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Fang Y, Liu T, Hou H, Wang Z, Shan Z, Cao Y, Teng X. Resistance to thyroid hormone beta coexisting with papillary thyroid carcinoma—two case reports of a thyroid hormone receptor beta gene mutation and a literature review. Front Genet 2022; 13:1014323. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1014323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical AbstractWhole exome sequencing.
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Soares P, Póvoa AA, Melo M, Vinagre J, Máximo V, Eloy C, Cameselle-Teijeiro JM, Sobrinho-Simões M. Molecular Pathology of Non-familial Follicular Epithelial-Derived Thyroid Cancer in Adults: From RAS/BRAF-like Tumor Designations to Molecular Risk Stratification. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:44-62. [PMID: 33651322 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-021-09666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the impact of molecular alterations on the diagnosis and prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), including papillary, follicular, and well-differentiated carcinoma NOS, as well as oncocytic neoplasms. The molecular characterization of DTC is based upon the well-established dichotomy of BRAF-like and RAS-like designations, together with a remaining third group, less homogeneous, composed of non-BRAF-/non-RAS-like tumors. The role of BRAF V600E mutation in risk stratification is discussed in the clinico-pathological context, namely, staging and invasive features of classic papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and histopathological variants carrying an excellent prognosis (microPTC) or a guarded prognosis, including the aggressive variants tall cell and hobnail cell PTCs. In follicular patterned tumors, namely, follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), with or without oncocytic features, the most prevalent molecular alteration are RAS mutations that do not carry prognostic significance. The only genetic alteration that has been proven to play a role in risk stratification of PTC and FTC is TERT promoter (TERTp) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soares
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal.
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, 4200-139, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Antónia Afonso Póvoa
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, 4200-139, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho (CHVNG/E), 4400-129, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Miguel Melo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, 4200-139, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Vinagre
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, 4200-139, Porto, Portugal
| | - Valdemar Máximo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, 4200-139, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Eloy
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Cameselle-Teijeiro
- Department of Pathology, Clinical University Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Galician Healthcare Service (SERGAS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
- IPATIMUP - Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4250-475, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Do Porto, 4200-139, Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar E Universitário São João, 4200-139, Porto, Portugal
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Liu B, Chen Y, Li S, Xu Y, Wang Y. Relationship between urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma and nodular goiter: A case-control study in non-occupational populations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116158. [PMID: 33310200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been linked to the development of certain diseases. However, the relationship between PAH exposure and thyroid disorders remains unknown. We measured 10 of the most common hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in the urine of thyroid nodular goiter (NG) patients, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients, and healthy controls by gas chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). We found that the concentrations of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-FLU), 2-hydroxydibenzofuran (2-OH-DBF), and 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-PHE) in the NG group, and of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OH-NAP), 2-OH-DBF, and 1-OH-PHE in the PTC group were significantly higher than those in controls. In addition, participants in the high tertiles of 2-OH-FLU and 1-OH-PHE had higher risk of NG. Besides these two OH-PAHs, elevated risk of NG was observed in women in the high tertiles of 1-hydroxynaphthalene (1-OH-NAP), 2-OH-NAP, 2-OH-DBF, and 3-hydroxyfluorene (3-OH-FLU). Furthermore, participants in the high tertiles of seven OH-PAHs, namely, 1-OH-NAP, 2-OH-NAP, 2-OH-DBF, 2-OH-FLU, 3-OH-FLU, 3/9-hydroxyphenanthrene (3/9-OH-PHE), and 1-OH-PHE, had elevated risk of PTC, and females in these high tertiles had an even higher risk of PTC. Our findings suggest that PAH exposure may increase the risk of NG/PTC, and there may be a gender-specific effect of PAH exposure on the development of NG/PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boying Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyao Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang J, Wang H, Lv C, Han J, Hao M, Li J, Qiao H. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein affects the biological behavior of papillary thyroid carcinoma cells by activating the PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 pathway. J Cancer 2021; 12:1623-1633. [PMID: 33613749 PMCID: PMC7890313 DOI: 10.7150/jca.49144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the effect of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) on papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods: COMP expression levels in PTC tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues were measured using tissue microarrays. Human PTC cells were cultured and transduced with lentiviral short hairpin RNA against COMP (COMP-shRNA), a negative control (NC) shRNA, or mock transfected (Control). We used the Cell Counting Kit-8, performed colony formation assays, wound healing assays, Transwell invasion assays, flow cytometry, and measured the expression of apoptosis-related proteins at the mRNA and protein levels to explore the effects of COMP on the biological behavior of PTC cells and to discover the specific signaling pathway involved in these processes. Results: COMP expression was significantly higher in PTC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. At the cellular level, COMP promoted cell migration, increased the invasiveness of PTC cells, and inhibited apoptosis. However, differences in cell proliferation were only observed within 72 hours. At the same time, colony formation assays showed that silencing COMP inhibited the proliferation of PTC cells. We also found that COMP regulated the behavior of PTC cells by activating the PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2 pathway. Conclusions: COMP is upregulated in PTC, which enhances cancer cell invasion and inhibits apoptosis, contributing to the development and progression of PTC. Thus, COMP may serve as a new biomarker for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Chunpeng Lv
- Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mingyu Hao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Al-Salam S, Sharma C, Afandi B, Al Dahmani K, Al-Zahrani AS, Al Shamsi A, Al Kaabi J. BRAF and KRAS mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma in the United Arab Emirates. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231341. [PMID: 32315324 PMCID: PMC7173769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common malignant thyroid neoplasm comprising 80–90% of all thyroid malignancies. Molecular changes in thyroid follicular cells are likely associated with the development of PTC. Mutations in serine/threonine-protein kinase (BRAF) and Rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS) are commonly seen in PTC. Methods In total, 90 cases of PTC are randomly selected from archive paraffin blocks and 10μm sections were cut and processed for DNA extraction. BRAFV600E mutation and 8 types of KRAS mutations were investigated using Real Time PCR. Results BRAFV600E mutation was identified in 46% of PTC while KRAS mutations were seen in 11% of PTC. There was significant correlation between BRAFV600E mutation and PTC larger than 5cm in diameter, positive surgical margin and lymph node metastasis. BRAFV600E mutation was significantly higher in patients with less than 55-year of age than those more than 55-year of age. BRAFV600E mutation was significantly higher in patients with family history of thyroid cancer than those without. There was no significant difference in BRAFV600E mutation between males and females, PTC classic and follicular variants, unifocal and multifocal PTC. There was a significant higher percentage of BRAFV600E mutation in classic PTC than papillary microcarcinoma variant. There was no significant age, gender, histologic type, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor focality, and surgical margin status differences between KRAS mutated and non-mutated PTC. Conclusion BRAFV600E and KRAS mutation are seen in a significant number of PTC in the UAE. BRAF mutation is significantly correlated with large tumor size, positive surgical margins and lymph node metastasis suggesting an association between BRAFV600E mutation and tumor growth and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Al-Salam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bachar Afandi
- Endocrine Division, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ali S. Al-Zahrani
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Division, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al Shamsi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Juma Al Kaabi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
