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Liu SM, Liu CY, Chen ZL, Fang Y, Jiao FZ, Zhang LH, Zhang TT, Zhao P. Preparation of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata Polysaccharide Iron(III) Complex and Evaluation of Its Biological Activity. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202302059. [PMID: 38736027 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202302059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This study extracted and purified a polysaccharide from Rehmanniae radix praeparata (RGP) with an average molecular weight. The structural characteristics of RGP and its iron (III) complex, RGP-Fe(III), were examined for their antioxidant properties and potential in treating iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Analysis revealed that RGP comprised Man, Rha, Gal, and Xyl, with a sugar residue skeleton featuring 1→3; 1→2, 3; and 1→2, 3, 4 linkages, among others. RGP-Fe(III) had a molecular weight of 4.39×104 Da. Notably, RGP-Fe(III) exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to RGP alone. In IDA rat models, treatment with RGP-Fe(III) led to increased weight gain, restoration of key blood parameters including hemoglobin, red blood cells, and mean hemoglobin content, elevated serum iron levels, and decreased total iron-binding capacity. Histological examination revealed no observable toxic effects of RGP-Fe(III) on the liver and spleen. These findings suggest the potential of RGP-Fe(III) as a therapeutic agent for managing IDA and highlight its promising antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Mei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian, 712046
| | - Chong-Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian, 712046
| | - Zi-Long Chen
- Food and Drug Control Center of Weinan Institute of Inspection and Research in Shaanxi Province, Weinan, Shaanxi, 714000
| | - Yan Fang
- School of Pharmacy, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian, 712046
| | | | - Li-Hua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian, 712046
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian, 712046
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian, 712046
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Qiao R, Guo J, Zhang C, Wang S, Fang J, Geng R, Kang SG, Huang K, Tong T. Diabetes-induced muscle wasting: molecular mechanisms and promising therapeutic targets. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39049742 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2382348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes has become a serious public health crisis, presenting significant challenges to individuals worldwide. As the largest organ in the human body, skeletal muscle is a significant target of this chronic disease, yet muscle wasting as a complication of diabetes is still not fully understood and effective treatment methods have yet to be developed. Here, we discuss the targets involved in inducing muscle wasting under diabetic conditions, both validated targets and emerging targets. Diabetes-induced skeletal muscle wasting is known to involve changes in various signaling molecules and pathways, such as protein degradation pathways, protein synthesis pathways, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress inflammation. Recent studies have shown that some of these present potential as promising therapeutic targets, including the neuregulin 1/epidermal growth factor receptor family, advanced glycation end-products, irisin, ferroptosis, growth differentiation factor 15 and more. This study's investigation and discussion of such pathways and their potential applications provides a theoretical basis for the development of clinical treatments for diabetes-induced muscle wasting and a foundation for continued focus on this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jingya Guo
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Chengmei Zhang
- Guizhou Academy of Testing and Analysis, Guiyang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Sirui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixuan Geng
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Seong-Gook Kang
- Department of Food Engineering and Solar Salt Research Center, Mokpo National University, Muangun, Republic of Korea
| | - Kunlun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Organism (Food Safety), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, The People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Yu L, Zhu T, Xu S, He J, Mao N, Liu Z, Wang D. Neuroprotective effects of Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide on chronic constant light (CCL)-induced oxidative stress and autophagic cell death via the AKT/mTOR pathway in mouse hippocampus and HT-22 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129813. [PMID: 38286367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) has been reported to exhibit anti-anxiety effects, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Chronic constant light (CCL) induced cognitive dysfunction associated with oxidative stress in mice has been reported. Here, the neuroprotective effect of RGP on hippocampal neuron damage in CCL-treated mice was investigated. In vivo study, mice were subjected to CCL for 4 weeks and/or oral administration of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg RGP every other day. In vitro experiment, hippocampal neuron cells (HT-22) was exposed to LED light and/or supplemented with 62.5, 125 and 250 μg/mL RGP. Mice exposed to CCL showed impaired cognitive and depressive-like behavior in the hippocampus, which were reversed by RGP. Meanwhile, RGP reversed light-induced oxidative stress and autophagy both in mice and hippocampal neuron cells (HT-22). Furthermore, compared with Light-exposed group, RGP treatment activated the AKT/mTOR pathway. Importantly, the AKT inhibitor Perifosine significantly weakened the neuroprotective of RGP on Light-induced oxidative stress and autophagy in HT-22 cells by inhibiting AKT/mTOR pathway and increasing the content of autophagy-related protein. Our data demonstrated, for the first time, that oxidative stress and the AKT/mTOR pathway plays a critical role in Light-induced apoptosis and autophagic cell death in mice and HT-22 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lin Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jin He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ningning Mao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health & Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Qiao X, Li X, Wang Z, Feng Y, Wei X, Li L, Pan Y, Zhang K, Zhou R, Yan L, Li P, Xu C, Lv Z, Tian Z. Gut microbial community and fecal metabolomic signatures in different types of osteoporosis animal models. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:1192-1217. [PMID: 38284894 PMCID: PMC10866450 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota (GM) constitutes a critical factor in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Numerous studies have empirically demonstrated that the GM is closely associated with the onset and progression of osteoporosis (OP). Nevertheless, the characteristics of the GM and its metabolites related to different forms of OP are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the changes in the GM and its metabolites associated with various types of OP as well as the correlations among them. METHODS We simultaneously established rat postmenopausal, disuse-induced, and glucocorticoid-induced OP models. We used micro-CT and histological analyses to observe bone microstructure, three-point bending tests to measure bone strength, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the biochemical markers of bone turnover in the three rat OP models and the control. We applied 16s rDNA to analyze GM abundance and employed untargeted metabolomics to identify fecal metabolites in all four treatment groups. We implemented multi-omics methods to explore the relationships among OP, the GM, and its metabolites. RESULTS The 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that both the abundance and alterations of the GM significantly differed among the OP groups. In the postmenopausal OP model, the bacterial genera g__Bacteroidetes_unclassified, g__Firmicutes_unclassified, and g__Eggerthella had changed. In the disuse-induced and glucocorticoid-induced OP models, g__Akkermansia and g__Rothia changed, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics disclosed that the GM-derived metabolites significantly differed among the OP types. However, a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that it was mainly metabolites implicated in lipid and amino acid metabolism that were altered in all cases. An association analysis indicated that the histidine metabolism intermediate 4-(β-acetylaminoethyl) imidazole was common to all OP forms and was strongly correlated with all bone metabolism-related bacterial genera. Hence, 4-(β-acetylaminoethyl) imidazole might play a vital role in OP onset and progression. CONCLUSIONS The present work revealed the alterations in the GM and its metabolites that are associated with OP. It also disclosed the changes in the GM that are characteristic of each type of OP. Future research should endeavor to determine the causal and regulatory effects of the GM and the metabolites typical of each form of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Qiao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jinzhong Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030013, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lu Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Third People’s Hospital of Datong City, Datong 037006, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Ruhao Zhou
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yan
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Pengcui Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Chaojian Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Tian
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, P.R. China
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Karimi SM, Bayat M, Rahimi R. Plant-derived natural medicines for the management of osteoporosis: A comprehensive review of clinical trials. J Tradit Complement Med 2024; 14:1-18. [PMID: 38223808 PMCID: PMC10785263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis is a chronic and systemic skeletal disease that is defined by low bone mineral density (BMD) along with an increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. This study aimed to overview clinical evidence on the use of herbal medicine for management of osteoporosis. Methods Electronic databases including Pubmed, Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus were searched until November 2022 for any clinical studies on the efficacy and/or safety of plant-derived medicines in the management of osteoporosis. Results The search yielded 57 results: 19 on single herbs, 16 on multi-component herbal preparations, and 22 on plant-derived secondary metabolites. Risk of fracture, bone alkaline phosphatase, BMD, and specific bone biomarkers are investigated outcomes in these studies. Medicinal plants including Acanthopanax senticosus, Actaea racemosa, Allium cepa, Asparagus racemosus, Camellia sinensis, Cissus quadrangularis, Cornus mas, Nigella sativa, Olea europaea, Opuntia ficus-indica, Pinus pinaster, Trifolium pretense and phytochemicals including isoflavones, ginsenoside, Epimedium prenyl flavonoids, tocotrienols are among plant-derived medicines clinically investigated on osteoporosis. It seems that multi-component herbal preparations were more effective than single-component ones; because of the synergistic effects of their constituents. The investigated herbal medicines demonstrated their promising results in osteoporosis via targeting different pathways in bone metabolism, including balancing osteoblasts and osteoclasts, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and estrogen-like functions. Conclusion It seems that plant-derived medicines have beneficial effects on bone and may manage osteoporosis by affecting different targets and pathways involved in osteoporosis; However, Future studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of these preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Mahnaz Karimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bayat
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Jia J, Chen J, Wang G, Li M, Zheng Q, Li D. Progress of research into the pharmacological effect and clinical application of the traditional Chinese medicine Rehmanniae Radix. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115809. [PMID: 37907043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Rehmanniae Radix (RR) refers to the fresh or dried root tuber of the plant Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch of the family Scrophulariaceae. As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), it possesses multiple effects, including analgesia, sedation, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, anti-tumor, immunomodulation, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulation, and nerve damage repair, and it has been widely used in clinical practice. In recent years, scientists have extensively studied the active components and pharmacological effects of RR. Active ingredients mainly include iridoid glycosides (such as catalpol and aucuboside), phenylpropanoid glycosides (such as acteoside), other saccharides, and unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, the Chinese patent medicine (CPM) and Chinese decoction related to RR have also become major research subjects for TCM practitioners; one example is the Bolus of Six Drugs, which includes Rehmannia, Lily Bulb and Rehmannia Decoction, and Siwu Decoction. This article reviews recent literature on RR; summarizes the studies on its chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications; and analyzes the progress and limitations of current investigations to provide reference for further exploration and development of RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Jia
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Minjing Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003 Xinjiang, PR China.
