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Shekaraiah S, Suresh K. Effect of Face Mask on Voice Production During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. J Voice 2024; 38:446-457. [PMID: 34802856 PMCID: PMC8502684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing global pandemic and wearing face mask is recommended across the globe to break the transmission chain of infection. The masks available in the market are of different types and materials and tend to alter the voice characteristics of the speaker. This can therefore impair optimal communication and the present study is a systematic review exploring the effect of various masks on voice production parameters. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. MATERIALS AND METHODS The titles and abstracts screening was carried out for the inclusion of articles using eight electronic databases spanning the period from 1st January 2020 to 30th April 2021. 10 articles (8 published & 2 in pre-print) that met the inclusion criteria were considered for this systematic review and the pooled age range was 18 -69 years. RESULTS Three primary studies from the USA, 2 each from Australia & Italy, one each from Brazil, China, and Germany were found to have investigated the influence of wearing N95, KN95, surgical and fabric masks on voice related measures. The users significantly reported vocal fatigue, discomfort, and also perceived voice problems. Attenuation of speech sound amplitude was highest for the transparent mask followed by cloth mask, N95, KN95, and surgical mask. CONCLUSION The World Health Organization (WHO) has been repeatedly endorsing the need to use a face mask in the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, for an unintruded voice production, the surgical mask is recommended for everyone, including healthcare professionals when they are not in close contact with patients, and not involved in aerosol-generating procedures. For teachers, doing direct teaching (offline classes), 'surgical mask' can reduce the vocal load of teachers, smoothen the teacher-student interaction and thereby facilitate better learning by the students. Additionally, it would be useful to protect oneself from the risk of developing voice problems by following standard vocal healthcare tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Shekaraiah
- Department of Speech and Hearing, Manipal College of Health Professions (MCHP), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India.
| | - Kiran Suresh
- A. J. Institute of Speech and Hearing (AJISH), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Rodrigues ACB, de Jesus GP, Waked D, Gomes GL, Silva TM, Yariwake VY, da Silva MP, Magaldi AJ, Veras MM. Scientific Evidence about the Risks of Micro and Nanoplastics (MNPLs) to Human Health and Their Exposure Routes through the Environment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060308. [PMID: 35736916 PMCID: PMC9228263 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, a large amount and variety of plastic is being produced and consumed by human beings on an enormous scale. Microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPLs) have become ubiquitous since they can be found in many ecosystem components. Plastic particles can be found in soil, water, and air. The routes of human exposure are numerous, mainly involving ingestion and inhalation. Once ingested, these particles interact with the gastrointestinal tract and digestive fluids. They can adsorb substances such as additives, heavy metals, proteins, or even microorganisms on their surface, which can cause toxicity. During inhalation, they can be inhaled according to their respective sizes. Studies have reported that exposure to MNPLs can cause damage to the respiratory tract, creating problems such as bronchitis, asthma, fibrosis, and pneumothorax. The reports of boards and committees indicate that there is little data published and available on the toxicity of MNPLs as well as the exposure levels in humans. Despite the well-established concept of MNPLs, their characteristics, and presence in the environment, little is known about their real effects on human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Bastos Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
| | - Gabriel Pereira de Jesus
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
| | - Dunia Waked
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
| | - Gabriel Leandro Gomes
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
| | - Thamires Moraes Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
| | - Victor Yuji Yariwake
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
| | - Mariane Paula da Silva
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
| | - Antônio José Magaldi
- Kidney Research Laboratory–LIM12, Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Mariana Matera Veras
- Laboratory of Experimental and Environmental Pathology–LIM05, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.C.B.R.); (G.P.d.J.); (D.W.); (G.L.G.); (T.M.S.); (V.Y.Y.); (M.P.d.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Effectiveness of face masks in blocking the transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary evaluation of masks used by SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264389. [PMID: 35196363 PMCID: PMC8865648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is transmitted via the airborne route, caused a new pandemic namely, “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). Although the effectiveness of face masks to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is debated, no study has evaluated the virus-blocking efficacy of masks used by patients. We aimed to evaluate this efficacy of masks used by SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Data, masks used, and nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained from these patients. Forty-five paired samples of nasopharyngeal swabs and masks were obtained and processed; the majority of masks were woven. Viral RNAs were amplified using quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and detected only on the inner parts of masks. Median viral load (VL) values of swabs and masks were 1.954x106 and 2,51x103, respectively. Statistically, there was a difference of approximately 1000 RNA copies/mL between swabs and masks and no significant difference in VL values among different types of masks. There were statistically significant differences in VL values between men and women and between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Our findings suggest the blocking of virus transmission by different types of masks and reinforce the use of masks by both infected and non-infected individuals.
