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Enax J, Ganss B, Amaechi BT, Schulze zur Wiesche E, Meyer F. The composition of the dental pellicle: an updated literature review. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2023; 4:1260442. [PMID: 37899941 PMCID: PMC10600522 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2023.1260442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dental pellicle is a thin layer of up to several hundred nm in thickness, covering the tooth surface. It is known to protect the teeth from acid attacks through its selective permeability and it is involved in the remineralization process of the teeth. It functions also as binding site and source of nutrients for bacteria and conditioning biofilm (foundation) for dental plaque formation. Methods For this updated literature review, the PubMed database was searched for the dental pellicle and its composition. Results The dental pellicle has been analyzed in the past years with various state-of-the art analytic techniques such as high-resolution microscopic techniques (e.g., scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy), spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, affinity chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and blotting-techniques (e.g., western blot). It consists of several different amino acids, proteins, and proteolytic protein fragments. Some studies also investigated other compounds of the pellicle, mainly fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Conclusions The dental pellicle is composed mainly of different proteins, but also fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Analysis with state-of-the-art analytical techniques have uncovered mainly acidic proline-rich proteins, amylase, cystatin, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and mucins as main proteins of the dental pellicle. The pellicle has protective properties for the teeth. Further research is necessary to gain more knowledge about the role of the pellicle in the tooth remineralization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Enax
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bennett T. Amaechi
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Frederic Meyer
- Research Department, Dr. Kurt Wolff GmbH & Co. KG, Bielefeld, Germany
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Reise M, Kranz S, Heyder M, Beck J, Roth C, Guellmar A, von Eggeling F, Schubert U, Löffler B, Sigusch B. Salivary Pellicle Formed on Dental Composites Evaluated by Mass Spectrometry-An In Situ Study. Molecules 2023; 28:6804. [PMID: 37836647 PMCID: PMC10574692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In the oral environment, sound enamel and dental restorative materials are immediately covered by a pellicle layer, which enables bacteria to attach. For the development of new materials with repellent surface functions, information on the formation and maturation of salivary pellicles is crucial. Therefore, the present in situ study aimed to investigate the proteomic profile of salivary pellicles formed on different dental composites. (2) Methods: Light-cured composite and bovine enamel samples (controls) were exposed to the oral cavity for 30, 90, and 120 min. All samples were subjected to optical and mechanical profilometry, as well as SEM surface evaluation. Acquired pellicles and unstimulated whole saliva samples were analyzed by SELDI-TOF-MS. The significance was determined by the generalized estimation equation and the post-hoc bonferroni adjustment. (3) Results: SEM revealed the formation of homogeneous pellicles on all test and control surfaces. Profilometry showed that composite surfaces tend to be of higher roughness compared to enamel. SELDI-TOF-MS detected up to 102 different proteins in the saliva samples and up to 46 proteins in the pellicle. Significant differences among 14 pellicle proteins were found between the composite materials and the controls. (4) Conclusions: Pellicle formation was material- and time-dependent. Proteins differed among the composites and to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reise
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Stefan Kranz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Markus Heyder
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Julius Beck
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Christian Roth
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (B.S.)
| | - André Guellmar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (B.S.)
| | - Ferdinand von Eggeling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bernd Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.R.); (M.H.); (J.B.); (A.G.); (B.S.)
