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Reeves DB, Mayer BT, deCamp AC, Huang Y, Zhang B, Carpp LN, Magaret CA, Juraska M, Gilbert PB, Montefiori DC, Bar KJ, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Schiffer JT, Rossenkhan R, Edlefsen P, Morris L, Mkhize NN, Williamson C, Mullins JI, Seaton KE, Tomaras GD, Andrew P, Mgodi N, Ledgerwood JE, Cohen MS, Corey L, Naidoo L, Orrell C, Goepfert PA, Casapia M, Sobieszczyk ME, Karuna ST, Edupuganti S. Author Correction: High monoclonal neutralization titers reduced breakthrough HIV-1 viral loads in the Antibody Mediated Prevention trials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2575. [PMID: 38519455 PMCID: PMC10959920 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Catherine Orrell
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Martin Casapia
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peru, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shelly T Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- GreenLight Biosciences, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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deCamp AC, Corcoran MM, Fulp WJ, Willis JR, Cottrell CA, Bader DLV, Kalyuzhniy O, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hyrien O, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Mahoney CR, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Mullen TM, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Roederer M, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath JM, McDermott AB, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Schief WR. Human immunoglobulin gene allelic variation impacts germline-targeting vaccine priming. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:58. [PMID: 38467663 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine priming immunogens that activate germline precursors for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have promise for development of precision vaccines against major human pathogens. In a clinical trial of the eOD-GT8 60mer germline-targeting immunogen, higher frequencies of vaccine-induced VRC01-class bnAb-precursor B cells were observed in the high dose compared to the low dose group. Through immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genotyping, statistical modeling, quantification of IGHV1-2 allele usage and B cell frequencies in the naive repertoire for each trial participant, and antibody affinity analyses, we found that the difference between dose groups in VRC01-class response frequency was best explained by IGHV1-2 genotype rather than dose and was most likely due to differences in IGHV1-2 B cell frequencies for different genotypes. The results demonstrate the need to define population-level immunoglobulin allelic variations when designing germline-targeting immunogens and evaluating them in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Martin M Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William J Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel L V Bader
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David J Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason R Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th floor, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | | | | | - Rachael E Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia R Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dagna S Laufer
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th floor, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Juliana M McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Moderna Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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3
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Magaret CA, Li L, deCamp AC, Rolland M, Juraska M, Williamson BD, Ludwig J, Molitor C, Benkeser D, Luedtke A, Simpkins B, Heng F, Sun Y, Carpp LN, Bai H, Dearlove BL, Giorgi EE, Jongeneelen M, Brandenburg B, McCallum M, Bowen JE, Veesler D, Sadoff J, Gray GE, Roels S, Vandebosch A, Stieh DJ, Le Gars M, Vingerhoets J, Grinsztejn B, Goepfert PA, de Sousa LP, Silva MST, Casapia M, Losso MH, Little SJ, Gaur A, Bekker LG, Garrett N, Truyers C, Van Dromme I, Swann E, Marovich MA, Follmann D, Neuzil KM, Corey L, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Hyrien O, Gilbert PB. Quantifying how single dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy depends on Spike sequence features. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2175. [PMID: 38467646 PMCID: PMC10928100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the ENSEMBLE randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (NCT04505722), estimated single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine efficacy (VE) was 56% against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 Spike sequences were determined from 484 vaccine and 1,067 placebo recipients who acquired COVID-19. In this set of prespecified analyses, we show that in Latin America, VE was significantly lower against Lambda vs. Reference and against Lambda vs. non-Lambda [family-wise error rate (FWER) p < 0.05]. VE differed by residue match vs. mismatch to the vaccine-insert at 16 amino acid positions (4 FWER p < 0.05; 12 q-value ≤ 0.20); significantly decreased with physicochemical-weighted Hamming distance to the vaccine-strain sequence for Spike, receptor-binding domain, N-terminal domain, and S1 (FWER p < 0.001); differed (FWER ≤ 0.05) by distance to the vaccine strain measured by 9 antibody-epitope escape scores and 4 NTD neutralization-impacting features; and decreased (p = 0.011) with neutralization resistance level to vaccinee sera. VE against severe-critical COVID-19 was stable across most sequence features but lower against the most distant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian D Williamson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Biostatistics Division, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Ludwig
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cindy Molitor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Benkeser
- Departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alex Luedtke
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian Simpkins
- Department of Computer Science, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Fei Heng
- University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yanqing Sun
- University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongjun Bai
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bethany L Dearlove
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mandy Jongeneelen
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Boerries Brandenburg
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerald Sadoff
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Glenda E Gray
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sanne Roels
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - An Vandebosch
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniel J Stieh
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Le Gars
- Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Vingerhoets
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Leonardo Paiva de Sousa
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mayara Secco Torres Silva
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Martin Casapia
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peru, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Marcelo H Losso
- Hospital General de Agudos José María Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susan J Little
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aditya Gaur
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nigel Garrett
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carla Truyers
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van Dromme
- Janssen R&D, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Edith Swann
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Marovich
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Juraska M, Bai H, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Li L, Gillespie K, Carpp LN, Giorgi EE, Ludwig J, Molitor C, Hudson A, Williamson BD, Espy N, Simpkins B, Rudnicki E, Shao D, Rossenkhan R, Edlefsen PT, Westfall DH, Deng W, Chen L, Zhao H, Bhattacharya T, Pankow A, Murrell B, Yssel A, Matten D, York T, Beaume N, Gwashu-Nyangiwe A, Ndabambi N, Thebus R, Karuna ST, Morris L, Montefiori DC, Hural JA, Cohen MS, Corey L, Rolland M, Gilbert PB, Williamson C, Mullins JI. Prevention efficacy of the broadly neutralizing antibody VRC01 depends on HIV-1 envelope sequence features. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2308942121. [PMID: 38241441 PMCID: PMC10823214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308942121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials (HVTN 704/HPTN 085 and HVTN 703/HPTN 081), prevention efficacy (PE) of the monoclonal broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) VRC01 (vs. placebo) against HIV-1 acquisition diagnosis varied according to the HIV-1 Envelope (Env) neutralization sensitivity to VRC01, as measured by 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80). Here, we performed a genotypic sieve analysis, a complementary approach to gaining insight into correlates of protection that assesses how PE varies with HIV-1 sequence features. We analyzed HIV-1 Env amino acid (AA) sequences from the earliest available HIV-1 RNA-positive plasma samples from AMP participants diagnosed with HIV-1 and identified Env sequence features that associated with PE. The strongest Env AA sequence correlate in both trials was VRC01 epitope distance that quantifies the divergence of the VRC01 epitope in an acquired HIV-1 isolate from the VRC01 epitope of reference HIV-1 strains that were most sensitive to VRC01-mediated neutralization. In HVTN 704/HPTN 085, the Env sequence-based predicted probability that VRC01 IC80 against the acquired isolate exceeded 1 µg/mL also significantly associated with PE. In HVTN 703/HPTN 081, a physicochemical-weighted Hamming distance across 50 VRC01 binding-associated Env AA positions of the acquired isolate from the most VRC01-sensitive HIV-1 strain significantly associated with PE. These results suggest that incorporating mutation scoring by BLOSUM62 and weighting by the strength of interactions at AA positions in the epitope:VRC01 interface can optimize performance of an Env sequence-based biomarker of VRC01 prevention efficacy. Future work could determine whether these results extend to other bnAbs and bnAb combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Hongjun Bai
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD20910
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD20817
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Li Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Kevin Gillespie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - James Ludwig
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Cindy Molitor
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Aaron Hudson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Brian D. Williamson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
- Biostatistics Division, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA98101
| | - Nicole Espy
- Science and Technology Policy Fellowships, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC20005
| | - Brian Simpkins
- Department of Computer Science, Pitzer College, Claremont, CA91711
| | - Erika Rudnicki
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Danica Shao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Dylan H. Westfall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
| | | | - Alec Pankow
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna171 77, Sweden
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna171 77, Sweden
| | - Anna Yssel
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - David Matten
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - Talita York
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Beaume
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - Asanda Gwashu-Nyangiwe
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Ndabambi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - Ruwayhida Thebus
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Lynn Morris
- HIV Virology Section, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg2192, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg2000, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban4041, South Africa
| | | | - John A. Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC27599
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA98109
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD20910
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD20817
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA98109
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town7701, South Africa
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98109
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5
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Reeves DB, Mayer BT, deCamp AC, Huang Y, Zhang B, Carpp LN, Magaret CA, Juraska M, Gilbert PB, Montefiori DC, Bar KJ, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Schiffer JT, Rossenkhan R, Edlefsen P, Morris L, Mkhize NN, Williamson C, Mullins JI, Seaton KE, Tomaras GD, Andrew P, Mgodi N, Ledgerwood JE, Cohen MS, Corey L, Naidoo L, Orrell C, Goepfert PA, Casapia M, Sobieszczyk ME, Karuna ST, Edupuganti S. High monoclonal neutralization titers reduced breakthrough HIV-1 viral loads in the Antibody Mediated Prevention trials. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8299. [PMID: 38097552 PMCID: PMC10721814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials (NCT02716675 and NCT02568215) demonstrated that passive administration of the broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody VRC01 could prevent some HIV-1 acquisition events. Here, we use mathematical modeling in a post hoc analysis to demonstrate that VRC01 influenced viral loads in AMP participants who acquired HIV. Instantaneous inhibitory potential (IIP), which integrates VRC01 serum concentration and VRC01 sensitivity of acquired viruses in terms of both IC50 and IC80, follows a dose-response relationship with first positive viral load (p = 0.03), which is particularly strong above a threshold of IIP = 1.6 (r = -0.6, p = 2e-4). Mathematical modeling reveals that VRC01 activity predicted from in vitro IC80s and serum VRC01 concentrations overestimates in vivo neutralization by 600-fold (95% CI: 300-1200). The trained model projects that even if future therapeutic HIV trials of combination monoclonal antibodies do not always prevent acquisition, reductions in viremia and reservoir size could be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Bryan T Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- Clinical Trials Research Centre, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Catherine Orrell
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul A Goepfert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Martin Casapia