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Han Y, Pan J, Ma Y, Zhou D, Xu W. Protein-based biomaterials for combating viral infections: current status and future prospects for development. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Medical/Surgical, Cloth and FFP/(K)N95 Masks: Unmasking Preference, SARS-CoV-2 Transmissibility and Respiratory Side Effects. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030325. [PMID: 35330325 PMCID: PMC8951768 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Social distancing and mask-wearing were recommended and mandatory for people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was disseminated through social media assessing mask type preference and COVID-19 history amongst tertiary sector services and the rates of the triad of respiratory symptoms in each mask type, along with other respiratory-related parameters. Results: Amongst 4107 participants, 63.4% of the responders, mainly women, preferred medical/surgical masks; 20.5%, mainly men, preferred cotton cloth masks; and 13.8% preferred FFP/(K)N95 masks. COVID-19 history was less common in FFP/(K)N95 compared to medical/surgical (9.2% vs. 15.6%, p < 0.001) or cloth masks (9.2% vs. 14.4%, p = 0.006). Compared to the control group (rare mask-wearing, nonsmokers and without lung conditions), those wearing one medical mask were more likely to report frequent sputum production (4.4% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.026) and frequent cough (4.4% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.013), and those wearing FFP/(K)N95 masks were more likely to report frequent cough (4.1% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.048). Compared to the control group, those preferring cotton cloth masks were more likely to report a frequent cough (7.3% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.0002), sputum production (6.3% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.003) and dyspnea (8% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.00001). Conclusions: Safe mask-wearing should be in parallel with a more personalized and social interaction approach.
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Mezones-Holguin E, Al-Kassab-Córdova A, Herrera-Añazco P, Benites-Zapata VA, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Flores-Gavino A, Muñoz Del Carpio-Toia A, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Frequency of Correct Mask Use Among Pedestrians in High-Flow Indoor Public Spaces: A Multicenter Analysis in the First and Second Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru. J Prim Care Community Health 2022; 13:21501319221134851. [PMID: 36348573 PMCID: PMC9647236 DOI: 10.1177/21501319221134851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Our study aimed to describe the variation in the frequency of correct mask
use among pedestrians in the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic
in high-flow indoor public spaces from different geographic and social
settings in Peru. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional exploratory study among pedestrians in Lima
(the capital city) and other coastal and highland cities in Peru.
Pedestrians were directly observed by trained medical students in 2
high-flow indoor areas at different times in November 2020 (first wave) and
October 2021 (second wave). Primary outcomes included the frequencies of
mask use and correct use. We applied multinomial logistic models and
estimated crude and adjusted relative prevalence ratios for sex, age,
obesity, and location. Additionally, we used binomial generalized linear
models to estimate prevalence ratios in crude and adjusted models. Results: We included 1996 participants. The frequency of mask use was similar in both
years: 96.9% in 2020 and 95.5% in 2021. However, the frequency of correct
mask use significantly decreased from 81.9% (95% CI, 79.4-84.3) in 2020 to
60.3% (95% CI, 57.2-67.3) in 2021. In 2020, we observed an increase in the
probability of misuse in the cities of Lima (aRP: 1.42;
P = .021) and Chiclayo (aPR: 1.62,
P = .001), whereas, in 2021, we noted an increase in the
probability of misuse in the cities of Lima (aRP: 1.72;
P < .001) and Piura (aPR: 1.44;
P < .001). Conclusions: The correct mask use decreased during the second wave, although no
significant overall variations were observed in mask use in pedestrians
between both periods. Also, we found regional differences in correct mask
use in both periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Percy Herrera-Añazco
- Universidad San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | | | | | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Latin American Network of COVID-19 Research (LANCOVID), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.,Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
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Ataei M, Shirazi FM, Nakhaee S, Abdollahi M, Mehrpour O. Assessment of cloth masks ability to limit Covid-19 particles spread: a systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1645-1676. [PMID: 34689269 PMCID: PMC8541808 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16847-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
After the spread of Covid 19 worldwide, the use of cloth masks increased significantly due to a shortage of medical masks. Meanwhile, there were different opinions about the effectiveness of these masks and, so far, no study has been done to find the best fabric masks. This study reviews and summarizes all studies related to fabric masks' effectiveness and various fabrics against coronavirus. This systematic review is based on PRISMA rules. Two researchers separately examined three databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Laboratory and clinical studies were included. After extracting the articles, their quality was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool. In addition to efficacy, other factors, including the penetration of masks, pressure drop, and quality factor, were examined to select the best fabrics. Of the 42 studies selected, 39 were laboratory studies, and 3 were clinical studies. Among the various fabrics examined, cotton quilt 120 thread per inch (TPI), copy paper (bonded), hybrid of cotton with chiffon/ silk, and flannel filtration were found to have over 90% effectiveness in the particle size range of Covid-19. The results and comparison of different factors (pressure drop, filtration efficacy, penetration, filtration quality, and fit factor have been evaluated) showed that among different fabrics, hybrid masks, 2-layered cotton quilt, 2-layered 100% cotton, cotton flannel, and hairy tea towel + fleece sweater had the best performance. Clinical studies have not explicitly examined cloth masks' effectiveness in Covid-19, so the effectiveness of these types of masks for Covid 19 is questionable, and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Ataei
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad M Shirazi
- Arizona Poison & Drug Information Center, University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy and University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran.