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003 Xinjiang, PR China.
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Li W, Ye B, Huang Z, Zhou H, Feng J, Chen Q, Huang H, Meng S, Qie F, Shi X. Effects of kidney tonic herbs for primary osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35061. [PMID: 37904381 PMCID: PMC10615445 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary osteoporosis (POP) is one of the most common orthopedic conditions with a high risk of fractures. Effective treatment of POP is crucial for reducing disability rates and improving quality of life. Kidney tonic therapy is a classical traditional Chinese medicine approach for treating POP. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and reliable assessment of the clinical evidence of kidney tonic herbs (KTH) in treating POP patients. METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted in 8 electronic databases from their inception through September 30, 2022, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of KTH for POP. We included 43 randomized controlled trials with 4349 participants. The qualified studies will be chosen and evaluated separately by 2 researchers. The primary outcome measure was bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar. RevMan 5.3 and Stata 16 were used to carry out the meta-analyses. RESULTS Our meta-analysis showed 29 studies with significantly increased lumbar BMD (mean difference [MD] = 0.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]; I2 = 98%, P = .003), 18 studies with noticeably higher femoral neck BMD (MD = 0.08; 95% CI; I2 = 98%, P = .0005), 6 studies with significantly increased femoral trochanter BMD (MD = 0.10; 95% CI; I2 = 97%, P = .002), 4 studies with noticeably higher ward's triangle BMD (MD = 0.13; 95% CI; I2 = 100%, P = .04), and 3 studies with noticeably higher distal radius BMD (MD = 0.06; 95% CI; I2 = 86%, P = .009). One study showed 12 falls and 8 fallers in the intervention group, 28 falls and 17 fallers in the control group at 36 months. 3 studies showed a significant difference in fracture incidence between the intervention group and the control group (95% CI: 0.15-0.81; I2 = 0%, P = .01). Additionally, the meta-analysis demonstrated that KTH offered superior pain relief (8 trials, n = 980; 95% CI: -1.05 to -0.74; I2 = 94%, P < .00001). Besides, KTH found no serious harmful effects. DISCUSSION KTH may increase BMD and decrease the likelihood of fractures in POP patients. However, further research is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of KTH in reducing falls and fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baisheng Ye
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai Huang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shilong Meng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaolin Shi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Lv H, Jia H, Cai W, Cao R, Xue C, Dong N. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharides attenuates colitis via reshaping gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid production. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3926-3938. [PMID: 36347632 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis is a gastrointestinal disease closely related to intestinal epithelial barrier damage and intestinal microbiome imbalance; however, effective treatment methods are currently limited. Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide (RGP) is an important active ingredient with a wide range of pharmacological activities, although its protective effect on colitis remains to be explored. In the present study, we verified the in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of RGP, and observed the ameliorating effect of RGP on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. RESULTS The results showed that (i) RGP attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced overexpression of inflammatory factors in RAW264.7 cells; (ii) RGP improves the pathological damage caused by DSS, including weight loss, increased disease activity index and intestinal tissue ulcers; (iii) RGP improves tight junction proteins to protects the tightness of the intestinal epithelium; (iv) RGP inhibits the expression of inflammatory factors through the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway, and improved the of intestinal tissues inflammation; and (v) RGP can maintain the species diversity of intestinal microbes, increase the content of short-chain fatty acids and then restore the imbalance of intestinal microecology. CONCLUSION RGP can improve the intestinal microbiota to strengthen the intestinal epithelial barrier and protect against DSS-induced colitis. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lv
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongpeng Jia
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjie Cai
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Rujing Cao
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenyu Xue
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Dong
- The Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Immunity, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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9
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Tian M, Yang A, Lu Q, Zhang X, Liu G, Liu G. Study on the mechanism of Baihe Dihuang decoction in treating menopausal syndrome based on network pharmacology. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e33189. [PMID: 37335709 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000033189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopausal syndrome (MS) refers to a series of symptoms with autonomic nervous system dysfunction caused by decreased sex hormones before and after menopause. Baihe Dihuang (BHDH) decoction positively affects MS, but its mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to reveal the underlying mechanism through network pharmacology. The components of the BHDH Decoction were found through HERB, while corresponding targets were obtained from the HERB, Drug Bank, NPASS, Targetnet, and Swisstarget databases. The MS targets were obtained from GeneCards and OMIM. STRING was used to construct the protein-protein interaction networks. OmicShare tools were used for Gene Ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses. Finally, Autodock Vina 1.1.2 software (https://vina.scripps.edu/downloads/) was used for molecular alignment to verify whether the main active ingredients and key targets had good binding activity. We screened out 27 active ingredients and 251 effective targets of BHDH Decoction, 3405 MS-related targets, and 133 intersection targets between BHDH Decoction and MS. Protein-protein interaction network identified tumor protein P53, Serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT, epidermal growth factor receptor, Estrogen Receptor 1, and jun proto-oncogene as critical targets. Gene ontology analysis showed that these targets were mainly involved in the cellular response to chemical stimulus, response to oxygen-containing compound, cellular response to endogenous stimulus, response to an organic substance, and response to chemical, etc. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways were mainly enriched in endocrine resistance, pathways in cancer, and the ErbB signaling pathway, etc. Molecular docking results showed that emodin and stigmasterol are strongly associated with Serine/threonine-protein kinase AKT, Estrogen Receptor 1, epidermal growth factor receptor, sarcoma gene, and tumor protein P53. This study preliminarily revealed the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-channel mechanism of BHDH Decoction in treating MS. It provides a reference for in vitro and in vivo research and clinical application of BHDH Decoction in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Tian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Anming Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qinwei Lu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Bian Z, Zhang R, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xu L, Zhu L, Ma Y, Liu Y. Extraction, structure and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Rehmannia glutinosa: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 305:116132. [PMID: 36634722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (RG) is a widely used herb for clearing heat and cooling the blood. Polysaccharides from Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (RGPs) have a variety of biological activities, including antioxidation, hypoglycemia, immune enhancement, hematopoiesis promotion, and antianxiety. AIM OF THE STUDY This review provides up-to-date and comprehensive information on the extraction and separation methods, structural characteristics, and pharmacological activities of RGPs. A more in-depth study on the structure and clinical pharmacology of the RGPs was investigated. To further explore the pharmacological effects of RGPS, and lay a foundation for the safe clinical application and expansion of application scope. MATERIALS AND METHODS Use Google Scholar, Scifinder, PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, Web of Science and other online database search to collect the literature on extraction, separation, structural analysis and pharmacological activity of RGPs published before December 2022. The key words are "extraction", "isolation", "purification" and "pharmacological action" and "Rehmanniae polysaccharide". RESULTS Rehmannia glutinosa has been widely used in the treatment of diabetes since ancient times, and is known as one of the "Four Sacred Medicines" for the treatment of diabetes, along with Ginseng, Psidium Guajava and Pueraria Mirifica. The active ingredients of Rehmannia glutinosa that have been studied more in the treatment of diabetes are Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide and Rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharide. The content of polysaccharides varies due to different extraction methods, and separation and purification methods. RGPs have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective effect, hypoglycemic activity, cardioprotective and antioxidant activities. These pharmacological properties lay a foundation for the treatment of tumors, inflammation, hyperglycemia, myocardial ischemia, oxidative stress and other diseases with RGPs. CONCLUSION Based on its effects of promoting hematopoiesis, antitumor and enhancing immunity, RGPs have been clinically applied in the treatment of chronic aplastic anemia and esophageal cancer, but other effects of RGPs have not been reflected in the clinical practice. In the future, more in-depth research can be conducted on the molecular structure analysis, toxicity, side effects and clinical pharmacological effects of RGPs to further explore the pharmacological effects of RGPs and to lay the foundation for safe clinical application and expansion of application scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Bian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Lingchuan Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Fungi and Resource Development in Shandong Province, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Lihao Zhu
- Sishui Siheyuan Culture and Tourism Development Company, Ltd, Sisui, 273200, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Qiao X, Zhang K, Li X, Lv Z, Wei W, Zhou R, Yan L, Pan Y, Yang S, Sun X, Li P, Xu C, Feng Y, Tian Z. Gut microbiota and fecal metabolic signatures in rat models of disuse-induced osteoporosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1018897. [PMID: 36590590 PMCID: PMC9798431 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1018897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing the correlation between gut microbiota (GM) and bone homeostasis has increasingly attracted research interest. Meanwhile, GM dysbiosis has been found to be associated with abnormal bone metabolism. However, the function of GM in disuse-induced osteoporosis (DIO) remains poorly understood. In our research, we evaluated the characteristics of GM and fecal metabolomics to explore their potential correlations with DIO pathogenesis. Methods DIO rat models and controls (CON) underwent micro-CT, histological analyses, and three-point bending tests; subsequently, bone microstructures and strength were observed. ELISAs were applied for the measurement of the biochemical markers of