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Li W, Li F, Lei W, Tao Z. TRIM30 modulates Interleukin-22-regulated papillary thyroid Cancer cell migration and invasion by targeting Sox17 for K48-linked Polyubiquitination. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:162. [PMID: 31823782 PMCID: PMC6902597 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-22 (IL-22) belongs to the IL-10 cytokine family and is mainly produced by activated Th1 cells. Although IL-22 expression is reported to be elevated in many cancers, and increased IL-22 expression correlates with tumor progression and poor prognosis, little is known about the role of IL-22 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). We previously demonstrated that IL-22 promotes PTC cell migration and invasion through the microRNA-595/Sox17 axis. METHODS We used qRT-PCR and western blot to determine TRIM30, Sox17 and β-catenin expression in PTC cells. Knockdown and overexpression were performed to detect the role of TRIM30/Sox17/β-catenin axis on the migration and invasion PTC cells. Co-IP were used to determine the interaction between TRIM30 and Sox17. FINDINGS In this study, we demonstrated that IL-22 triggered tripartite-motif protein 30 (TRIM30) association with Sox17, thereby mediating K48-linked polyubiquitination of Sox17. We then demonstrated that TRIM30 was a positive regulator of IL-22-regulated migration and invasion of PTC cells. We also found that IL-22 induced the transcriptional activity of β-catenin and translocation of β-catenin from cytosol to the nucleus. Upon investigating the mechanisms behind this event, we found that IL-22 disrupted Sox17/β-catenin interactions by inducing TRIM30/Sox17 interactions, leading to promotion of β-catenin-dependent signaling. The analysis of hundreds of clinical specimens revealed that IL-22, TRIM30 and β-catenin levels were upregulated in PTC tissues compared with normal thyroid, and that their expression levels were closely correlated. Taken together, under the influence of IL-22, by sequestration of Sox17, TRIM30 promotes β-catenin-dependent signaling that promotes PTC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei Province the, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen Li
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei Province the, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Lei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei Province the, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zezhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Remin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei Province the, People’s Republic of China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei Province the, People’s Republic of China
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Xanthohumol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human thyroid cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:450-457. [PMID: 30240731 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The cell growth inhibitory potential of xanthohumol (XN), a natural prenylflavonoid present in hops and beer, on human papillary thyroid cancer cells is reported. We demonstrate that XN decreases the proliferation of TPC-1 cancer cells in a dose and time dependent manners. At low concentration (10 μM) XN was shown to significantly inhibit carcinogenesis by a mechanism that stops or slows down cell division, preserving the viability of the cells. At higher concentration (100 μM) a decrease of cell viability was observed by induction of apoptosis. As evidenced, XN induced DNA fragmentation in TPC-1 cells and promoted cell cycle arrest, which decreased the percentage of cells in G1 phase and increased in S phase after 72 h of treatment. Furthermore, XN exposure triggered an increase in caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity, supporting its role in the activation of apoptosis. Cell-free studies demonstrated that high concentrations of XN are responsible for an increase of free radicals generated in a Fenton system which may mediate apoptosis through a pro-oxidant pathway. Altogether, our data show that XN induces the apoptosis of TPC-1 cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting XN to be a promising candidate for thyroid cancer therapy.
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Cancer molecular markers: A guide to cancer detection and management. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:39-55. [PMID: 29428478 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is generally caused by the molecular alterations which lead to specific mutations. Advances in molecular biology have provided an impetus to the study of cancers with valuable prognostic and predictive significance. Over the hindsight various attempts have been undertaken by scientists worldwide, in the management of cancer; where, we have witnessed a number of molecular markers which allow the early detection of cancers and lead to a decrease in its mortality rate. Recent advances in oncology have led to the discovery of cancer markers that has allowed early detection and targeted therapy of tumors. In this context, current review provides a detail outlook on various molecular markers for diagnosis, prognosis and management of therapeutic response in cancer patients.