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peru, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shelly T Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- GreenLight Biosciences, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Chirenje ZM, Laher F, Dintwe O, Muyoyeta M, deCamp AC, He Z, Grunenberg N, Laher Omar F, Seaton KE, Polakowski L, Woodward Davis AS, Maganga L, Baden LR, Mayer K, Kalams S, Keefer M, Edupuganti S, Rodriguez B, Frank I, Scott H, Stranix-Chibanda L, Gurunathan S, Koutsoukos M, Van Der Meeren O, DiazGranados CA, Paez C, Andersen-Nissen E, Kublin J, Corey L, Ferrari G, Tomaras G, McElrath MJ. Protein dose-sparing effect of AS01B adjuvant in a randomized preventive HIV vaccine trial of ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and adjuvanted bivalent subtype C gp120. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad434. [PMID: 37795976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HVTN 120 is a phase 1/2a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled HIV vaccine trial that evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) and MF59- or AS01B-adjuvanted bivalent subtype C gp120 Env protein at two dose levels in healthy HIV-uninfected adults. Trial registration URL https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03122223 and registration number NCT03122223. METHODS Participants received ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) alone or placebo at months 0 and 1. At months 3 and 6, participants received either placebo, ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) with 200μg of bivalent subtype C gp120 adjuvanted with MF59 or AS01B, or ALVAC-HIV (vCP2438) with 40μg of bivalent subtype C gp120 adjuvanted with AS01B. Primary outcomes were safety and immune responses. RESULTS We enrolled 160 participants, 55% females, 18-40 years old (median age 24 years) of whom 150 received vaccine and 10 placebo. Vaccines were generally safe and well tolerated. At months 6.5 and 12, CD4+ T-cell response rates and magnitudes were higher in the AS01B-adjuvanted groups than in the MF59-adjuvanted group. At month 12, HIV-specific Env-gp120 binding antibody response magnitudes in the 40μg gp120/AS01B group were higher than in either of the 200μg gp120 groups. CONCLUSIONS The 40μg dose gp120/AS01B regimen elicited the highest CD4+ T-cell and binding antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvavahera Mike Chirenje
- ZMC University of California San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Francisco, USA
- ZMC, LSC UZ-CTRC, University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Fatima Laher
- FL Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - One Dintwe
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Monde Muyoyeta
- MM Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Zambia
| | - Allan C deCamp
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zonglin He
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Faatima Laher Omar
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- KS, GT Center for Human Systems Immunology and Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura Polakowski
- LP Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Amanda S Woodward Davis
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucas Maganga
- LM National Institute for Medical Research-Mbeya Medical Research Centre (NIMR-MMRC), Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- LB Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth Mayer
- KM Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- SK Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- MK University of Rochester, Department of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Benigno Rodriguez
- BR Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- IF School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hyman Scott
- HS San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lynda Stranix-Chibanda
- ZMC, LSC UZ-CTRC, University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Paez
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James Kublin
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- GF Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- GF Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- KS, GT Center for Human Systems Immunology and Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- OD, FLO, EAN Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
- OD, ADC, ZH, NG, CP, ASWD, EAN, JK, LC Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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7
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Seaton KE, Huang Y, Karuna S, Heptinstall JR, Brackett C, Chiong K, Zhang L, Yates NL, Sampson M, Rudnicki E, Juraska M, deCamp AC, Edlefsen PT, Mullins JI, Williamson C, Rossenkhan R, Giorgi EE, Kenny A, Angier H, Randhawa A, Weiner JA, Rojas M, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Zhang L, Sawant S, Ackerman ME, McDermott AB, Mascola JR, Hural J, McElrath MJ, Andrew P, Hidalgo JA, Clark J, Laher F, Orrell C, Frank I, Gonzales P, Edupuganti S, Mgodi N, Corey L, Morris L, Montefiori D, Cohen MS, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD. Pharmacokinetic serum concentrations of VRC01 correlate with prevention of HIV-1 acquisition. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104590. [PMID: 37300931 PMCID: PMC10363420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phase 2b proof-of-concept Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials showed that VRC01, an anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralising antibody (bnAb), prevented acquisition of HIV-1 sensitive to VRC01. To inform future study design and dosing regimen selection of candidate bnAbs, we investigated the association of VRC01 serum concentration with HIV-1 acquisition using AMP trial data. METHODS The case-control sample included 107 VRC01 recipients who acquired HIV-1 and 82 VRC01 recipients who remained without HIV-1 during the study. We measured VRC01 serum concentrations with a qualified pharmacokinetic (PK) Binding Antibody Multiplex Assay. We employed nonlinear mixed effects PK modelling to estimate daily-grid VRC01 concentrations. Cox regression models were used to assess the association of VRC01 concentration at exposure and baseline body weight, with the hazard of HIV-1 acquisition and prevention efficacy as a function of VRC01 concentration. We also compared fixed dosing vs. body weight-based dosing via simulations. FINDINGS Estimated VRC01 concentrations in VRC01 recipients without HIV-1 were higher than those in VRC01 recipients who acquired HIV-1. Body weight was inversely associated with HIV-1 acquisition among both placebo and VRC01 recipients but did not modify the prevention efficacy of VRC01. VRC01 concentration was inversely correlated with HIV-1 acquisition, and positively correlated with prevention efficacy of VRC01. Simulation studies suggest that fixed dosing may be comparable to weight-based dosing in overall predicted prevention efficacy. INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that bnAb serum concentration may be a useful marker for dosing regimen selection, and operationally efficient fixed dosing regimens could be considered for future trials of HIV-1 bnAbs. FUNDING Was provided by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (UM1 AI068614, to the HIV Vaccine Trials Network [HVTN]; UM1 AI068635, to the HVTN Statistical Data and Management Center [SDMC], Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center [FHCC]; 2R37 054165 to the FHCC; UM1 AI068618, to HVTN Laboratory Center, FHCC; UM1 AI068619, to the HPTN Leadership and Operations Center; UM1 AI068613, to the HIV Prevention Trials Network [HPTN] Laboratory Center; UM1 AI068617, to the HPTN SDMC; and P30 AI027757, to the Center for AIDS Research, Duke University (AI P30 AI064518) and University of Washington (P30 AI027757) Centers for AIDS Research; R37AI054165 from NIAID to the FHCC; and OPP1032144 CA-VIMC Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jack R Heptinstall
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Caroline Brackett
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kelvin Chiong
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Mark Sampson
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Erika Rudnicki
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Elena E Giorgi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Avi Kenny
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Heather Angier
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - April Randhawa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Michelle Rojas
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | | | | | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - M Julianna McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Jesse Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Family Medicine in the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fatima Laher
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), Wits Health Consortium, Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Catherine Orrell
- Desmond Tutu Health Foundation, University of Cape Town (Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine), Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ian Frank
- Penn Center for AIDS Research, Infectious Disease Division, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard Building 421, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzales
- Asociacion Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, San Miguel Clinical Research Center, Lima, Peru
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe-University of California San Francisco (UZ-UCSF) Collaborative Research Programme, Harare, Zimbabwe, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, 2192, South Africa; Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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8
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Cohen KW, De Rosa SC, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Fiore-Gartland A, Mahoney CR, Furth S, Donahue J, Whaley RE, Ballweber-Fleming L, Seese A, Schwedhelm K, Geraghty D, Finak G, Menis S, Leggat DJ, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Borate BR, Philiponis V, Maenza J, Diemert D, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Hyrien O, Laufer DS, Koup RA, McDermott AB, Schief WR, McElrath MJ. A first-in-human germline-targeting HIV nanoparticle vaccine induced broad and publicly targeted helper T cell responses. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadf3309. [PMID: 37224227 PMCID: PMC11036875 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adf3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The engineered outer domain germline targeting version 8 (eOD-GT8) 60-mer nanoparticle was designed to prime VRC01-class HIV-specific B cells that would need to be matured, through additional heterologous immunizations, into B cells that are able to produce broadly neutralizing antibodies. CD4 T cell help will be critical for the development of such high-affinity neutralizing antibody responses. Thus, we assessed the induction and epitope specificities of the vaccine-specific T cells from the IAVI G001 phase 1 clinical trial that tested immunization with eOD-GT8 60-mer adjuvanted with AS01B. Robust polyfunctional CD4 T cells specific for eOD-GT8 and the lumazine synthase (LumSyn) component of eOD-GT8 60-mer were induced after two vaccinations with either the 20- or 100-microgram dose. Antigen-specific CD4 T helper responses to eOD-GT8 and LumSyn were observed in 84 and 93% of vaccine recipients, respectively. CD4 helper T cell epitope "hotspots" preferentially targeted across participants were identified within both the eOD-GT8 and LumSyn proteins. CD4 T cell responses specific to one of these three LumSyn epitope hotspots were observed in 85% of vaccine recipients. Last, we found that induction of vaccine-specific peripheral CD4 T cells correlated with expansion of eOD-GT8-specific memory B cells. Our findings demonstrate strong human CD4 T cell responses to an HIV vaccine candidate priming immunogen and identify immunodominant CD4 T cell epitopes that might improve human immune responses either to heterologous boost immunogens after this prime vaccination or to other human vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - William J. Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Celia R. Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sarah Furth
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Josh Donahue
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rachael E. Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine Schwedhelm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Geraghty
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
| | - David J. Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Farhad Rahaman
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10004, USA
| | | | - Bhavesh R. Borate
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, 20052, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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9
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deCamp AC, Corcoran MM, Fulp WJ, Willis JR, Cottrell CA, Bader DLV, Kalyuzhniy O, Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Hyrien O, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Mahoney CR, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Mullen TM, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Roederer M, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath JM, McDermott AB, Hedestam GBK, Schief WR. Human immunoglobulin gene allelic variation impacts germline-targeting vaccine priming. medRxiv 2023:2023.03.10.23287126. [PMID: 36993183 PMCID: PMC10055468 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.10.23287126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine priming immunogens that activate germline precursors for broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have promise for development of precision vaccines against major human pathogens. In a clinical trial of the eOD-GT8 60mer germline-targeting immunogen, higher frequencies of vaccine-induced VRC01-class bnAb-precursor B cells were observed in the high dose compared to the low dose group. Through immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genotyping, statistical modeling, quantification of IGHV1-2 allele usage and B cell frequencies in the naive repertoire for each trial participant, and antibody affinity analyses, we found that the difference between dose groups in VRC01-class response frequency was best explained by IGHV1-2 genotype rather than dose and was most likely due to differences in IGHV1-2 B cell frequencies for different genotypes. The results demonstrate the need to define population-level immunoglobulin allelic variations when designing germline-targeting immunogens and evaluating them in clinical trials. One-Sentence Summary Human genetic variation can modulate the strength of vaccine-induced broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cell responses.
