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Anisuzzaman, Alim MA, Matsubyashi M, Hossain MS, Labony SS, Shanta IS, Ali MH, Yamamoto Y, Hatta T, Tsuji N. Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Product (RAGE) Modulates Inflammation During Feeding of the Hard Tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis in Mice. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13039. [PMID: 38838041 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are notorious blood-sucking ectoparasites that affect both humans and animals. They serve as a unique vector of various deadly diseases. Here, we have shown the roles of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) during repeated infestations by the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis using RAGE-/- mice. In primary infestation, a large blood pool developed, which was flooded with numerous RBCs, especially during the rapid feeding phase of the tick both in wild-type (wt) and RAGE-/- mice. Very few inflammatory cells were detected around the zones of haemorrhage in the primary infestations. However, the number of inflammatory cells gradually increased in the subsequent tick infestations, and during the third infestations, the number of inflammatory cells reached to the highest level (350.3 ± 16.8 cells/focus). The site of attachment was totally occupied by the inflammatory cells in wt mice, whereas very few cells were detected at the ticks' biting sites in RAGE-/- mice. RAGE was highly expressed during the third infestation in wt mice. In the third infestation, infiltration of CD44+ lymphocytes, eosinophils and expression of S100A8 and S100B significantly increased at the biting sites of ticks in wt, but not in RAGE-/- mice. In addition, peripheral eosinophil counts significantly increased in wt but not in RAGE-/- mice. Taken together, our study revealed that RAGE-mediated inflammation and eosinophils played crucial roles in the tick-induced inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisuzzaman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Alim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Makoto Matsubyashi
- Department of Veterinary Immunology, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Japan
| | - Md Shahadat Hossain
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Shahid Labony
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Haydar Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur, Bangladesh
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hatta
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Tsuji
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agricultural and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
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Saito-Sasaki N, Sawada Y. S100 Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis and Atopic Dermatitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3167. [PMID: 37891988 PMCID: PMC10606049 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, the outermost layer of the human body, is exposed to various external stimuli that cause inflammatory skin reactions. These external stimulants trigger external epithelial cell damage and the release of intracellular substances. Following cellular damage or death, intracellular molecules are released that enhance tissue inflammation. As an important substance released from damaged cells, the S100 protein is a low-molecular-weight acidic protein with two calcium-binding sites and EF-hand motif domains. S100 proteins are widely present in systemic organs and interact with other proteins. Recent studies revealed the involvement of S100 in cutaneous inflammatory disorders, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. This review provides detailed information on the interactions among various S100 proteins in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan;
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S100 Proteins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Psoriasis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196640. [PMID: 36235175 PMCID: PMC9572071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases affecting about 1-3% of the population. One of the characteristic abnormalities in psoriasis is the excessive production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins can be expressed differently in normal and diseased skin, reflecting their usefulness as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, due to their very important functions in innate immunity, members of host defense peptides and proteins are currently considered to be promising new therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. Koebnerisin (S100A15) belongs to an S100 family of antimicrobial proteins, which constitute the multigenetic group of calcium-binding proteins involved in ion-dependent cellular functions and regulation of immune mechanisms. S100A15 was first discovered to be overexpressed in 'koebnerized' psoriatic skin, indicating its involvement in the disease phenotype and the same promising potential as a new therapeutic target. This review describes the involvement of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in inflammatory diseases' development and therapy. The discussion focuses on S100 proteins, especially koebnerisin, which may be involved in the underlying mechanism of the Köebner phenomenon in psoriasis, as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases described in the last decade.