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Xing W, Liu X, He Q, Zhang Z, Jiang Z. BRAF V600E mutation contributes papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto thyroiditis with resistance to thyroid hormone: A case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2903-2911. [PMID: 28928829 PMCID: PMC5588167 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare autosomal hereditary disorder characterized by increased serum thyroid hormone (TH) levels with unsuppressed or increased thyrotropin concentration. It remains unknown whether the coexistence of RTH with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is incidental or whether it possesses a genetic or pathophysiological association. In the present study, a case of RTH with PTC and HT in an 11-year-old Chinese patient was examined and the clinical presentation of RTH with PTC was discussed. In addition, the possible associations between RTH, PTC and HT were determined. HT was confirmed in the patient using an autoimmune assay and thyroid ultrasound. RTH was diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations, laboratory information and gene analysis, and PTC was diagnosed according to histological results. Results of BRAFV600E mutation analysis were positive. A literature review of 14 cases of RTH with PTC was included for comparison. The present case report indicates an association of RTH with PTC and HT coexistence in the patient. Close follow-up, histological evaluation and BRAFV600E mutation detection should be performed in each RTH case with HT, since a persistent increase in TSH may be a risk factor for the development of thyroid neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjia Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing He
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Zongjing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoshun Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
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EWSR1 rearrangement is a frequent event in papillary thyroid carcinoma and in carcinoma of the thyroid with Ewing family tumor elements (CEFTE). Virchows Arch 2017; 470:517-525. [PMID: 28236059 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2095-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomas of the thyroid with Ewing family tumor element (CEFTEs) are small-cell thyroid tumors with epithelial differentiation that disclose p63 expression and EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement, carry a favorable prognosis and may co-exist with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) foci. Two histogenetic hypotheses have been advanced regarding the origin of CEFTEs: arising in PTCs or in solid cell nests (SCN). A total of 3 CEFTEs, 54 PTCs, and 10 SCNs were reviewed, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique was performed in all cases to search for the presence of EWSR1 rearrangements. The three CEFTEs disclosed the EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement both in the small cell and in the PTC component. Out of the 54 PTC cases, 28 (51.9%) were positive, 20 (37.0%) were negative, and 6 (11.1%) were inconclusive for EWSR1 rearrangement; in two of the positive PTC cases, the EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement was detected. Classic PTC disclosed more often the EWSR1 rearrangement than other PTC variants (p = 0.031). PTCs with EWSR1 rearrangement disclosed a lower percentage of nuclei with EWSR1 polysomy than those without EWSR1 rearrangement (p = 0.001). Out of the 10 SCNs, 7 (70.0%) were negative and 3 (30.0%) were inconclusive for the EWSR1 rearrangement. Monosomic nuclei were more frequent (mean of 44.3%) in SCNs than in PTCs (p < 0.001). The presence of the EWSR1-FLI1 rearrangement in PTC component of all studied CEFTEs and the existence of the EWSR1 rearrangement in some PTCs favor the origin of CEFTE from PTC. The high frequency of EWSR1 rearrangements in PTC may represent a new diagnostic marker of these tumors.
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Follicular cell thyroid neoplasia: insights from genomics and The Cancer Genome Atlas research network. Curr Opin Oncol 2016; 28:1-4. [PMID: 26569424 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review is focused on the recently published study on the genomics of papillary thyroid carcinoma performed by The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network and its implications for the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. RECENT FINDINGS The Cancer Genome Atlas study of papillary thyroid carcinoma comprehensively examined the cancer genome of nearly 500 primary tumors. Using a highly integrated bioinformatic analysis, papillary carcinoma was shown at the genomic level to consist of two highly distinct classes that reflected both tumor histology and underlying genotype. Tumors with true papillary architecture were dominated by BRAF(V600E) mutations and RET kinase fusions and were designated as BRAF(V600E)-like. Tumors with follicular architecture were conversely dominated by RAS mutations and were designated as RAS-like. Given the strong genotype:phenotype correlation known to be present in thyroid cancer, the separation of BRAF(V600E)-like and RAS-like tumors has profound implications for its classification, especially the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma. SUMMARY The recent genomic characterization of papillary thyroid carcinoma is challenging the established pathological classification of thyroid cancer with significance for the care of patients.