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10
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Leggat DJ, Cohen KW, Willis JR, Fulp WJ, deCamp AC, Kalyuzhniy O, Cottrell CA, Menis S, Finak G, Ballweber-Fleming L, Srikanth A, Plyler JR, Schiffner T, Liguori A, Rahaman F, Lombardo A, Philiponis V, Whaley RE, Seese A, Brand J, Ruppel AM, Hoyland W, Yates NL, Williams LD, Greene K, Gao H, Mahoney CR, Corcoran MM, Cagigi A, Taylor A, Brown DM, Ambrozak DR, Sincomb T, Hu X, Tingle R, Georgeson E, Eskandarzadeh S, Alavi N, Lu D, Mullen TM, Kubitz M, Groschel B, Maenza J, Kolokythas O, Khati N, Bethony J, Crotty S, Roederer M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Tomaras GD, Montefiori D, Diemert D, Koup RA, Laufer DS, McElrath MJ, McDermott AB, Schief WR. Vaccination induces HIV broadly neutralizing antibody precursors in humans. Science 2022; 378:eadd6502. [PMID: 36454825 DOI: 10.1126/science.add6502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can protect against HIV infection but have not been induced by human vaccination. A key barrier to bnAb induction is vaccine priming of rare bnAb-precursor B cells. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 clinical trial, the HIV vaccine-priming candidate eOD-GT8 60mer adjuvanted with AS01B had a favorable safety profile and induced VRC01-class bnAb precursors in 97% of vaccine recipients with median frequencies reaching 0.1% among immunoglobulin G B cells in blood. bnAb precursors shared properties with bnAbs and gained somatic hypermutation and affinity with the boost. The results establish clinical proof of concept for germline-targeting vaccine priming, support development of boosting regimens to induce bnAbs, and encourage application of the germline-targeting strategy to other targets in HIV and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Leggat
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen W Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William J Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergey Menis
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Greg Finak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lamar Ballweber-Fleming
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Abhinaya Srikanth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason R Plyler
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rachael E Whaley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Aaron Seese
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Joshua Brand
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexis M Ruppel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicole L Yates
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - LaTonya D Williams
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Celia R Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martin M Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David M Brown
- The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, North Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - David R Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Troy Sincomb
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ryan Tingle
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nushin Alavi
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Danny Lu
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tina-Marie Mullen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Orpheus Kolokythas
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nadia Khati
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gunilla B Karlsson Hedestam
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | | | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William R Schief
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Gilbert PB, Huang Y, deCamp AC, Karuna S, Zhang Y, Magaret CA, Giorgi EE, Korber B, Edlefsen PT, Rossenkhan R, Juraska M, Rudnicki E, Kochar N, Huang Y, Carpp LN, Barouch DH, Mkhize NN, Hermanus T, Kgagudi P, Bekker V, Kaldine H, Mapengo RE, Eaton A, Domin E, West C, Feng W, Tang H, Seaton KE, Heptinstall J, Brackett C, Chiong K, Tomaras GD, Andrew P, Mayer BT, Reeves DB, Sobieszczyk ME, Garrett N, Sanchez J, Gay C, Makhema J, Williamson C, Mullins JI, Hural J, Cohen MS, Corey L, Montefiori DC, Morris L. Neutralization titer biomarker for antibody-mediated prevention of HIV-1 acquisition. Nat Med 2022; 28:1924-1932. [PMID: 35995954 PMCID: PMC9499869 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Antibody Mediated Prevention trials showed that the broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) VRC01 prevented acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) sensitive to VRC01. Using AMP trial data, here we show that the predicted serum neutralization 80% inhibitory dilution titer (PT80) biomarker-which quantifies the neutralization potency of antibodies in an individual's serum against an HIV-1 isolate-can be used to predict HIV-1 prevention efficacy. Similar to the results of nonhuman primate studies, an average PT80 of 200 (meaning a bnAb concentration 200-fold higher than that required to reduce infection by 80% in vitro) against a population of probable exposing viruses was estimated to be required for 90% prevention efficacy against acquisition of these viruses. Based on this result, we suggest that the goal of sustained PT80 <200 against 90% of circulating viruses can be achieved by promising bnAb regimens engineered for long half-lives. We propose the PT80 biomarker as a surrogate endpoint for evaluatinon of bnAb regimens, and as a tool for benchmarking candidate bnAb-inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gilbert
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA ,grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Present Address: Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Bette Korber
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Raabya Rossenkhan
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Erika Rudnicki
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Ying Huang
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Valerie Bekker
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Present Address: Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rutendo E. Mapengo
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda Eaton
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Elize Domin
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Carley West
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Wenhong Feng
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Haili Tang
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Jack Heptinstall
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Caroline Brackett
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Kelvin Chiong
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Duke University Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Micobiology, Duke Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC USA
| | - Philip Andrew
- grid.245835.d0000 0001 0300 5112Family Health International, Durham, NC USA
| | - Bryan T. Mayer
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Daniel B. Reeves
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Nigel Garrett
- grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- grid.10800.390000 0001 2107 4576Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Cynthia Gay
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Joseph Makhema
- Botswana-Harvard AIDS Initiative Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana ,grid.239395.70000 0000 9011 8547Division of Infectious Disease, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James I. Mullins
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - John Hural
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- grid.416657.70000 0004 0630 4574National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.11951.3d0000 0004 1937 1135Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa ,grid.16463.360000 0001 0723 4123Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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12
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Mayer BT, deCamp AC, Huang Y, Schiffer JT, Gottardo R, Gilbert PB, Reeves DB. Optimizing clinical dosing of combination broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010003. [PMID: 35385469 PMCID: PMC9084525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are promising agents to prevent HIV infection and achieve HIV remission without antiretroviral therapy (ART). As with ART, bNAb combinations are likely needed to cover HIV's extensive diversity. Not all bNAbs are identical in terms of their breadth, potency, and in vivo longevity (half-life). Given these differences, it is important to optimally select the composition, or dose ratio, of combination bNAb therapies for future clinical studies. We developed a model that synthesizes 1) pharmacokinetics, 2) potency against a wide HIV diversity, 3) interaction models for how drugs work together, and 4) correlates that translate in vitro potency to clinical protection. We found optimization requires drug-specific balances between potency, longevity, and interaction type. As an example, tradeoffs between longevity and potency are shown by comparing a combination therapy to a bi-specific antibody (a single protein merging both bNAbs) that takes the better potency but the worse longevity of the two components. Then, we illustrate a realistic dose ratio optimization of a triple combination of VRC07, 3BNC117, and 10-1074 bNAbs. We apply protection estimates derived from both a non-human primate (NHP) challenge study meta-analysis and the human antibody mediated prevention (AMP) trials. In both cases, we find a 2:1:1 dose emphasizing VRC07 is nearly optimal. Our approach can be immediately applied to optimize the next generation of combination antibody prevention and cure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Reeves
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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13
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Young WC, Carpp LN, Chaudhury S, Regules JA, Bergmann-Leitner ES, Ockenhouse C, Wille-Reece U, deCamp AC, Hughes E, Mahoney C, Pallikkuth S, Pahwa S, Dennison SM, Mudrak SV, Alam SM, Seaton KE, Spreng RL, Fallon J, Michell A, Ulloa-Montoya F, Coccia M, Jongert E, Alter G, Tomaras GD, Gottardo R. Comprehensive Data Integration Approach to Assess Immune Responses and Correlates of RTS,S/AS01-Mediated Protection From Malaria Infection in Controlled Human Malaria Infection Trials. Front Big Data 2021; 4:672460. [PMID: 34212134 PMCID: PMC8239149 DOI: 10.3389/fdata.2021.672460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RTS,S/AS01 (GSK) is the world’s first malaria vaccine. However, despite initial efficacy of almost 70% over the first 6 months of follow-up, efficacy waned over time. A deeper understanding of the immune features that contribute to RTS,S/AS01-mediated protection could be beneficial for further vaccine development. In two recent controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) trials of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine in malaria-naïve adults, MAL068 and MAL071, vaccine efficacy against patent parasitemia ranged from 44% to 87% across studies and arms (each study included a standard RTS,S/AS01 arm with three vaccine doses delivered in four-week-intervals, as well as an alternative arm with a modified version of this regimen). In each trial, RTS,S/AS01 immunogenicity was interrogated using a broad range of immunological assays, assessing cellular and humoral immune parameters as well as gene expression. Here, we used a predictive modeling framework to identify immune biomarkers measured at day-of-challenge that could predict sterile protection against malaria infection. Using cross-validation on MAL068 data (either the standard RTS,S/AS01 arm alone, or across both the standard RTS,S/AS01 arm and the alternative arm), top-performing univariate models identified variables related to Fc effector functions and titer of antibodies that bind to the central repeat region (NANP6) of CSP as the most predictive variables; all NANP6-related variables consistently associated with protection. In cross-study prediction analyses of MAL071 outcomes (the standard RTS,S/AS01 arm), top-performing univariate models again identified variables related to Fc effector functions of NANP6-targeting antibodies as highly predictive. We found little benefit–with this dataset–in terms of improved prediction accuracy in bivariate models vs. univariate models. These findings await validation in children living in malaria-endemic regions, and in vaccinees administered a fourth RTS,S/AS01 dose. Our findings support a “quality as well as quantity” hypothesis for RTS,S/AS01-elicited antibodies against NANP6, implying that malaria vaccine clinical trials should assess both titer and Fc effector functions of anti-NANP6 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chad Young