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Singh P, Ali SA. Multifunctional Role of S100 Protein Family in the Immune System: An Update. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152274. [PMID: 35892571 PMCID: PMC9332480 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
S100 is a broad subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) with structural similarity and functional discrepancy. It is required for inflammation and cellular homeostasis, and can work extracellularly, intracellularly, or both. S100 members participate in a variety of activities in a healthy cell, including calcium storage and transport (calcium homeostasis). S100 isoforms that have previously been shown to play important roles in the immune system as alarmins (DAMPs), antimicrobial peptides, pro-inflammation stimulators, chemo-attractants, and metal scavengers during an innate immune response. Currently, during the pandemic, it was found that several members of the S100 family are implicated in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. Further, S100 family protein members were proposed to be used as a prognostic marker for COVID-19 infection identification using a nasal swab. In the present review, we compiled the vast majority of recent studies that focused on the multifunctionality of S100 proteins in the complex immune system and its associated activities. Furthermore, we shed light on the numerous molecular approaches and signaling cascades regulated by S100 proteins during immune response. In addition, we discussed the involvement of S100 protein members in abnormal defense systems during the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal 132001, India;
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal 132001, India;
- Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-8708591790
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Dickman J, Howell M, Hoopes R, Wang Y, Dickerson TJ, Bottomley M, Shamma HN, Rapp CM, Turner MJ, Rohan CA, Travers JB. Insights into Lichen Planus Pigmentosus Inversus using Minimally Invasive Dermal Patch and Whole Transcriptome Analysis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY 2022; 10:10.13188/2373-1044.1000077. [PMID: 36003415 PMCID: PMC9397586 DOI: 10.13188/2373-1044.1000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lichen Planus Pigmentosus inversus (LPPi) is a rare interface and lichenoid dermatitis (ILD) and supposed variant of lichen planus (LP) that presents as well-demarcated brown to grey macules in flexural and intertriginous areas. LPPi is deemed 'inversus' because its anatomical distribution in skin folds is opposite that seen in lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) whose pigmented lesions arise on sun-exposed skin. Biopsy is required for the clinical diagnosis of all ILDs. Though multiple clinically-oriented studies have reported differences between LPP, LPPi, and LP, few molecular studies have been performed. In this case study, 3 patients, 2 with LPPi and one with LP, provided samples using minimally invasive whole transcriptome analysis using a dermal biomarker patch. This study confirms the involvement of interferon signaling and T-cell activation in LPPi and suggests an expression profile distinct from LP. Specific genes significantly upregulated in LPPi vs LP include an intergenic splice variant of the primary pigmentation determining receptor in humans and dysregulation of genes essential for ceramide synthesis and construction of the cornified envelope. This work expands upon our knowledge of the pathogenesis of LPPi vs LP, and supports the potential use of this technology in the diagnostic clinical setting to mitigate the need for invasive procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dickman
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
| | - Michael Howell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
| | - Robert Hoopes
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
| | | | | | - Michael Bottomley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
| | - H. Nicholas Shamma
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
- American Dermatopathology, LLC, Centerville, Ohio
| | - Christine M. Rapp
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
| | - Matthew J. Turner
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Craig A. Rohan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
- Department of Dermatology, Wright State University, Dayton Ohio
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio
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Kazakov AS, Sofin AD, Avkhacheva NV, Deryusheva EI, Rastrygina VA, Permyakova ME, Uversky VN, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Interferon-β Activity Is Affected by S100B Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041997. [PMID: 35216109 PMCID: PMC8877046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-β (IFN-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine secreted in response to various pathological conditions and is clinically used for therapy of multiple sclerosis. Its application for treatment of cancer, infections and pulmonary diseases is limited by incomplete understanding of regulatory mechanisms of its functioning. Recently, we reported that IFN-β activity is affected by interactions with S100A1, S100A4, S100A6, and S100P proteins, which are members of the S100 protein family of multifunctional Ca2+-binding proteins possessing cytokine-like activities (Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9473). Here we show that IFN-β interacts with one more representative of the S100 protein family, the S100B protein, involved in numerous oncological and neurological diseases. The use of chemical crosslinking, intrinsic fluorescence, and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy revealed IFN-β binding to Ca2+-loaded dimeric and monomeric forms of the S100B protein. Calcium depletion blocks the S100B–IFN-β interaction. S100B monomerization increases its affinity to IFN-β by 2.7 orders of magnitude (equilibrium dissociation constant of the complex reaches 47 pM). Crystal violet assay demonstrated that combined application of IFN-β and S100B (5–25 nM) eliminates their inhibitory effects on MCF-7 cell viability. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the direct modulation of IFN-β activity by the S100B protein described here could be relevant to progression of multiple oncological and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kazakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Alexander D. Sofin
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Nadezhda V. Avkhacheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Victoria A. Rastrygina
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Maria E. Permyakova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence: (V.N.U.); (S.E.P.); Tel.: +7-(495)-143-7741 (S.E.P.); Fax: +7-(4967)-33-05-22 (S.E.P.)