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Cañadas-Garre M, Becerra-Massare P, Moreno Casares A, Calleja-Hernández MÁ, Llamas-Elvira JM. Relevance of BRAF and NRAS mutations in the primary tumor and metastases of papillary thyroid carcinomas. Head Neck 2016; 38:1772-1779. [PMID: 27299298 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multifocality of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is common. BRAF and NRAS mutations are the most frequent genetic alterations in PTC. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution and relevance of BRAFT1799A and NRAS mutations in PTC. METHODS BRAFT1799A and NRAS mutations were evaluated in 195 intrathyroid or metastatic foci from 29 patients with multifocal PTC. RESULTS BRAFT1799A mutation was positive in 46.7% of the 59 intrathyroid and 136 metastatic foci (91/195 foci). Heterogeneous BRAF pattern was observed in 51.7% patients (15/29 patients). Irrespective of BRAF status at diagnosis (thyroid or nodes), all patients with recurrent PTC presented BRAF-mutated metastases during follow-up. All foci were negative for NRAS mutations. CONCLUSION BRAF but not NRAS mutations were heterogeneously distributed among primary tumor, nodal sites, and recurrent disease. The BRAF status of metastases generated during the follow-up can differ from the status of foci at diagnosis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 1772-1779, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cañadas-Garre
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Becerra-Massare
- UGC Anatomía Patológica, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonia Moreno Casares
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Calleja-Hernández
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Manuel Llamas-Elvira
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Lamba Saini M, Bouzin C, Weynand B, Marbaix E. An Appraisal of Proliferation and Apoptotic Markers in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Automated Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148656. [PMID: 26863116 PMCID: PMC4749175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Proliferation and apoptosis are opposing processes by which the cell numbers are kept in a delicate balance, essential for tissue homeostasis, whereas uncontrolled growth of cells is a hallmark of cancer. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the commonest type of thyroid cancer, with some PTC following an indolent course, whereas the other ones are more aggressive. Aim To evaluate respective contribution of proliferation and apoptosis in the tumorigenesis of PTC by automated analysis. Materials and Methods We investigated the immunolabeling of phosphorylated histone H3 (pHH3), cyclin D1, active caspase-3, and bcl-2 in thirteen cases each of metastatic PTC, follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC), papillary microcarcinoma (PMC) and well differentiated tumor of uncertain malignant potential (WDT-UMP). FVPTC cases comprised seven encapsulated and six unencapsulated cases. Results Proliferation, as assessed by pHH3 and cyclin D1 immunolabeling, was increased in all PTC variants, including the putative precursor lesion WDT-UMP, compared to normal thyroid tissue. pHH3 was immunolabeled in more cells of metastatic PTC than of PMC and of encapsulated FVPTC. Surprisingly, metastatic PTC and unencapsulated FVPTC also demonstrated more cleaved caspase-3 immunolabeled cells than the other types. In contrast, increased expression of bcl-2 protein was seen in normal thyroid areas, encapsulated FVPTC and PMC as compared to metastatic PTC. Metastatic PTC shows higher proliferation than other types of PTC but unexpectedly also higher apoptotic levels. Similar results were also seen with unencapsulated FVPTC, thus suggesting that unencapsulated FVPTC has a potential for adverse outcome. Bcl-2 was immunolabeled in a low percentage of cells in WDT-UMP. Conclusions The expression of the proliferative protein pHH3 together with the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3 may indicate an aggressive behaviour of PTC and loss of apoptosis inhibition by bcl-2 protein can further amplify the role of these proteins in tumor progression. Both cyclin D1 and bcl-2 could prove to be interesting markers of PTC precursor lesions. Automated/digital image quantification approach helps in refining the diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lamba Saini
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, and Institut de Duve, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10 T-1, B-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- IREC Imaging Platform (2IP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Birgit Weynand
- Pathologische Ontleedkunde, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Herestraat, 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Marbaix
- Service d'anatomie pathologique, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, and Institut de Duve, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 10 T-1, B-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
