and randomized, in a parallel group design for 9 months; when therapy was stopped patients were followed for an additional 3 months. Forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), bronchial reactivity and asthma symptom scores were assessed before entering the study and after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 months of treatment and monthly after treatment was stopped. Eighty-five patients (38 females and 47 males) were enrolled in the study during 1 1/2 year. Withdrawal from the study due to exacerbations during the treatment period was significantly increased (P <0.01) in the theophylline group. After treatment was stopped more patients withdrew in the budesonide group. In the budesonide 800 microg bd group, FEV1 improved significantly after 1 months treatment (P <0.01) and persisted throughout the study period. In the budesonide 200 microg bd group, FEV1 improved slightly and reached significance (P=0.05) after 5 months of treatment. In the theophylline group, FEV1 was unchanged during the 9 months of treatment. In both budesonide groups, FEV1 deteriorated significantly (P<0.01 and P<0.02, respectively) after termination of study medication and reached pretreatment values during the first month. In the budesonide 800 microg bd group, the concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) increased significantly (P<0.01) after 1 months treatment and increased further after 9 months (P<0.0001), equivalent to two doubling dilutions. In the budesonide 200 microg bd, group PC20 histamine significantly increased (P <0.005) after 2 months of treatment and remained constant; theophylline was unchanged. After treatment with budesonide 800 microg bd and 200 microg bd were stopped, PC20 decreased significantly (P<0.002 and P=0.05, respectively) within the first month. PC20 remained unchanged after theophylline was stopped. After budesonide 800 microg bd and 200 microg bd treatment, symptom severity decreased in a dose-related and highly significant manner (P < 0.00001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). With theophylline, asthma symptoms decreased slightly after 1 and 2 months treatment (P < 0.01 and P < 0.02, respectively) and when treatment was stopped no increase in asthma symptoms was evident. Oral theophylline slightly reduced airways symptoms and had no influence on FEV1 and PC20 histamine. Maintenance treatment with inhaled budesonide gave a dose-related reduction in airways obstruction, bronchial reactivity and asthma symptom severity. The efficacy of inhaled corticosteroid was superior to oral theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dahl
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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24
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Prasad KN, Kumar S, Carvalho E, Edwards-Prasad J, Kumar R, La Rosa FG, Larsen BB, Ann D. Characterization of human and rat immortalized clones parotid acinar cells with respect to specific proteins and their mRNAs, and receptor-linked adenylate cyclase. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 1995; 31:767-72. [PMID: 8564065 DOI: 10.1007/bf02634118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the isolation and characterization of a rat nontumorigenic parotid acinar cell clone (2RSG), a human nontumorigenic parotid acinar cell clone (2HPC8), and a human tumorigenic acinar clone (2HP1G). The levels of alpha-amylase mRNAs detected when using alpha-amylase cDNA of 1176 and 702 bp for hybridization were higher in 2RSG and 2HPC8 cells than their respective whole parotid glands. The level of these mRNAs decreased in 2HP1G cells. In contrast to alpha-amylase mRNAs levels, the alpha-amylase activity in cultured acinar cells was extremely low in comparison to whole glands, irrespective of species or cell status. The levels of proline-rich protein (PRP) mRNA and parotid secretory protein (PSP) mRNA detected when using PRP cDNA of 600 bp and PSP cDNA of 805 bp for hybridization were higher in 2RSG cells than those in rat parotid glands; the reverse was observed in 2HPC8 cells and human parotid glands. The levels of PRP mRNA and PSP mRNA in 2HPC8 and 2PH1G acinar cells were similar. The level of mRNA was not detectable in murine neuroblastoma cells (NBP2) using the same alpha-amylase cDNA, PRP cDNA and PSP cDNA for hybridization. The PSP level in rat parotid gland was lower than that found in 2RSG cells; the reverse was observed in 2HPC8 cells and human parotid glands. The level of PSP in 2HP1G cells was higher than that found in 2HPC8 cells. Isoproterenol increased the cAMP level in 2RSG, 2HPC8, and 2HP1G clones, being most effective in 2RSG cells, and least effective in 2HPG cells. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) also increased cAMP level, being most effective in 2HPC8 cells and ineffective in 2HP1G cells, suggesting that the PGE1 receptor-linked adenylate cyclase becomes inactive upon transformation. These results suggest that the three clonal acinar cells from rat and human parotid glands reported here can be useful in comparative studies on regulation of growth, differentiation, and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Prasad