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sidhartha Chaudhury
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jason A Regules
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ellis Hughes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Celia Mahoney
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - S Moses Dennison
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - S Munir Alam
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jon Fallon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ashlin Michell
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Hosseinipour MC, Innes C, Naidoo S, Mann P, Hutter J, Ramjee G, Sebe M, Maganga L, Herce ME, deCamp AC, Marshall K, Dintwe O, Andersen-Nissen E, Tomaras GD, Mkhize N, Morris L, Jensen R, Miner MD, Pantaleo G, Ding S, Van Der Meeren O, Barnett SW, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Kublin JG. Phase 1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Vaccine Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of HIV Subtype C DNA and MF59-Adjuvanted Subtype C Envelope Protein. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:50-60. [PMID: 31900486 PMCID: PMC7823071 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pox-Protein Public-Private Partnership is performing a suite of trials to evaluate the bivalent subtype C envelope protein (TV1.C and 1086.C glycoprotein 120) vaccine in the context of different adjuvants and priming agents for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) prevention. METHODS In the HIV Vaccine Trials Network 111 trial, we compared the safety and immunogenicity of DNA prime followed by DNA/protein boost with DNA/protein coadministration injected intramuscularly via either needle/syringe or a needle-free injection device (Biojector). One hundred thirty-two healthy, HIV-1-uninfected adults were enrolled from Zambia, South Africa, and Tanzania and were randomized to 1 of 6 arms: DNA prime, protein boost by needle/syringe; DNA and protein coadministration by needle/syringe; placebo by needle/syringe; DNA prime, protein boost with DNA given by Biojector; DNA and protein coadministration with DNA given by Biojector; and placebo by Biojector. RESULTS All vaccinations were safe and well tolerated. DNA and protein coadministration was associated with increased HIV-1 V1/V2 antibody response rate, a known correlate of decreased HIV-1 infection risk. DNA administration by Biojector elicited significantly higher CD4+ T-cell response rates to HIV envelope protein than administration by needle/syringe in the prime/boost regimen (85.7% vs 55.6%; P = .02), but not in the coadministration regimen (43.3% vs 48.3%; P = .61). CONCLUSIONS Both the prime/boost and coadministration regimens are safe and may be promising for advancement into efficacy trials depending on whether cellular or humoral responses are desired. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION South African National Clinical Trials Registry (application 3947; Department of Health [DoH] no. DOH-27-0715-4917) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02997969).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina C Hosseinipour
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Sarita Naidoo
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Philipp Mann
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia Hutter
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | | | - Michael E Herce
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kyle Marshall
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - One Dintwe
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Erica Andersen-Nissen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Cape Town HVTN Immunology Laboratory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nonhlanhla Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ryan Jensen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maurine D Miner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song Ding
- EuroVacc Foundation, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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15
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Corey L, Gilbert PB, Juraska M, Montefiori DC, Morris L, Karuna ST, Edupuganti S, Mgodi NM, deCamp AC, Rudnicki E, Huang Y, Gonzales P, Cabello R, Orrell C, Lama JR, Laher F, Lazarus EM, Sanchez J, Frank I, Hinojosa J, Sobieszczyk ME, Marshall KE, Mukwekwerere PG, Makhema J, Baden LR, Mullins JI, Williamson C, Hural J, McElrath MJ, Bentley C, Takuva S, Gomez Lorenzo MM, Burns DN, Espy N, Randhawa AK, Kochar N, Piwowar-Manning E, Donnell DJ, Sista N, Andrew P, Kublin JG, Gray G, Ledgerwood JE, Mascola JR, Cohen MS. Two Randomized Trials of Neutralizing Antibodies to Prevent HIV-1 Acquisition. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1003-1014. [PMID: 33730454 PMCID: PMC8189692 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2031738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) can be used to prevent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquisition is unclear. METHODS We enrolled at-risk cisgender men and transgender persons in the Americas and Europe in the HVTN 704/HPTN 085 trial and at-risk women in sub-Saharan Africa in the HVTN 703/HPTN 081 trial. Participants were randomly assigned to receive, every 8 weeks, infusions of a bnAb (VRC01) at a dose of either 10 or 30 mg per kilogram (low-dose group and high-dose group, respectively) or placebo, for 10 infusions in total. HIV-1 testing was performed every 4 weeks. The VRC01 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) of acquired isolates was measured with the TZM-bl assay. RESULTS Adverse events were similar in number and severity among the treatment groups within each trial. Among the 2699 participants in HVTN 704/HPTN 085, HIV-1 infection occurred in 32 in the low-dose group, 28 in the high-dose group, and 38 in the placebo group. Among the 1924 participants in HVTN 703/HPTN 081, infection occurred in 28 in the low-dose group, 19 in the high-dose group, and 29 in the placebo group. The incidence of HIV-1 infection per 100 person-years in HVTN 704/HPTN 085 was 2.35 in the pooled VRC01 groups and 2.98 in the placebo group (estimated prevention efficacy, 26.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], -11.7 to 51.8; P = 0.15), and the incidence per 100 person-years in HVTN 703/HPTN 081 was 2.49 in the pooled VRC01 groups and 3.10 in the placebo group (estimated prevention efficacy, 8.8%; 95% CI, -45.1 to 42.6; P = 0.70). In prespecified analyses pooling data across the trials, the incidence of infection with VRC01-sensitive isolates (IC80 <1 μg per milliliter) per 100 person-years was 0.20 among VRC01 recipients and 0.86 among placebo recipients (estimated prevention efficacy, 75.4%; 95% CI, 45.5 to 88.9). The prevention efficacy against sensitive isolates was similar for each VRC01 dose and trial; VRC01 did not prevent acquisition of other HIV-1 isolates. CONCLUSIONS VRC01 did not prevent overall HIV-1 acquisition more effectively than placebo, but analyses of VRC01-sensitive HIV-1 isolates provided proof-of-concept that bnAb prophylaxis can be effective. (Supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; HVTN 704/HPTN 085 and HVTN 703/HPTN 081 ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02716675 and NCT02568215.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Corey
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Michal Juraska
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - David C Montefiori
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Lynn Morris
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Shelly T Karuna
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Nyaradzo M Mgodi
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Allan C deCamp
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Erika Rudnicki
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Yunda Huang
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Pedro Gonzales
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Robinson Cabello
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Catherine Orrell
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Javier R Lama
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Fatima Laher
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Erica M Lazarus
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Ian Frank
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Juan Hinojosa
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Magdalena E Sobieszczyk
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Kyle E Marshall
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Pamela G Mukwekwerere
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Joseph Makhema
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - James I Mullins
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - John Hural
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Carter Bentley
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Simbarashe Takuva
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Margarita M Gomez Lorenzo
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - David N Burns
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Nicole Espy
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - April K Randhawa
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Estelle Piwowar-Manning
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Deborah J Donnell
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Nirupama Sista
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Philip Andrew
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - James G Kublin
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Glenda Gray
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - John R Mascola
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
| | - Myron S Cohen
- From the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.B.G., M.J., S.T.K., A.C.C., E.R., Y.H., K.E.M., J. Hural, M.J.M.E., C.B., S.T., N.E., A.K.R., N.K., D.J.D., J.G.K., G.G.), and the Departments of Global Health, Microbiology, and Medicine, University of Washington (J.I.M.), Seattle; the Department of Surgery and Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center (D.C.M.), and FHI 360 (N.S., P.A.), Durham, and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.) - both in North Carolina; the National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (L.M.) and the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (F.L., E.M.L., S.T.), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Department of Medicine and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (C.O.), and the Division of Medical Virology (C.W.), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, the School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria (S.T.), and the South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg (G.G.) - all in South Africa; the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta (S.E.); the University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe (N.M.M., P.G.M.); Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Tropicales, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo (P.G.), Asociación Civil Via Libre (R.C.), Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación (J.R.L.), and Centro de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Biomédicas y Medioambientales, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (J.S.), Lima, and Association Civil Selva Amazónica, Clinical Research Site, Iquitos (J. Hinojosa) - both in Peru; the Infectious Diseases Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (I.F.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (M.E.S.); Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone, Botswana (J.M.); Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (L.R.B.); and the Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville (M.M.G.L.), the Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS (D.N.B.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.E.L., J.R.M.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore (E.P.-M.) - all in Maryland