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Tran TQ, Mostafa EM, Tawfik GM, Soliman M, Mahabir S, Mahabir R, Dong V, Ravikulan R, Alhijazeen S, Farrag DA, Dumre SP, Huy NT, Hirayama K. Efficacy of face masks against respiratory infectious diseases: a systematic review and network analysis of randomized-controlled trials. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34407516 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac1ea5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, face masks are among the most common and practical control measures used globally in reducing the risk of infection and disease transmission. Although several studies have investigated the efficacy of various face masks and respirators in preventing infection, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) of the randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the actual efficacy of face masks in preventing respiratory infections. We searched nine electronic databases up to July 2020 to find potential articles. We accepted trials reporting the protective efficacy of face masks against respiratory infections, of which the primary endpoint was the presence of respiratory infections. We used the ROB-2 Cochrane tool to grade the trial quality. We initially registered the protocol for this study in PROSPERO (CRD42020178516). Sixteen RCTs involving 17 048 individuals were included for NMA. Overall, evidence was weak, lacking statistical power due to the small number of participants, and there was substantial inconsistency in our findings. In comparison to those without face masks, participants with fit-tested N95 respirators were likely to have lesser infection risk (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.38-1.19,P-score 0.80), followed by those with non-fit-tested N95 and non-fit-tested FFP2 respirators that shared the similar risk, (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.12-4.36,P-score 0.63) and (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.38-1.71,P-score 0.63), respectively. Next, participants who donned face masks with and without hand hygiene practices showed modest risk improvement alike (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.67-1.17,P-score 0.55) and (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.70-1.22,P-score 0.51). Otherwise, participants donning double-layered cloth masks were prone to infection (RR 4.80, 95% CI 1.42-16.27,P-score 0.01). Eleven out of 16 RCTs that underwent a pairwise meta-analysis revealed a substantially lower infection risk in those donning medical face masks (MFMs) than those without face masks (RR 0.83 95% CI 0.71-0.96). Given the body of evidence through a systematic review and meta-analyses, our findings supported the protective benefits of MFMs in reducing respiratory transmissions, and the universal mask-wearing should be applied-especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. More clinical data is required to conclude the efficiency of cloth masks; in the short term, users should not use cloth face masks in the outbreak hot spots and places where social distancing is impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thach Quang Tran
- Department of Immunogenetics, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vinh Dong
- AU/UGA Medical Partnership, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health (TMGH), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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Face Mask Usage among Young Polish People during the COVID-19 Epidemic-An Evolving Scenario. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9060638. [PMID: 34072231 PMCID: PMC8229734 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9060638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of face masks has been mandated in many countries in an attempt to diminish the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to determine face mask-wearing behaviors and practices in 1173 young Polish people during the second wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in October 2020. The majority of respondents (97.4%) declared that they wore face masks in areas/situations where it is mandatory. The most common types of utilized face masks were cloth masks (47.7%) and surgical masks (47%), followed by respirators (N95/FFP3) (3.2%) and half-face elastomeric respirators (0.9%). Over 38% reported frequently disinfecting their face masks, especially females. Respondents reporting personal atopic predisposition (64.5% vs. 72.1%; p = 0.02) or sensitive skin (65.5% vs. 74.3%; p = 0.005) declared multiple use of face masks less commonly than other individuals. Individuals suffering from facial skin lesions declared disinfecting face masks more commonly (40.8% vs. 34.9%; p = 0.04). Overall, the self-declared utilization of face masks among young people in Poland has improved since the beginning of the epidemic as compared with our previous study. Until the mass vaccination of the public is achieved and government policy is changed, face mask use remains a valuable tool to decrease the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Abrahão-Curvo P, Mendes KDS, Lettiere-Viana A, Furtado MCDC, Delatorre T, Segura-Muñoz SI. Masks for at-risk population: nursing promoting biosafety in pandemic times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 42:e20200276. [PMID: 34037184 DOI: 10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a proposal for making and distributing masks for population in risk, with guidance on the stages of making them and the care in handling them based on the development of educational video and infographic. METHOD Experience report on the stages of the process of training people to make fabric masks for the population at risk, between March and June 2020, in a city in the interior of São Paulo. RESULTS 1,650 masks were made and distributed to vulnerable population groups from different contexts and tutorial video and infographic were elaborated and released to enable people to make their own masks with resources available at home. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS It was possible to manufacture and distribute masks for the population at risk and develop educational actions to contain the disease, given the advance of confirmed cases and deaths by Covid-19, corroborating the role of nursing in health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Abrahão-Curvo