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Chen P, Sun R, Pu Y, Bai P, Yuan F, Liang Y, Zhou B, Wang Y, Sun Y, Zhu J, Zhang L, Gao L. Pri-Mir-34b/C and Tp-53 Polymorphisms are Associated With The Susceptibility of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1536. [PMID: 26402809 PMCID: PMC4635749 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 directly regulated the abundance of the miR-34b/c. The interaction might contribute to certain cancer. We hypothesized that rs4938723 in the promoter region of pri-miR-34b/c and TP-53 Arg72Pro may be related to the risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). A total of 784 patients with PTC and 1006 healthy controls were recruited to participate in this study. The variants were discriminated using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Additionally, the relative expression levels of miR-34b/c and TP-53 in 44 paired samples were revealed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A significantly increased risk of PTC was observed in the miR-34b/c rs4938723 CT, CC, and CT/CC genotypes compared with the TT genotype (CT vs TT: adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.51, 95%confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-1.85; CC vs TT: adjusted OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.39-2.63; CT/CC vs TT: adjusted OR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.30-1.92, respectively). Significantly increased PTC susceptibility was also associated with the TP-53 Arg72Pro CC and CG/CC genotypes compared with the GG genotype (CC vs GG: adjusted OR = 2.04, 95%CI = 1.54-2.70; CG/CC vs GG: adjusted OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.11-1.67, respectively). Stratification analysis revealed that patients carrying the TP-53 Arg72Pro C allele and CC genotype had a significantly increased risk for developing N1 (C vs. G: OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.03-1.56; CC vs. GG: OR = 1.62, 95%CI = 1.07-2.46, respectively). Combined analysis showed that the genotypes of rs4938723 CT/CC + TP-53CG/CC increased the risk of PTC compared with rs4938723TT + TP-53GG (OR = 2.25, 95%CI = 1.67-3.03). Additionally, level of miR-34b was significantly upregulated in PTC patients.These findings indicate that the miR-34b/c rs4938723 and TP-53 Arg72Pro polymorphisms may contribute to the susceptibility of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- From the Department of Forensic Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine (PC, YP, PB, LZ); Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan (PC, RS, FY, YL, BZ,YW,LZ,LG); Central Laboratory, Yunnan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan (RS); Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China (YS, JZ)
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Romitti M, Wajner SM, Zennig N, Goemann IM, Bueno AL, Meyer ELS, Maia AL. Increased type 3 deiodinase expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2012; 22:897-904. [PMID: 22823995 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone regulates a wide range of cellular activities, including the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. The thyroid-hormone-inactivating type 3 deiodinase (DIO3, D3) has been shown to be reactivated in human neoplasias. Here, we evaluated DIO3 expression in human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS Tumor and surrounding normal thyroid tissue were collected from 26 unselected patients with PTC. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed in medical records. DIO3 mRNA levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and D3 activity by paper-descendent chromatography. Studies of DIO3 gene regulation were performed in a human PTC-derived cell line (K1 cells). BRAF(V600E) mutation was identified in DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues by direct sequencing. Immunohistochemistry analyses were performed using a specific human D3 antibody. RESULTS Increased D3 activity was detected in all 26 PTC samples analyzed as compared with adjacent thyroid tissue. The augmentations in D3 activity were paralleled by increased DIO3 mRNA levels (approximately fivefold). In PTC-derived cells, DIO3 transcripts were further upregulated by the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1). Interestingly, preincubation with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade inhibitors U0126 (ERK pathway) and SB203580 (p38 pathway) decreased DIO3 mRNA levels and blocked the TGFβ1-induced increase in DIO3 transcripts, suggesting that D3 induction might be mediated through the MAPK signaling pathway. Accordingly, DIO3 mRNA and activity levels were significantly higher in BRAF(V600E)-mutated samples (p=0.001). Increased D3 activity was correlated with tumor size (r=0.68, p=0.003), and associated with lymph node (p=0.03) or distant metastasis (p=0.006) at diagnosis. Conversely, decreased levels of the thyroid-hormone-activating type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) gene were observed in PTC, which might contribute to further decreases in intracellular thyroid hormone levels. Increased D3 expression was also observed in follicular thyroid carcinoma but not in medullary or anaplastic thyroid carcinoma samples. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the malignant transformation of thyroid follicular cell toward PTC promotes opposite changes in DIO3 and DIO2 expression by pretranscriptional mechanisms. The association between increased levels of D3 activity and advanced disease further supports a role for intracellular triiodothyronine concentration on the thyroid tumor cell proliferation or/and dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Romitti