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Neidich SD, Fong Y, Li SS, Geraghty DE, Williamson BD, Young WC, Goodman D, Seaton KE, Shen X, Sawant S, Zhang L, deCamp AC, Blette BS, Shao M, Yates NL, Feely F, Pyo CW, Ferrari G, Frank I, Karuna ST, Swann EM, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Hammer SM, Sobieszczyk ME, Corey L, Janes HE, McElrath MJ, Gottardo R, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD. Antibody Fc effector functions and IgG3 associate with decreased HIV-1 risk. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4838-4849. [PMID: 31589165 PMCID: PMC6819135 DOI: 10.1172/jci126391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HVTN 505 is a preventative vaccine efficacy trial testing DNA followed by recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) in circumcised, Ad5-seronegative men and transgendered persons who have sex with men in the United States. Identified immune correlates of lower HIV-1 risk and a virus sieve analysis revealed that, despite lacking overall efficacy, vaccine-elicited responses exerted pressure on infecting HIV-1 viruses. To interrogate the mechanism of the antibody correlate of HIV-1 risk, we examined antigen-specific antibody recruitment of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), and the role of anti-envelope (anti-Env) IgG3. In a prespecified immune correlates analysis, antibody-dependent monocyte phagocytosis and antibody binding to FcγRIIa correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. Follow-up analyses revealed that anti-Env IgG3 breadth correlated with reduced HIV-1 risk, anti-Env IgA negatively modified infection risk by Fc effector functions, and that vaccine recipients with a specific FcγRIIa single-nucleotide polymorphism locus had a stronger correlation with decreased HIV-1 risk when ADCP, Env-FcγRIIa, and IgG3 binding were high. Additionally, FcγRIIa engagement correlated with decreased viral load setpoint in vaccine recipients who acquired HIV-1. These data support a role for vaccine-elicited anti-HIV-1 Env IgG3, antibody engagement of FcRs, and phagocytosis as potential mechanisms for HIV-1 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Neidich
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shuying S. Li
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian D. Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Bryan S. Blette
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mengshu Shao
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Frederick Feely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chul-Woo Pyo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - HVTN 505 Team
- The HVTN 505 Team is detailed in the Supplemental Acknowledgments
| | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly E. Janes
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery and
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Cohen YZ, Butler AL, Millard K, Witmer-Pack M, Levin R, Unson-O’Brien C, Patel R, Shimeliovich I, Lorenzi JCC, Horowitz J, Walsh SR, Lin S, Weiner JA, Tse A, Sato A, Bennett C, Mayer B, Seaton KE, Yates NL, Baden LR, deCamp AC, Ackerman ME, Seaman MS, Tomaras GD, Nussenzweig MC, Caskey M. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of the combination of the broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies 3BNC117 and 10-1074 in healthy adults: A randomized, phase 1 study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219142. [PMID: 31393868 PMCID: PMC6687118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Additional forms of pre-exposure prophylaxis are needed to prevent HIV-1 infection. 3BNC117 and 10-1074 are broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies that target non-overlapping epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope. We investigated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of the intravenous administration of the combination of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 in healthy adults. METHODS This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single center, phase 1 study enrolled healthy adults aged 18-65 years to receive one infusion of 3BNC117 immediately followed by 10-1074 at 10 mg/kg, three infusions of 3BNC117 followed by 10-1074 at 3 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg every 8 weeks, or placebo infusions. The primary outcomes were safety and pharmacokinetics. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02824536. FINDINGS Twenty-four participants were enrolled in a 3:1 ratio to receive the study products or placebo. The combination of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 was safe and generally well tolerated. There were no serious adverse events considered related to the infusions. The mean elimination half-lives of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 were 16.4 ± 4.6 days and 23.0 ± 5.4 days, respectively, similar to what was observed in previous studies in which each antibody was administered alone. Anti-drug antibody responses were rare and without evidence of related adverse events or impact on elimination kinetics. INTERPRETATION Single and repeated doses of the combination of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 were well tolerated in healthy adults. These data support the further development of the combination of 3BNC117 and 10-1074 as a long-acting injectable form of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravenous/methods
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/pharmacology
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug Therapy, Combination/methods
- Female
- HIV Antibodies/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/pharmacology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV Seropositivity/drug therapy
- HIV-1/immunology
- HIV-1/pathogenicity
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Male
- Placebo Effect
- Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Z. Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Allison L. Butler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katrina Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maggi Witmer-Pack
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rebeka Levin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Unson-O’Brien
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Roshni Patel
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Irina Shimeliovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julio C. C. Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jill Horowitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shu Lin
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Anna Tse
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alicia Sato
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chelsey Bennett
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bryan Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
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18
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Fong Y, Shen X, Ashley VC, Deal A, Seaton KE, Yu C, Grant SP, Ferrari G, deCamp AC, Bailer RT, Koup RA, Montefiori D, Haynes BF, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Graham BS, Carpp LN, Hammer SM, Sobieszczyk M, Karuna S, Swann E, DeJesus E, Mulligan M, Frank I, Buchbinder S, Novak RM, McElrath MJ, Kalams S, Keefer M, Frahm NA, Janes HE, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD. Modification of the Association Between T-Cell Immune Responses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Risk by Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses in the HVTN 505 Trial. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1280-1288. [PMID: 29325070 PMCID: PMC6018910 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HVTN 505 was a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preventive vaccine efficacy trial of a DNA/recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vaccine regimen. We assessed antibody responses measured 1 month after final vaccination (month 7) as correlates of HIV-1 acquisition risk. Methods Binding antibody responses were quantified in serum samples from 25 primary endpoint vaccine cases (diagnosed with HIV-1 infection between month 7 and month 24) and 125 randomly sampled frequency-matched vaccine controls (HIV-1 negative at month 24). We prespecified for a primary analysis tier 6 antibody response biomarkers that measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) binding to Env proteins and 2 previously assessed T-cell response biomarkers. Results Envelope-specific IgG responses were significantly correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. Moreover, the interaction of IgG responses and Env-specific CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality score had a highly significant association with HIV-1 risk after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Vaccinees with higher levels of Env IgG have significantly decreased HIV-1 risk when CD8+ T-cell responses are low. Moreover, vaccinees with high CD8+ T-cell responses generally have low risk, and those with low CD8+ T-cell and low Env antibody responses have high risk. These findings suggest the critical importance of inducing a robust IgG Env response when the CD8+ T-cell response is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vicki C Ashley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Shannon P Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Scott M Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Magda Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | | | - Mark Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ian Frank
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Richard M Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Keefer
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicole A Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Holly E Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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19
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Lee B, Dickson DM, deCamp AC, Ross Colgate E, Diehl SA, Uddin MI, Sharmin S, Islam S, Bhuiyan TR, Alam M, Nayak U, Mychaleckyj JC, Taniuchi M, Petri WA, Haque R, Qadri F, Kirkpatrick BD. Histo-Blood Group Antigen Phenotype Determines Susceptibility to Genotype-Specific Rotavirus Infections and Impacts Measures of Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1399-1407. [PMID: 29390150 PMCID: PMC5894073 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lewis and secretor histo–blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been associated with decreased susceptibility to P[8] genotype rotavirus (RV) infections. Efficacy of vaccines containing attenuated P[8] strains is decreased in low-income countries. Host phenotype might impact vaccine efficacy (VE) by altering susceptibility to vaccination or RV diarrhea (RVD). We performed a substudy in a monovalent RV vaccine (RV1) efficacy trial in Bangladesh to determine the impact of Lewis and secretor status on risk of RVD and VE. Methods In infants randomized to receive RV1 or no RV1 at 10 and 17 weeks with 1 year of complete active diarrheal surveillance, we performed Lewis and secretor phenotyping and genotyped the infecting strain of each episode of RVD. Results A vaccine containing P[8] RV protected secretors and nonsecretors similarly. However, unvaccinated nonsecretors had a reduced risk of RVD (relative risk, 0.53 [95% confidence interval, .36–.79]) mediated by complete protection from P[4] but not P[8] RVs. This effect reduced VE in nonsecretors to 31.7%, compared to 56.2% among secretors, and decreased VE for the overall cohort. Conclusions Host HBGA status may impact VE estimates by altering susceptibility to RV in unvaccinated children; future trials should therefore account for HBGA status. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01375647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee
- Vaccine Testing Center, 1Department of Pediatrics
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | | | - Salma Sharmin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Shahidul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | | | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences
| | | | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
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20