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262-0278, USA
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Pedersen B, Dahl R, Richards DH, Jacques LA, Larsen BB, Pichler W, Nykanen KN. Once daily fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray controls symptoms of most patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Allergy 1995; 50:794-9. [PMID: 8607560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb05051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray 200 micrograms once daily (FPANS 200 micrograms od) with FPANS 200 micrograms twice daily (bd) in patients whose seasonal rhinitis symptoms were not completely controlled with FPANS 200 micrograms od. A total of 549 patients initially received FPANS 200 micrograms od during the open-treatment phase of the study. After 2 weeks, 65% of patients had their symptoms well controlled by FPANS 200 micrograms od and continued with this treatment for a further 2 weeks. The remainder received either FPANS 200 micrograms od or FPANS 200 micrograms bd for a further 2 weeks. Efficacy was evaluated by the analysis of symptom-free days. In the uncontrolled group, there was a significant increase in the percentage of symptom-free days in the FPANS 200 micrograms bd group over the FPANS 200 micrograms od group for nasal blockage on waking (P < 0.05) and nasal blockage during the day (P < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for sneezing, rhinorrhoea, nasal itching, and eye symptoms. There was a significant increase in the percentage of days with a symptom score of less than 2 in FPANS 200 micrograms bd group for nasal blockage during the day (P < 0.05). Adverse events were similar in nature and frequency in each treatment group. It is concluded that in the majority of patients symptoms of seasonal rhinitis are well controlled by FPANS 200 micrograms od. In the minority of patients whose symptoms are not adequately controlled by a once daily dose, FPANS 200 micrograms bd provides additional relief, particularly from nasal blockage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pedersen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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Larsen BB, Dahl R. Do inhaled steroids have similar efficacy? A case of bronchial asthma suggesting different efficacy of inhaled glucocorticosteroids. Allergy 1995; 50:600-3. [PMID: 8588695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb01207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report a 35-year-old woman who had had bronchial asthma for 17 years. Her asthma worsened and became unstable on treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), budesonide (BUD), and oral glucocorticosteroids (GC). At the age of 31, she had participated in a clinical trial with fluticasone propionate (FP), and after 2 weeks' treatment her asthma was well controlled. Because of pregnancy, her participation was terminated and treatment continued with available inhaled GC; however, the disease deteriorated and treatment with FP was resumed 2 years ago. Lung function normalized after 3 weeks and she has remained clinically stable since.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Larsen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
The new dry-powder inhaler system, Turbuhaler, has proved to be equivalent to metered-dose inhalers when used in the nose, and the objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy, dose-response effects, and safety of budesonide powder given in the morning during the grass pollen season to patients with grass-pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Of 190 randomized patients, 186 were treated and 180 completed this double-blind study, which comprised a 4-week treatment period, preceded by a 1-week run-in period. The patients were randomized to three parallel treatment groups: budesonide 400 micrograms, budesonide 200 micrograms, or placebo once in the morning. Assessment of efficacy, by comparing changes in mean scores of nasal symptoms from run-in to treatment, showed a statistically significant effect for all symptoms with active treatments, as compared with placebo. The mean reduction of symptom severity was more pronounced in the 400-micrograms group than in the 200-micrograms group, and this difference was statistically significant for runny nose (P < 0.02) and combined nasal symptoms (P < 0.02). Nasal peak-inspiratory flow improved significantly in both budesonide-treated groups, as compared with placebo (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01). During the treatment period, patients on active treatment showed, on average, a reduction of all nasal symptoms, whereas the placebo-treated patients, on average, showed an increase of nasal symptoms. Approximately 40% in the high-dose group felt total control of rhinitis symptoms, as compared with 26% in the low-dose group. There was no difference between budesonide- and placebo-treated groups in side-effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pedersen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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Pedersen