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Str., 7, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (A.D.S.); (N.V.A.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.N.U.); (S.E.P.); Tel.: +7-(495)-143-7741 (S.E.P.); Fax: +7-(4967)-33-05-22 (S.E.P.)
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR. Novel archetype in psoriasis management bridging molecular dynamics in exploring novel therapies. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174254. [PMID: 34118225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory condition of skin affecting 125 million populaces around the globe. It is implicated as a result of multifaceted phenomena involving various cell and subcell activities with the aid of numerous cellular and molecular components including signaling aisle and regulatory proteins owing to the development of such hyperproliferative dermatological conditions. This involves a deeply complex and conflicting pathology owing to genetic and immunological deviations resulting from the unusual presentation of different signaling pathways and regulatory proteins. Explorations of these biomarkers and intervention of molecular and cellular processes in psoriasis are yet to be investigated and could be an exceptional aspect for understanding pathology with successful targeting of disease. In the presented study, we have integrated molecular insights, including signaling molecules, pathways, and proteins implicated in pathogenesis, and we have attempted to link this knowledge to the targeting of these phenomena in order to manage the conditions precisely. Further, therapeutic delivery approaches for targeting distinct layers of skin have also been investigated based on the application of different nanocarriers for successful psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yadav
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India.
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Badran AY, Gomaa AS, El-Mahdy RI, El Zohne RA, Kamal DT, Abou-Taleb DAE. Serum level of S100B in vitiligo patients: Is it a marker of disease activity? Australas J Dermatol 2020; 62:e67-e72. [PMID: 32951206 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentary skin disorder, characterised clinically by the development of white macules and or patches caused by loss of epidermal melanocytes. S100B is a dual function protein released from epidermal melanocytes in response to injury. It considered a possible marker of disease activity in both malignant melanoma and vitiligo. AIM OF THE STUDY To estimate the serum level of S100B level in vitiligo patients and correlate its level with disease activity and various disease parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty vitiligo patients and 60 healthy volunteers as controls were included in the study. Vitiligo Area Severity Index (VASI) and Vitiligo Disease Activity (VIDA) scores were estimated for each patient. Quantitative assessment of S100B level using ELISA technique was done for all participants. RESULTS S100B level was significantly correlated with the presence of vitiligo (P = 0.01), while it showed no correlation with the disease activity using VASI or VIDA scores. As regards the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of S100B for diagnosis and discrimination of vitiligo, serum S100B showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.781 with 73.3% sensitivity and 80% specificity. CONCLUSION The serum level of S100B was related to the presence of vitiligo, but its level did not show any relation to the disease activity using either VASI and VIDA scores or various disease parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Y Badran
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shawky Gomaa
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Reham I El-Mahdy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Randa Ahmed El Zohne
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Dalia Tarik Kamal
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Doaa A E Abou-Taleb
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Yadav K, Singh D, Singh MR. Protein biomarker for psoriasis: A systematic review on their role in the pathomechanism, diagnosis, potential targets and treatment of psoriasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1796-1810. [PMID: 30017989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is defined as a long-lasting multifactorial inflammatory autoimmune skin condition precisely characterized by delimited, erythematic papules with adherent shiny scales. The conditions are led by hyperproliferative responses of epidermis due to hyperactivation and immature keratinocytes production. The psoriatic skin consists of the thickened epidermal layer, in concurrence with inflammatory exudates in the dermis mainly of dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages, contributing to the distinct manifestation of psoriatic lesions. It consents to multifaceted and discrete pathology due to the genetic and immunological alteration resulting from abnormal expression of various regulatory and structural proteins. These proteins are associated with various cellular and sub-cellular activities. Therefore, the presence of protein in a pathological cellular environment in the psoriatic lesions as well as in serum could be a great avenue for the insight of pathomechanism, anticipation and diagnosis of psoriasis. Research of protein biomarker in psoriasis is yet a developing realm to be explored by both fundamental and clinical researchers. This review is an attempt to assimilate the current discoveries and revelations of different proteins as a biomarker and their importance in pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and anticipation of both the inflammatory and other dermatological aspects of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yadav
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India; National Centre for Natural Resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India; National Centre for Natural Resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.
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