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Baumann T, Niemeyer SH, Buzalaf MAR, Carvalho TS. Protease-inhibitors added to saliva in vitro influence the erosion protective effect of enamel pellicles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8618. [PMID: 37244955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to pellicles formed in vivo, pellicles formed in vitro provide little to no erosion protection for enamel, possibly due to protein degradation from proteases during pellicle formation. With the objective to achieve a more similar effect as observed for in vivo pellicles, the effects of adding protease inhibitors (PI) to saliva in vitro, and/or exchanging saliva repeatedly during pellicle formation were investigated in a cyclic model of pellicle formation and erosion with human enamel specimens. We repeatedly assessed surface microhardness (SMH), measured initial and final surface reflection intensity (SRI), and determined calcium released during erosion. For all the parameters tested, we observed a clear positive effect on erosion protection when adding PI to saliva for pellicle formation: SMH remained harder, SRI remained higher, and less calcium was released. Additionally, exchanging saliva with fresh one during pellicle formation led to a protective effect, but not as strong as the addition of PI. We conclude that adding protease inhibitors to saliva in vitro for pellicle formation leads to an erosion protective effect, which was further increased by repeatedly exchanging the saliva. Whether the pellicle itself more closely resembles in vivo pellicles remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Baumann
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Samira Helena Niemeyer
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf
- Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Al. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Saads Carvalho
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Hussein H, Kishen A. Application of Proteomics in Apical Periodontitis. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.814603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory reaction of the periradicular tissues as a consequence of multispecies microbial communities organized as biofilms within the root canal system. Periradicular tissue changes at the molecular level initiate and orchestrate the inflammatory process and precede the presentation of clinical symptoms. Inflammatory mediators have been studied at either the proteomic, metabolomic, or transcriptomic levels. Analysis at the protein level is the most common approach used to identify and quantify analytes from diseased periradicular tissues during root canal treatment, since it is more representative of definitive and active periradicular inflammatory mediator than its transcript expression level. In disease, proteins expressed in an altered manner could be utilized as biomarkers. Biomarker proteins in periradicular tissues have been qualitatively and quantitatively assessed using antibodies (immunoassays and immunostaining) or mass spectrometry-based approaches. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of biomarker proteins identified in clinical studies investigating periradicular lesions and pulp tissue associated with apical periodontitis using proteomics. The high throughput mass spectrometry-based proteomics has the potential to improve the current methods of monitoring inflammation while distinguishing between progressive, stable, and healing lesions for the identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This method would provide more objective tools to (a) discover biomarkers related to biological processes for better clinical case selection, and (b) determine tissue response to novel therapeutic interventions for more predictable outcomes in endodontic treatment.
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Wei CX, Burrow MF, Botelho MG, Leung WK. Analysing Complex Oral Protein Samples: Complete Workflow and Case Analysis of Salivary Pellicles. J Clin Med 2021; 10:2801. [PMID: 34202147 PMCID: PMC8267628 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on small quantity, highly complex protein samples, such as salivary pellicle, have been enabled by recent major technological and analytical breakthroughs. Advances in mass spectrometry-based computational proteomics such as Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology have allowed precise identification and quantification of complex protein samples on a proteome-wide scale, which has enabled the determination of corresponding genes and cellular functions at the protein level. The latter was achieved via protein-protein interaction mapping with Gene Ontology annotation. In recent years, the application of these technologies has broken various barriers in small-quantity-complex-protein research such as salivary pellicle. This review provides a concise summary of contemporary proteomic techniques contributing to (1) increased complex protein (up to hundreds) identification using minute sample sizes (µg level), (2) precise protein quantification by advanced stable isotope labelling or label-free approaches and (3) the emerging concepts and techniques regarding computational integration, such as the Gene Ontology Consortium and protein-protein interaction mapping. The latter integrates the structural, genomic, and biological context of proteins and genes to predict protein interactions and functional connections in a given biological context. The same technological breakthroughs and computational integration concepts can also be applied to other low-volume oral protein complexes such as gingival crevicular or peri-implant sulcular fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xuan Wei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.-X.W.); (M.F.B.); (M.G.B.)
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Michael Francis Burrow
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.-X.W.); (M.F.B.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Michael George Botelho
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.-X.W.); (M.F.B.); (M.G.B.)
| | - W. Keung Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.-X.W.); (M.F.B.); (M.G.B.)
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Pelá VT, Lunardelli JG, Ventura TM, Camiloti GD, Baumann T, Carvalho TS, Lussi A, Buzalaf MA. Proteomic profiles of the acquired enamel pellicle formed in vitro, in situ, or in vivo. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:487-494. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius T. Pelá
- Department of Genetics and Evolution Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos Brazil
| | - João G.Q. Lunardelli
- Department of Biological Sciences Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru‐SP Brazil
| | - Talita M.O. Ventura
- Department of Biological Sciences Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru‐SP Brazil
| | - Gabriel D. Camiloti
- Department of Biological Sciences Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru‐SP Brazil
| | - Tommy Baumann
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Thiago S. Carvalho
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Adrian Lussi
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry School of Dental Medicine University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Marília A.R. Buzalaf
- Department of Biological Sciences Bauru School of Dentistry University of São Paulo Bauru‐SP Brazil
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