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Yates NL, deCamp AC, Korber BT, Liao HX, Irene C, Pinter A, Peacock J, Harris LJ, Sawant S, Hraber P, Shen X, Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayapan S, Berman PW, Robb ML, Pantaleo G, Zolla-Pazner S, Haynes BF, Alam SM, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD. HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins from Diverse Clades Differentiate Antibody Responses and Durability among Vaccinees. J Virol 2018; 92:e01843-17. [PMID: 29386288 PMCID: PMC5874409 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of broadly cross-reactive antiviral humoral responses with the capacity to target globally diverse circulating strains is a key goal for HIV-1 immunogen design. A major gap in the field is the identification of diverse HIV-1 envelope antigens to evaluate vaccine regimens for binding antibody breadth. In this study, we define unique antigen panels to map HIV-1 vaccine-elicited antibody breadth and durability. Diverse HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins were selected based on genetic and geographic diversity to cover the global epidemic, with a focus on sexually acquired transmitted/founder viruses with a tier 2 neutralization phenotype. Unique antigenicity was determined by nonredundancy (Spearman correlation), and antigens were clustered using partitioning around medoids (PAM) to identify antigen diversity. Cross-validation demonstrated that the PAM method was better than selection by reactivity and random selection. Analysis of vaccine-elicited V1V2 binding antibody in longitudinal samples from the RV144 clinical trial revealed the striking heterogeneity among individual vaccinees in maintaining durable responses. These data support the idea that a major goal for vaccine development is to improve antibody levels, breadth, and durability at the population level. Elucidating the level and durability of vaccine-elicited binding antibody breadth needed for protection is critical for the development of a globally efficacious HIV vaccine.IMPORTANCE The path toward an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine will require characterization of vaccine-induced immunity that can recognize and target the highly genetically diverse virus envelope glycoproteins. Antibodies that target the envelope glycoproteins, including diverse sequences within the first and second hypervariable regions (V1V2) of gp120, were identified as correlates of risk for the one partially efficacious HIV-1 vaccine. To build upon this discovery, we experimentally and computationally evaluated humoral responses to define envelope glycoproteins representative of the antigenic diversity of HIV globally. These diverse envelope antigens distinguished binding antibody breadth and durability among vaccine candidates, thus providing insights for advancing the most promising HIV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bette T Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmela Irene
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - James Peacock
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Linda J Harris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Hraber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Supachai Rerks-Ngarm
- Thailand Ministry of Public Health, Department of Disease Control, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Phillip W Berman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA and the U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Service of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine and Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Fiore-Gartland A, Kullman N, deCamp AC, Clenaghan G, Yang W, Magaret CA, Edlefsen PT, Gilbert PB. SieveSifter: a web-based tool for visualizing the sieve analyses of HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Bioinformatics 2018; 33:2386-2388. [PMID: 28379332 PMCID: PMC5860116 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Analysis of HIV-1 virions from participants infected in a randomized controlled preventive HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial can help elucidate mechanisms of partial protection. By comparing the genetic sequence of viruses from vaccine and placebo recipients to the sequence of the vaccine itself, a technique called 'sieve analysis', one can identify functional specificities of vaccine-induced immune responses. We have created an interactive web-based visualization and data access tool for exploring the results of sieve analyses performed on four major preventive HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials: (i) the HIV Vaccine Trial Network (HVTN) 502/Step trial, (ii) the RV144/Thai trial, (iii) the HVTN 503/Phambili trial and (iv) the HVTN 505 trial. The tool acts simultaneously as a platform for rapid reinterpretation of sieve effects and as a portal for organizing and sharing the viral sequence data. Access to these valuable datasets also enables the development of novel methodology for future sieve analyses. Availability and Implementation Visualization: http://sieve.fredhutch.org/viz . Source code: https://github.com/nkullman/SIEVE . Data API: http://sieve.fredhutch.org/data . Contact agartlan@fredhutch.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.,eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1570, USA
| | - Nicholas Kullman
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1570, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Graham Clenaghan
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1570, USA
| | - Wayne Yang
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1570, USA
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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22
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deCamp AC, Rolland M, Edlefsen PT, Sanders-Buell E, Hall B, Magaret CA, Fiore-Gartland AJ, Juraska M, Carpp LN, Karuna ST, Bose M, LePore S, Miller S, O'Sullivan A, Poltavee K, Bai H, Dommaraju K, Zhao H, Wong K, Chen L, Ahmed H, Goodman D, Tay MZ, Gottardo R, Koup RA, Bailer R, Mascola JR, Graham BS, Roederer M, O’Connell RJ, Michael NL, Robb ML, Adams E, D’Souza P, Kublin J, Corey L, Geraghty DE, Frahm N, Tomaras GD, McElrath MJ, Frenkel L, Styrchak S, Tovanabutra S, Sobieszczyk ME, Hammer SM, Kim JH, Mullins JI, Gilbert PB. Sieve analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in HVTN 505 identifies vaccine pressure targeting the CD4 binding site of Env-gp120. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185959. [PMID: 29149197 PMCID: PMC5693417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the HVTN 505 DNA/recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector HIV-1 vaccine trial showed no overall efficacy, analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in participants can help determine whether vaccine-induced immune responses impacted viruses that caused infection. We analyzed 480 HIV-1 genomes sampled from 27 vaccine and 20 placebo recipients and found that intra-host HIV-1 diversity was significantly lower in vaccine recipients (P ≤ 0.04, Q-values ≤ 0.09) in Gag, Pol, Vif and envelope glycoprotein gp120 (Env-gp120). Furthermore, Env-gp120 sequences from vaccine recipients were significantly more distant from the subtype B vaccine insert than sequences from placebo recipients (P = 0.01, Q-value = 0.12). These vaccine effects were associated with signatures mapping to CD4 binding site and CD4-induced monoclonal antibody footprints. These results suggest either (i) no vaccine efficacy to block acquisition of any viral genotype but vaccine-accelerated Env evolution post-acquisition; or (ii) vaccine efficacy against HIV-1s with Env sequences closest to the vaccine insert combined with increased acquisition due to other factors, potentially including the vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Breana Hall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lindsay N. Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Meera Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Steven LePore
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shana Miller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Annemarie O'Sullivan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kultida Poltavee
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hongjun Bai
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Dommaraju
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kim Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Z. Tay
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Patricia D’Souza
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Frenkel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sheila Styrchak
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Hammer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACD); (MR); (PBG)
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23
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Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Excler JL, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Premsri N, Kunasol P, Karasavvas N, Schuetz A, Ngauy V, Sinangil F, Dawson P, deCamp AC, Phogat S, Garunathan S, Tartaglia J, DiazGranados C, Ratto-Kim S, Pegu P, Eller M, Karnasuta C, Montefiori DC, Sawant S, Vandergrift N, Wills S, Tomaras GD, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Vasan S, O'Connell RJ. Randomized, Double-Blind Evaluation of Late Boost Strategies for HIV-Uninfected Vaccine Recipients in the RV144 HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trial. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1255-1263. [PMID: 28329190 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RV144 ALVAC-HIV prime, AIDSVAX B/E boost afforded 60% efficacy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition at 1 year, waning to 31.2% after 3.5 years. We hypothesized that additional vaccinations might augment immune correlates of protection. Methods In a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study of 162 HIV-negative RV144 vaccine recipients, we evaluated 2 additional boosts, given 6-8 years since RV144 vaccination, for safety and immunogenicity, at weeks 0 and 24. Study groups 1-3 received ALVAC-HIV+AIDSVAX B/E, AIDSVAX B/E, and ALVAC-HIV, respectively, or placebo. Results Vaccines were well tolerated. For groups 1 and 2, plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and neutralizing antibody responses at week 2 were all significantly higher than 2 weeks after the last RV144 vaccination. IgG titers against glycoprotein (gp) 70V1V2 92TH023 increased 14-fold compared with 2 weeks after the last RV144 vaccination (14069 vs 999; P < .001). Groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly from each other, whereas group 3 was similar to placebo recipients. Responses in groups 1 and 2 declined by week 24 but were boosted by the second vaccination, albeit at lower magnitude than for week 2. Conclusions In RV144 vaccinees, AIDSVAX B/E with or without ALVAC-HIV 6-8 years after initial vaccination generated higher humoral responses than after RV144, but these responses were short-lived, and their magnitude did not increase with subsequent boost. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01435135.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | | | - Jaranit Kaewkungwal
- Vaccine Trial Centre, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bankok
| | - Nakorn Premsri
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi
| | - Prayura Kunasol
- Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi
| | - Nicos Karasavvas
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexandra Schuetz
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.,US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Viseth Ngauy
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | | | | | - Silvia Ratto-Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Poonam Pegu
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Michael Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | | | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda
| | - Nelson L Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Jerome H Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda.,Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Robert J O'Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand.,US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
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24