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Abstract
Although tyrosine-phosphorylated or activated STAT3 (pY-STAT3) is a well-described mediator of tumorigenesis, its role in thyroid cancer has not been investigated. We observed that 63 of 110 (57%) human primary papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases expressed nuclear pY-STAT3 in tumor cells, preferentially in association with the tumor stroma. An inverse relationship between pY-STAT3 expression with tumor size and the presence of distant metastases was observed. Using human thyroid cancer-derived cell lines [harboring rearranged during transfection (RET)/PTC, v-RAF murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF), or rat sarcoma virus oncogene (RAS) alterations], we determined that IL-6/gp130/JAK signaling is responsible for STAT3 activation. STAT3 knockdown by shRNA in representative thyroid cancer cell lines that express high levels of pY-STAT3 had no effect on in vitro growth. However, xenografted short hairpin STAT3 cells generated larger tumors than control cells. Similarly, STAT3 deficiency in a murine model of BRAFV600E-induced PTC led to thyroid tumors that were more proliferative and larger than those tumors expressing STAT3wt. Genome expression analysis revealed that STAT3 knockdown resulted in the down-regulation of multiple transcripts, including the tumor suppressor insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7. Furthermore, STAT3 knockdown led to an increase in glucose consumption, lactate production, and expression of Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1α) target genes, suggesting that STAT3 is a negative regulator of aerobic glycolysis. Our studies show that, in the context of thyroid cancer, STAT3 is paradoxically a negative regulator of tumor growth. These findings suggest that targeting STAT3 in these cancers could enhance tumor size and highlight the complexities of the role of STAT3 in tumorigenesis.
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Dinets A, Hulchiy M, Sofiadis A, Ghaderi M, Höög A, Larsson C, Zedenius J. Clinical, genetic, and immunohistochemical characterization of 70 Ukrainian adult cases with post-Chornobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166:1049-60. [PMID: 22457234 PMCID: PMC3361791 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is observed as a consequence of radiation exposure in connection to the Chornobyl nuclear plant accident in 1986. In this study, we report a cohort of adult Ukrainian patients diagnosed with PTC from 2004 to 2008 following exposure at the age of 18 years or younger. METHODS In total, 70 patients were identified and clinically characterized. The common BRAF 1799T>A mutation was assessed by pyrosequencing, the RET/PTC1 and RET/PTC3 (NCOA4) rearrangements by RT-PCR, and the expression of Ki-67 (MIB-1 index), BCL2, cyclin A, and cyclin D1 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In total, 46/70 (66%) cases carried a BRAF mutation and/or a RET/PTC rearrangement. A BRAF mutation was detected in 26 tumors, RET/PTC1 in 20 cases, and RET/PTC3 in four cases. In four of these cases, BRAF mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement were coexisting. The BRAF mutation was underrepresented among PTCs with accompanying chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) compared with PTCs without this feature (12 vs 44%). MIB-1 proliferation index determined by double staining with leukocyte common antigen was low (mean 0.8%; range 0.05-4.5%). Moreover, increased expression of cyclin A was observed in PTCs with a tumor size >2 cm compared with PTCs ≤2 cm (1.2 vs 0.6%). BCL2 and cyclin D1 showed frequent expression but without associations to clinical characteristics or amplification of the CCND1 locus. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that this cohort has frequent BRAF mutation, RET/PTC1 rearrangement, and low proliferation index. Furthermore, BRAF 1799T>A was underrepresented in PTCs with CLT, and cyclin A expression was associated with increased PTC tumor size.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Carcinoma, Papillary/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Papillary/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/etiology
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident
- Cohort Studies
- Cyclin A/analysis
- Cyclin D1/analysis
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Ki-67 Antigen/analysis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/chemistry
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivators/genetics
- Patched Receptors
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Thyroid Neoplasms/chemistry
- Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/etiology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- USSR
- Ukraine/epidemiology