bone turnover while GM abundance was observed using 16S rDNA sequencing. Metabolomic analyses were used to analyze alterations fecal metabolites. The potential correlations between GM, metabolites, and bone loss were then assessed. Results In the DIO group, the abundance of GM was significantly altered compared to that in the CON group. Moreover, DIO significantly altered fecal metabolites. More specifically, an abnormally active pathway associated with bile acid metabolism, as well as differential bacterial genera related to bone/tissue volume (BV/TV), were identified. Lithocholic acid, which is the main secondary bile acid produced by intestinal bacteria, was then found to have a relationship with multiple differential bacterial genera. Alterations in the intestinal flora and metabolites in feces, therefore, may be responsible for DIO-induced bone loss. Conclusions The results indicated that changes in the abundance of GM abundance and fecal metabolites were correlated with DIO-induced bone loss, which might provide new insights into the DIO pathogenesis. The detailed regulatory role of GM and metabolites in DIO-induced bone loss needs to be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Qiao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, JinZhong Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital, Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenhao Wei
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ruhao Zhou
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yongchun Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Third People’s Hospital of Datong City, Datong, Shanxi, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second People’s Hospital of Changzhi, Changzhi, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaojuan Sun
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Pengcui Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chaojian Xu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhi Tian
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Key laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Wang R, Shan H, Zhang G, Li Q, Wang J, Yan Q, Li E, Diao Y, Wei L. An inulin-type fructan (AMP1-1) from Atractylodes macrocephala with anti-weightlessness bone loss activity. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RRP) improves pain sensitization and suppresses PI3K/Akt/TRPV1 signaling pathway in estrogen deficient rats. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Li M, Jiang H, Hao Y, Du K, Du H, Ma C, Tu H, He Y. A systematic review on botany, processing, application, phytochemistry and pharmacological action of Radix Rehmnniae. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114820. [PMID: 34767834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Rehmanniae (RR) is the tuber root of Rehmannia glutionsa Libosch, which was firstly recorded in Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica (⟪⟫). RR is a non-toxic and wide used traditional Chinese medicine. RR has the effect of clearing heat, generating essence, cooling blood, stopping bleeding, nourishing yin and blood, and filling marrow. It is used in clinic in the form of processed decoction pieces, including Dry Radix Rehmnniae (DRR) and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata (RRP). The application of RR in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions can treat various diseases, such as anemia, irregular menstruation, deficiency of liver yin, renal failure and so on. AIM OF REVIEW This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and productive review of RR, which mainly contains botanical characteristics, processing methods, traditional application, chemical composition, quality control and pharmacological action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search was conducted through the Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang DATA using the keywords "Radix Rehmnniae", "Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata", "processing", "clinical application", "chemical composition", "quality control", and "pharmacological action". In addition, information was collected from relevant textbooks, reviews, and documents. RESULTS RR is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with clinical value and rich resources. More than 100 components have been isolated and identified from RR. It has multiple pharmacological actions, such as hemostasis, antioxidation, anti-osteoporosis, lowering blood sugar, improving renal function, anti-inflammation, protecting neuronal function, antidepression and anti-anxiety. DRR and RRP are two different processed products of RR. After processing, there are great changes in property, taste, efficacy, clinical application, chemical composition and pharmacological action. At present, identifying chemical constituents of RR and its medicinal value has been deeply studied. However, there is a lack of research on the reasons for the differences in pharmacological effects between DRR and RRP. The reasons for these differences need to be further verified. Catalpol, the active component of RR, has been studied extensively in the literature, but the pharmacological effects of catalpol cannot represent the pharmacological effects of the whole RR. In the future, effective components such as rehmannioside D, polysaccharide, total glycosides, and effective parts in RR need to be further studied and developed. The pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of RR need to be further discussed. The scientific connotation and processing methods of RRP need to be studied and standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Huajuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yule Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Kequn Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Hongling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Chuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - He Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Orthopedic Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources; Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Guizhou Yibai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Guiyang, 550008, China.
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