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Perez LG, Martinez DR, deCamp AC, Pinter A, Berman PW, Francis D, Sinangil F, Lee C, Greene K, Gao H, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Tartaglia J, O’Connell RJ, Robb ML, Michael NL, Kim JH, Gilbert P, Montefiori DC. V1V2-specific complement activating serum IgG as a correlate of reduced HIV-1 infection risk in RV144. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180720. [PMID: 28678869 PMCID: PMC5498072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-neutralizing IgG to the V1V2 loop of HIV-1 gp120 correlates with a decreased risk of HIV-1 infection but the mechanism of protection remains unknown. This V1V2 IgG correlate was identified in RV144 Thai trial vaccine recipients, who were primed with a canarypox vector expressing membrane-bound gp120 (vCP1521) and boosted with vCP1521 plus a mixture gp120 proteins from clade B and clade CRF01_AE (B/E gp120). We sought to determine whether the mechanism of vaccine protection might involve antibody-dependent complement activation. Complement activation was measured as a function of complement component C3d deposition on V1V2-coated beads in the presence of RV144 sera. Variable levels of complement activation were detected two weeks post final boosting in RV144, which is when the V1V2 IgG correlate was identified. The magnitude of complement activation correlated with V1V2-specific serum IgG and was stronger and more common in RV144 than in HIV-1 infected individuals and two related HIV-1 vaccine trials, VAX003 and VAX004, where no protection was seen. After adjusting for gp120 IgA, V1V2 IgG, gender, and risk score, complement activation by case-control plasmas from RV144 correlated inversely with a reduced risk of HIV-1 infection, with odds ratio for positive versus negative response to TH023-V1V2 0.42 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.99, p = 0.048) and to A244-V1V2 0.49 (95% CI 0.21 to 1.10, p = 0.085). These results suggest that complement activity may have contributed in part to modest protection against the acquisition of HIV-1 infection seen in the RV144 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lautaro G. Perez
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Abraham Pinter
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Baskin School of Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Donald Francis
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Faruk Sinangil
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carter Lee
- Global Solutions for Infectious Diseases, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kelli Greene
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - James Tartaglia
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. O’Connell
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Aiyegbo MS, Shmelkov E, Dominguez L, Goger M, Battacharya S, deCamp AC, Gilbert PB, Berman PW, Cardozo T. Peptide Targeted by Human Antibodies Associated with HIV Vaccine-Associated Protection Assumes a Dynamic α-Helical Structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170530. [PMID: 28107435 PMCID: PMC5249078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The only evidence of vaccine-induced protection from HIV acquisition in humans was obtained in the RV144 HIV vaccine clinical trial. One immune correlate of risk in RV144 was observed to be higher titers of vaccine-induced antibodies (Abs) reacting with a 23-mer non-glycosylated peptide with the same amino acid sequence as a segment in the second variable (V2) loop of the MN strain of HIV. We used NMR to analyze the dynamic 3D structure of this peptide. Distance restraints between spatially proximate inter-residue protons were calculated from NOE cross peak intensities and used to constrain a thorough search of all possible conformations of the peptide. α–helical folding was strongly preferred by part of the peptide. A high-throughput structure prediction of this segment in all circulating HIV strains demonstrated that α–helical conformations are preferred by this segment almost universally across all subtypes. Notably, α–helical conformations of this segment of the V2 loop cluster cross-subtype-conserved amino acids on one face of the helix and the variable amino acid positions on the other in a semblance of an amphipathic α–helix. Accordingly, some Abs that protected against HIV in RV144 may have targeted a specific, conserved α–helical peptide epitope in the V2 loop of HIV’s surface envelope glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Aiyegbo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Shmelkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Dominguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Goger
- The New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shibani Battacharya
- The New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Phillip W. Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Gilbert PB, Juraska M, deCamp AC, Karuna S, Edupuganti S, Mgodi N, Donnell DJ, Bentley C, Sista N, Andrew P, Isaacs A, Huang Y, Zhang L, Capparelli E, Kochar N, Wang J, Eshleman SH, Mayer KH, Magaret CA, Hural J, Kublin JG, Gray G, Montefiori DC, Gomez MM, Burns DN, McElrath J, Ledgerwood J, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Cohen M, Corey L. Basis and Statistical Design of the Passive HIV-1 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) Test-of-Concept Efficacy Trials. Stat Commun Infect Dis 2017; 9:20160001. [PMID: 29218117 PMCID: PMC5714515 DOI: 10.1515/scid-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) have been developed as potential agents for prevention of HIV-1 infection. The HIV Vaccine Trials Network and the HIV Prevention Trials Network are conducting the Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials to assess whether, and how, intravenous infusion of the anti-CD4 binding site bnAb, VRC01, prevents HIV-1 infection. These are the first test-of-concept studies to assess HIV-1 bnAb prevention efficacy in humans. METHODS The AMP trials are two parallel phase 2b HIV-1 prevention efficacy trials conducted in two cohorts: 2700 HIV-uninfected men and transgender persons who have sex with men in the United States, Peru, Brazil, and Switzerland; and 1500 HIV-uninfected sexually active women in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Participants are randomized 1:1:1 to receive an intravenous infusion of 10 mg/kg VRC01, 30 mg/kg VRC01, or a control preparation every 8 weeks for a total of 10 infusions. Each trial is designed (1) to assess overall prevention efficacy (PE) pooled over the two VRC01 dose groups vs. control and (2) to assess VRC01 dose and laboratory markers as correlates of protection (CoPs) against overall and genotype- and phenotype-specific infection. RESULTS Each AMP trial is designed to have 90% power to detect PE > 0% if PE is ≥ 60%. The AMP trials are also designed to identify VRC01 properties (i.e., concentration and effector functions) that correlate with protection and to provide insight into mechanistic CoPs. CoPs are assessed using data from breakthrough HIV-1 infections, including genetic sequences and sensitivities to VRC01-mediated neutralization and Fc effector functions. CONCLUSIONS The AMP trials test whether VRC01 can prevent HIV-1 infection in two study populations. If affirmative, they will provide information for estimating the optimal dosage of VRC01 (or subsequent derivatives) and identify threshold levels of neutralization and Fc effector functions associated with high-level protection, setting a benchmark for future vaccine evaluation and constituting a bridge to other bnAb approaches for HIV-1 prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe – University of California San Francisco Research Program, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Deborah J. Donnell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Carter Bentley
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Abby Isaacs
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lily Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edmund Capparelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nidhi Kochar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan H. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Mayer
- The Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James G. Kublin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Glenda Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Margarita M. Gomez
- Vaccine Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David N. Burns
- Prevention Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julie McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Myron Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomáš Hanke
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and Statistical Center for HIV-1/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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28
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Jardine JG, Kulp DW, Havenar-Daughton C, Sarkar A, Briney B, Sok D, Sesterhenn F, Ereño-Orbea J, Kalyuzhniy O, Deresa I, Hu X, Spencer S, Jones M, Georgeson E, Adachi Y, Kubitz M, deCamp AC, Julien JP, Wilson IA, Burton DR, Crotty S, Schief WR. HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells revealed by germline-targeting immunogen. Science 2016; 351:1458-63. [PMID: 27013733 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a major HIV vaccine goal. Germline-targeting immunogens aim to initiate bnAb induction by activating bnAb germline precursor B cells. Critical unmet challenges are to determine whether bnAb precursor naïve B cells bind germline-targeting immunogens and occur at sufficient frequency in humans for reliable vaccine responses. Using deep mutational scanning and multitarget optimization, we developed a germline-targeting immunogen (eOD-GT8) for diverse VRC01-class bnAbs. We then used the immunogen to isolate VRC01-class precursor naïve B cells from HIV-uninfected donors. Frequencies of true VRC01-class precursors, their structures, and their eOD-GT8 affinities support this immunogen as a candidate human vaccine prime. These methods could be applied to germline targeting for other classes of HIV bnAbs and for Abs to other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Jardine
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anita Sarkar
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fabian Sesterhenn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Isaiah Deresa
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Skye Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Meaghan Jones
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention (SCHARP), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. Departments of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ian A Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02129, USA.
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29
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Huang Y, DiazGranados C, Janes H, Huang Y, deCamp AC, Metch B, Grant S, Sanchez B, Phogat S, Koutsoukos M, Kanesa-Thasan N, Bourguignon P, Collard A, Buchbinder S, Tomaras GD, McElrath J, Gray G, Kublin JG, Corey L, Gilbert PB. Selection of HIV vaccine candidates for concurrent testing in an efficacy trial. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:57-65. [PMID: 26827165 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Phase IIb or III HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials are generally large and operationally challenging. To mitigate this challenge, the HIV Vaccine Trials Network is designing a Phase IIb efficacy trial accommodating the evaluation of multiple vaccine regimens concurrently. As this efficacy trial would evaluate a limited number of vaccine regimens, there is a need to develop a framework for optimizing the strategic selection of regimens from the large number of vaccine candidates tested in Phase I/IIa trials. In this paper we describe the approaches for the selection process, including the choice of immune response endpoints and the statistical criteria and algorithms. We illustrate the selection approaches using data from HIV-1 vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | | | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Barbara Metch
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shannon Grant
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brittany Sanchez
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Buchbinder
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology/Biostatistics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Julie McElrath
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Glenda Gray
- Perinatnal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - James G Kublin
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.
