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Fong Y, Shen X, Ashley VC, Deal A, Seaton KE, Yu C, Grant SP, Ferrari G, deCamp AC, Bailer RT, Koup RA, Montefiori D, Haynes BF, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Graham BS, Carpp LN, Hammer SM, Sobieszczyk M, Karuna S, Swann E, DeJesus E, Mulligan M, Frank I, Buchbinder S, Novak RM, McElrath MJ, Kalams S, Keefer M, Frahm NA, Janes HE, Gilbert PB, Tomaras GD. Modification of the Association Between T-Cell Immune Responses and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Risk by Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses in the HVTN 505 Trial. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1280-1288. [PMID: 29325070 PMCID: PMC6018910 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HVTN 505 was a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) preventive vaccine efficacy trial of a DNA/recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vaccine regimen. We assessed antibody responses measured 1 month after final vaccination (month 7) as correlates of HIV-1 acquisition risk. Methods Binding antibody responses were quantified in serum samples from 25 primary endpoint vaccine cases (diagnosed with HIV-1 infection between month 7 and month 24) and 125 randomly sampled frequency-matched vaccine controls (HIV-1 negative at month 24). We prespecified for a primary analysis tier 6 antibody response biomarkers that measure immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) binding to Env proteins and 2 previously assessed T-cell response biomarkers. Results Envelope-specific IgG responses were significantly correlated with decreased HIV-1 risk. Moreover, the interaction of IgG responses and Env-specific CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality score had a highly significant association with HIV-1 risk after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Conclusions Vaccinees with higher levels of Env IgG have significantly decreased HIV-1 risk when CD8+ T-cell responses are low. Moreover, vaccinees with high CD8+ T-cell responses generally have low risk, and those with low CD8+ T-cell and low Env antibody responses have high risk. These findings suggest the critical importance of inducing a robust IgG Env response when the CD8+ T-cell response is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vicki C Ashley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aaron Deal
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kelly E Seaton
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Shannon P Grant
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Scott M Hammer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Magda Sobieszczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryl
| | | | - Mark Mulligan
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ian Frank
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Susan Buchbinder
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Richard M Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael Keefer
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicole A Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Holly E Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Peter B Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Kalams SA, Parker S, Jin X, Elizaga M, Metch B, Wang M, Hural J, Lubeck M, Eldridge J, Cardinali M, Blattner WA, Sobieszczyk M, Suriyanon V, Kalichman A, Weiner DB, Baden LR. Safety and immunogenicity of an HIV-1 gag DNA vaccine with or without IL-12 and/or IL-15 plasmid cytokine adjuvant in healthy, HIV-1 uninfected adults. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29231. [PMID: 22242162 PMCID: PMC3252307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background DNA vaccines are a promising approach to vaccination since they circumvent the problem of vector-induced immunity. DNA plasmid cytokine adjuvants have been shown to augment immune responses in small animals and in macaques. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed two first in human HIV vaccine trials in the US, Brazil and Thailand of an RNA-optimized truncated HIV-1 gag gene (p37) DNA derived from strain HXB2 administered either alone or in combination with dose-escalation of IL-12 or IL-15 plasmid cytokine adjuvants. Vaccinations with both the HIV immunogen and cytokine adjuvant were generally well-tolerated and no significant vaccine-related adverse events were identified. A small number of subjects developed asymptomatic low titer antibodies to IL-12 or IL-15. Cellular immunogenicity following 3 and 4 vaccinations was poor, with response rates to gag of 4.9%/8.7% among vaccinees receiving gag DNA alone, 0%/11.5% among those receiving gag DNA+IL-15, and no responders among those receiving DNA+high dose (1500 ug) IL-12 DNA. However, after three doses, 44.4% (4/9) of vaccinees receiving gag DNA and intermediate dose (500 ug) of IL-12 DNA demonstrated a detectable cellular immune response. Conclusions/Significance This combination of HIV gag DNA with plasmid cytokine adjuvants was well tolerated. There were minimal responses to HIV gag DNA alone, and no apparent augmentation with either IL-12 or IL-15 plasmid cytokine adjuvants. Despite the promise of DNA vaccines, newer formulations or methods of delivery will be required to increase their immunogenicity. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00115960NCT00111605
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros A Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of Ameica.
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