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Karina Dal Sasso Mendes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e Especializada. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Angelina Lettiere-Viana
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Maria Cândida de Carvalho Furtado
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Thatiana Delatorre
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Atenção à Saúde das Pessoas, Equipe Técnica da Atenção Básica. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Susana Inés Segura-Muñoz
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública. Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Khalil MI, Banik GR, Mansoor S, Alqahtani AS, Rashid H. SARS-CoV-2, surgeons and surgical masks. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:2170-2180. [PMID: 33869593 PMCID: PMC8026839 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i10.2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact risk association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for surgeons is not quantified which may be affected by their risk of exposure and individual factors. The objective of this review is to quantify the risk of COVID-19 among surgeons, and explore whether facemask can minimise the risk of COVID-19 among surgeons. A systematised review was carried out by searching MEDLINE to locate items on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or COVID-19 in relation to health care workers (HCWs) especially those work in surgical specialities including surgical nurses and intensivists. Additionally, systematic reviews that assessed the effectiveness of facemask against viral respiratory infections, including COVID-19, among HCWs were identified. Data from identified articles were abstracted, synthesised and summarised. Fourteen primary studies that provided data on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection or experience among surgeons and 11 systematic reviews that provided evidence of the effectiveness of facemask (and other personal protective equipment) were summarised. Although the risk of COVID-19 could not be quantified precisely among surgeons, about 14% of HCWs including surgeons had COVID-19, there could be variations depending on settings. Facemask was found to be somewhat protective against COVID-19, but the HCWs’ compliance was highly variable ranging from zero to 100%. Echoing surgical societies’ guidelines we continue to recommend facemask use among surgeons to prevent COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gouri Rani Banik
- Clinical Research Unit, The Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarab Mansoor
- The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amani S Alqahtani
- Research Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 13312, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, and the University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, the Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, New South Wales, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead 2145, New South Wales, Australia
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Bagepally BS, Haridoss M, Natarajan M, Jeyashree K, Ponnaiah M. Cost-effectiveness of surgical mask, N-95 respirator, hand-hygiene and surgical mask with hand hygiene in the prevention of COVID-19: Cost effectiveness analysis from Indian context. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2021; 10:100702. [PMID: 33558852 PMCID: PMC7859732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the absence of specific treatment, preventive strategies are of paramount importance in management of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic. We estimated cost-effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions such as hand-hygiene, surgical-mask N-95 respirators and surgical mask in general population. METHODS We performed a decision tree and markov-model based economic evaluation. We estimated total costs and outcomes from public payer's perspective, based on information available through systematic literature search on relative intervention effect during early pandemic phase. We estimated outcomes as number COVID-19 prevented and Quality Adjusted life year (QALY) over one-year time-horizon with one-day cycle-length. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) was calculated multiple sensitivity analyses were applied to assess parameter uncertainty. RESULTS Use of surgical mask with hand hygiene, fit tested N-95 respirator, surgical-mask, non-fit tested N-95 and hand-hygiene interventions prevented additional 1139, 1124, 1121, 1043 and 975 COVID-19 cases per-million as compared to using none. Additional costs incurred (in billion) were ₹29.78 ($0.40), ₹148.09 ($1.99), ₹72.51 ($0.98), ₹26.84 ($0.36) and ₹2.48 ($0.03) as well as additional QALYs gained were 357.4, 353.01, 327.95, 351.52 and 307.04 for surgical mask with hand hygiene, fit-tested N-95, non-fit-tested N-95, surgical mask and hand-hygiene respectively. ICERs with surgical with hand hygiene, hand-hygiene alone, surgical-mask alone, N-95 respirator fit and non-fit test were 83.32($1.12), 8.07($0.11), 76.36($1.03), 419.51($5.65) and 221.10 ($2.98) million ₹ ($)/QALY respectively. Results were robust on uncertainty analysis. DISCUSSION Among the non-pharmacological interventions to be considered for preventing spread of COVID-19, hand hygiene was cost-effective and avoidance of use of surgical masks and respirators by the general public could save resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Madhumitha Haridoss
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Meenakumari Natarajan
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Kathiresan Jeyashree
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
| | - Manickam Ponnaiah
- Health Technology Assessment Resource Centre, ICMR- National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
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