B, Dahl R, Larsen BB, Venge P. The effect of salmeterol on the early- and late-phase reaction to bronchial allergen and postchallenge variation in bronchial reactivity, blood eosinophils, serum eosinophil cationic protein, and serum eosinophil protein X. Allergy 1993; 48:377-82. [PMID: 8103646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb02410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The late asthmatic response to bronchial allergen challenge and the associated increase in nonspecific bronchial reactivity provides a model for studying the acute inflammatory mechanisms in asthmatic airways. In 12 asthmatic patients (aged 22-37 years) with known dual reaction to allergen challenge, salmeterol 50 micrograms, 100 micrograms, or placebo was administered as a single dose 10 min before allergen challenge in a double-blind, randomized order on three different study days 2 weeks apart. The bronchial reactivity (BH) to histamine was measured the day before and 24 and 48 h after allergen challenge. Salmeterol significantly inhibited the early (P < 0.02) and the late (P < 0.05) asthmatic reactions. After placebo, mean BH was significantly increased above base line at 24 and 48 h (P < 0.02). After 50 and 100 micrograms salmeterol, BH was less than base line at 24 h and returned to prechallenge values at 48 h. Blood eosinophils increased significantly (P < 0.05) 24 and 48 h after allergen challenge, and no difference was found between treatments. After pretreatment with placebo, serum eosinophil cationic protein (s-ECP) and serum eosinophil protein X (s-EPX) increased significantly (P < 0.05) 24 and 48 h after allergen challenge. After treatment with salmeterol 50 micrograms, s-EPX, but not s-ECP, increased significantly 24 h after challenge, but was normal at 48 h. After salmeterol 100 micrograms, no change in s-EPX or s-ECP was found. The results showed that salmeterol eliminated the allergen-induced dual asthmatic reaction and gave protection against increased BH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pedersen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital of Aarhus, Denmark
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Larsen BB, Pedersen B, Dahl R. [Levocabastine--a new antihistaminic for local treatment]. Ugeskr Laeger 1993; 155:2070-2073. [PMID: 8101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B B Larsen
- Arhus Kommunehospital, lungemedicinsk afdeling
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Mikkelsen TR, Brandt J, Larsen HJ, Larsen BB, Poulsen K, Ingerslev J, Din N, Hjorth JP. Tissue-specific expression in the salivary glands of transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:2249-55. [PMID: 1594444 PMCID: PMC312338 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.9.2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a DNA construct, named Lama, derived from the murine parotid secretory protein (PSP) gene, we have obtained salivary gland specific gene expression in transgenic mice. Lama is a PSP minigene and allows analysis of the PSP gene 5' regulatory region by transgenesis. We show here that the regulatory region included in Lama with 4.6 kb of 5' flanking sequence is sufficient to direct expression specifically to the salivary glands. The expression level in the parotid gland is only about one percent of the PSP mRNA level, while that of the sublingual gland is near the PSP mRNA level. This suggests significant differences in the PSP gene regulation in the two glands. In addition, Lama is a secretory expression vector in which cDNAs or genomic fragments can be inserted. We demonstrate that the Lama construct can direct the expression of a heterologous cDNA encoding the C-terminal peptide of human factor VIII to salivary glands and that the corresponding peptide is secreted into saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Mikkelsen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Larsen BB, Pedersen B, Dahl R. [The hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome]. Ugeskr Laeger 1991; 153:3412-3. [PMID: 1957411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome is a rare disease. The clinical and immunological features of HIE are discussed on the basis of a case history. A 28 year old woman had a life-long history of infections of the skin and the sinopulmonary tract. Because of elevated serum-IgE and several positive skin- and RAST-tests she had erroneously been classified as having multiple allergies including food allergy. We found a very high serum-IgE and negative challenge test. Additionally we found decreased oxidative metabolism of blood neutrophils and monocytes. This finding could explain the increased susceptibility to infections in HIE-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Larsen
- Lungemedicinsk afdeling, Arhus Kommunehospital
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Larsen BB. Pilonidal Cysts and Sinuses: A Technic for Excision and Primary Closure. Ann Surg 1946; 123:1090-100. [PMID: 17858801 PMCID: PMC1803557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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