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30
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Edlefsen PT, Rolland M, Hertz T, Tovanabutra S, Gartland AJ, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Gottardo R, Juraska M, McCoy C, Larsen BB, Sanders-Buell E, Carrico C, Menis S, Bose M, Arroyo MA, O’Connell RJ, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Kirys T, Georgiev IS, Kwong PD, Scheffler K, Pond SLK, Carlson JM, Michael NL, Schief WR, Mullins JI, Kim JH, Gilbert PB. Comprehensive sieve analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 sequences in the RV144 vaccine efficacy trial. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1003973. [PMID: 25646817 PMCID: PMC4315437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The RV144 clinical trial showed the partial efficacy of a vaccine regimen with an estimated vaccine efficacy (VE) of 31% for protecting low-risk Thai volunteers against acquisition of HIV-1. The impact of vaccine-induced immune responses can be investigated through sieve analysis of HIV-1 breakthrough infections (infected vaccine and placebo recipients). A V1/V2-targeted comparison of the genomes of HIV-1 breakthrough viruses identified two V2 amino acid sites that differed between the vaccine and placebo groups. Here we extended the V1/V2 analysis to the entire HIV-1 genome using an array of methods based on individual sites, k-mers and genes/proteins. We identified 56 amino acid sites or "signatures" and 119 k-mers that differed between the vaccine and placebo groups. Of those, 19 sites and 38 k-mers were located in the regions comprising the RV144 vaccine (Env-gp120, Gag, and Pro). The nine signature sites in Env-gp120 were significantly enriched for known antibody-associated sites (p = 0.0021). In particular, site 317 in the third variable loop (V3) overlapped with a hotspot of antibody recognition, and sites 369 and 424 were linked to CD4 binding site neutralization. The identified signature sites significantly covaried with other sites across the genome (mean = 32.1) more than did non-signature sites (mean = 0.9) (p < 0.0001), suggesting functional and/or structural relevance of the signature sites. Since signature sites were not preferentially restricted to the vaccine immunogens and because most of the associations were insignificant following correction for multiple testing, we predict that few of the genetic differences are strongly linked to the RV144 vaccine-induced immune pressure. In addition to presenting results of the first complete-genome analysis of the breakthrough infections in the RV144 trial, this work describes a set of statistical methods and tools applicable to analysis of breakthrough infection genomes in general vaccine efficacy trials for diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, and The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michal Juraska
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Connor McCoy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanders-Buell
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chris Carrico
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sergey Menis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Meera Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tatsiana Kirys
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Konrad Scheffler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Carlson
- eSience Research Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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31
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Edlefsen PT, Rolland M, Hertz T, Tovanabutra S, Gartland AJ, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Gottardo R, Juraska M, McCoy C, Larsen BB, Sanders-Buell E, Carrico C, Menis S, Bose M, Arroyo MA, O'Connell RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Pitisuttithum P, Kaewkungwal J, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, McLellan JS, Georgiev IS, Kirys T, Kwong PD, Carlson JM, Michael NL, Schief WR, Mullins JI, Kim JH, Gilbert PB. Comprehensive Sieve Analysis of Breakthrough HIV-1 Sequences in the RV144 Vaccine Efficacy Trial. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014. [DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.5036.abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Edlefsen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Andrew J. Gartland
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allan C. deCamp
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Craig A. Magaret
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michal Juraska
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Connor McCoy
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Public Health Sciences Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brendan B. Larsen
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Chris Carrico
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sergey Menis
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Meera Bose
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | | | | | - Tatsiana Kirys
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | | | - William R. Schief
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, WA, United States
- The Scripps Research Institute, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - James I. Mullins
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, United States
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Gartland AJ, Li S, McNevin J, Tomaras GD, Gottardo R, Janes H, Fong Y, Morris D, Geraghty DE, Kijak GH, Edlefsen PT, Frahm N, Larsen BB, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, deCamp AC, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Goodridge JP, Chen L, Konopa P, Nariya S, Stoddard JN, Wong K, Zhao H, Deng W, Maust BS, Bose M, Howell S, Bates A, Lazzaro M, O'Sullivan A, Lei E, Bradfield A, Ibitamuno G, Assawadarachai V, O'Connell RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, Sidney J, Sette A, Zolla-Pazner S, Montefiori D, McElrath MJ, Mullins JI, Kim JH, Gilbert PB, Hertz T. Analysis of HLA A*02 association with vaccine efficacy in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial. J Virol 2014; 88:8242-55. [PMID: 24829343 PMCID: PMC4135964 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01164-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial demonstrated partial efficacy of 31% against HIV-1 infection. Studies into possible correlates of protection found that antibodies specific to the V1 and V2 (V1/V2) region of envelope correlated inversely with infection risk and that viruses isolated from trial participants contained genetic signatures of vaccine-induced pressure in the V1/V2 region. We explored the hypothesis that the genetic signatures in V1 and V2 could be partly attributed to selection by vaccine-primed T cells. We performed a T-cell-based sieve analysis of breakthrough viruses in the RV144 trial and found evidence of predicted HLA binding escape that was greater in vaccine versus placebo recipients. The predicted escape depended on class I HLA A*02- and A*11-restricted epitopes in the MN strain rgp120 vaccine immunogen. Though we hypothesized that this was indicative of postacquisition selection pressure, we also found that vaccine efficacy (VE) was greater in A*02-positive (A*02(+)) participants than in A*02(-) participants (VE = 54% versus 3%, P = 0.05). Vaccine efficacy against viruses with a lysine residue at site 169, important to antibody binding and implicated in vaccine-induced immune pressure, was also greater in A*02(+) participants (VE = 74% versus 15%, P = 0.02). Additionally, a reanalysis of vaccine-induced immune responses that focused on those that were shown to correlate with infection risk suggested that the humoral responses may have differed in A*02(+) participants. These exploratory and hypothesis-generating analyses indicate there may be an association between a class I HLA allele and vaccine efficacy, highlighting the importance of considering HLA alleles and host immune genetics in HIV vaccine trials. IMPORTANCE The RV144 trial was the first to show efficacy against HIV-1 infection. Subsequently, much effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanisms of protection. Here, we conducted a T-cell-based sieve analysis, which compared the genetic sequences of viruses isolated from infected vaccine and placebo recipients. Though we hypothesized that the observed sieve effect indicated postacquisition T-cell selection, we also found that vaccine efficacy was greater for participants who expressed HLA A*02, an allele implicated in the sieve analysis. Though HLA alleles have been associated with disease progression and viral load in HIV-1 infection, these data are the first to suggest the association of a class I HLA allele and vaccine efficacy. While these statistical analyses do not provide mechanistic evidence of protection in RV144, they generate testable hypotheses for the HIV vaccine community and they highlight the importance of assessing the impact of host immune genetics in vaccine-induced immunity and protection. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT00223080.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sue Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John McNevin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daryl Morris
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel E Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gustavo H Kijak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Craig A Magaret
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Lennie Chen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Konopa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Snehal Nariya
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Julia N Stoddard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kim Wong
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brandon S Maust
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Meera Bose
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shana Howell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Bates
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Lazzaro
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Esther Lei
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea Bradfield
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Grace Ibitamuno
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Merlin L Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jerome H Kim
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Zolla-Pazner S, deCamp AC, Cardozo T, Karasavvas N, Gottardo R, Williams C, Morris DE, Tomaras G, Rao M, Billings E, Berman P, Shen X, Andrews C, O'Connell RJ, Ngauy V, Nitayaphan S, de Souza M, Korber B, Koup R, Bailer RT, Mascola JR, Pinter A, Montefiori D, Haynes BF, Robb ML, Rerks-Ngarm S, Michael NL, Gilbert PB, Kim JH. Analysis of V2 antibody responses induced in vaccinees in the ALVAC/AIDSVAX HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53629. [PMID: 23349725 PMCID: PMC3547933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RV144 clinical trial of a prime/boost immunizing regimen using recombinant canary pox (ALVAC-HIV) and two gp120 proteins (AIDSVAX B and E) was previously shown to have a 31.2% efficacy rate. Plasma specimens from vaccine and placebo recipients were used in an extensive set of assays to identify correlates of HIV-1 infection risk. Of six primary variables that were studied, only one displayed a significant inverse correlation with risk of infection: the antibody (Ab) response to a fusion protein containing the V1 and V2 regions of gp120 (gp70-V1V2). This finding prompted a thorough examination of the results generated with the complete panel of 13 assays measuring various V2 Abs in the stored plasma used in the initial pilot studies and those used in the subsequent case-control study. The studies revealed that the ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX vaccine induced V2-specific Abs that cross-react with multiple HIV-1 subgroups and recognize both conformational and linear epitopes. The conformational epitope was present on gp70-V1V2, while the predominant linear V2 epitope mapped to residues 165–178, immediately N-terminal to the putative α4β7 binding motif in the mid-loop region of V2. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to compare the risk of infection with data from 12 V2 assays, and in 11 of these, the ORs were ≤1, reaching statistical significance for two of the variables: Ab responses to gp70-V1V2 and to overlapping V2 linear peptides. It remains to be determined whether anti-V2 Ab responses were directly responsible for the reduced infection rate in RV144 and whether anti-V2 Abs will prove to be important with other candidate HIV vaccines that show efficacy, however, the results support continued dissection of Ab responses to the V2 region which may illuminate mechanisms of protection from HIV-1 infection and may facilitate the development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zolla-Pazner
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
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Rolland M, Edlefsen PT, Larsen BB, Tovanabutra S, Sanders-Buell E, Hertz T, deCamp AC, Carrico C, Menis S, Magaret CA, Ahmed H, Juraska M, Chen L, Konopa P, Nariya S, Stoddard JN, Wong K, Zhao H, Deng W, Maust BS, Bose M, Howell S, Bates A, Lazzaro M, O'Sullivan A, Lei E, Bradfield A, Ibitamuno G, Assawadarachai V, O'Connell RJ, deSouza MS, Nitayaphan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Robb ML, McLellan JS, Georgiev I, Kwong PD, Carlson JM, Michael NL, Schief WR, Gilbert PB, Mullins JI, Kim JH. Increased HIV-1 vaccine efficacy against viruses with genetic signatures in Env V2. Nature 2012; 490:417-20. [PMID: 22960785 PMCID: PMC3551291 DOI: 10.1038/nature11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RV144 trial demonstrated 31% vaccine efficacy at preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope variable loops 1 and 2 (Env V1 and V2) correlated inversely with infection risk. We proposed that vaccine-induced immune responses against V1/V2 would have a selective effect against, or sieve, HIV-1 breakthrough viruses. A total of 936 HIV-1 genome sequences from 44 vaccine and 66 placebo recipients were examined. We show that vaccine-induced immune responses were associated with two signatures in V2 at amino acid positions 169 and 181. Vaccine efficacy against viruses matching the vaccine at position 169 was 48% (confidence interval 18% to 66%; P = 0.0036), whereas vaccine efficacy against viruses mismatching the vaccine at position 181 was 78% (confidence interval 35% to 93%; P = 0.0028). Residue 169 is in a cationic glycosylated region recognized by broadly neutralizing and RV144-derived antibodies. The predicted distance between the two signature sites (21 ± 7 Å) and their match/mismatch dichotomy indicate that multiple factors may be involved in the protection observed in RV144. Genetic signatures of RV144 vaccination in V2 complement the finding of an association between high V1/V2-binding antibodies and reduced risk of HIV-1 acquisition, and provide evidence that vaccine-induced V2 responses plausibly had a role in the partial protection conferred by the RV144 regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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Rolland M, Tovanabutra S, Gilbert PB, Sanders-Buell E, Heath L, deCamp AC, Magaret CC, Bose M, Bradfield A, O'Sullivan A, Crossler J, Deng W, Zhao H, Wong K, Raugi DN, Hural J, Dubey S, Frahm N, Michael NL, Shiver J, Corey L, Li F, Self SG, Kim J, Buchbinder S, Casimiro DR, Robertson MN, McElrath MJ, McCutchan FE, Mullins JI. OA06-06 LB. Evidence of vaccine-induced changes in breakthrough HIV-1 strains from the Step trial. Retrovirology 2009. [PMCID: PMC2767565 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-s3-o42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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