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Dinets
- Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM, L8:01SE-17176, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University Hospital17176, StockholmSweden
- Kyiv City Teaching Endocrinological Center01034, KyivUkraine
- (Correspondence should be addressed to A Dinets at Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet; ; C Larsson at Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet; )
| | - Mykola Hulchiy
- Kyiv City Teaching Endocrinological Center01034, KyivUkraine
| | - Anastasios Sofiadis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM, L8:01SE-17176, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University Hospital17176, StockholmSweden
| | - Mehran Ghaderi
- Department of Oncology-PathologyKarolinska Institutet17176, StockholmSweden
| | - Anders Höög
- Department of Oncology-PathologyKarolinska Institutet17176, StockholmSweden
- Department of Pathology-CytologyKarolinska University Hospital17176, StockholmSweden
| | - Catharina Larsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM, L8:01SE-17176, StockholmSweden
- Center for Molecular MedicineKarolinska University Hospital17176, StockholmSweden
- (Correspondence should be addressed to A Dinets at Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet; ; C Larsson at Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet; )
| | - Jan Zedenius
- Department of Molecular Medicine and SurgeryKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM, L8:01SE-17176, StockholmSweden
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On the RET Rearrangements in Chernobyl-Related Thyroid Cancer. J Thyroid Res 2011; 2012:373879. [PMID: 22175034 PMCID: PMC3235888 DOI: 10.1155/2012/373879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a consensus that Chernobyl accident has induced thyroid cancer increase in children and adolescents. The UNSCEAR report concluded that no somatic disorders other than thyroid cancer were caused by radiation exposure due to the accident except for acute radiation sickness occurred to the people within the Power Plant at the time of the accident. A hypothesis is discussed in this paper that the increase of thyroid cancer was caused predominantly by the screening, overdiagnosis, and registration of nonirradiated persons as Chernobyl victims. A mechanism of thyroid cancer overdiagnosis is described that can be active even today, causing hypertherapy. Older neglected tumors found by the screening shortly after the Chernobyl accident or brought from noncontaminated areas were misclassified as aggressive radiation-induced cancers. Therefore, supposed markers of the radiation-induced thyroid cancer, such as the RET rearrangements, are probably associated with disease duration and tumor progression. The screening effect is obviously dependent on the basis level of medical surveillance: the higher the level, the smaller the screening effect. Absence of any significant increase of thyroid cancer after the Fukushima accident in spite of the vigorous screening would certify the high level of health care in Japan especially for children.
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Effects of let-7 microRNA on Cell Growth and Differentiation of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Transl Oncol 2011; 2:236-41. [PMID: 19956384 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy and RET/PTC rearrangements represent key genetic events frequently associated to this cancer, enhancing proliferation and dedifferentiation by activation of the RET/PTC-RAS-BRAF-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Recently, let-7 microRNA was found to reduce RAS levels in lung cancer, acting as a tumor suppressor gene. Here, we report that RET/PTC3 oncogenic activation in PCCL3 rat thyroid cells markedly reduces let-7f expression. Moreover, stable transfection of let-7 microRNA in TPC-1 cells, which harbor RET/PTC1 rearrangement, inhibits MAPK activation. As a result, let-7f was capable of reducing TPC-1 cell growth, and this might be explained, at least in part, by decreased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cell cycle stimulators such as MYC and CCND1 (cyclin D1) and increased P21 cell cycle inhibitor mRNA. In addition, let-7 enhanced transcriptional expression of molecular markers of thyroid differentiation such as TITF1 and TG. Thus, reduced expression of let-7f might be an essential molecular event in RET/PTC malignant transformation. Moreover, let-7f effects on thyroid growth and differentiation might attenuate neoplastic process of RET/PTC papillary thyroid oncogenesis through impairment of MAPK signaling pathway activation. This is the first functional demonstration of an association of let-7 with thyroid cancer cell growth and differentiation.
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Abstract
Cancer gender disparity in incidence, disease aggressiveness and prognosis has been observed in a variety of cancers. Thyroid cancer is one of the fastest growing cancer diagnoses worldwide. It is 2.9-times more common in women than men. The less aggressive histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer are more common in women, whereas the more aggressive histologic subtypes have similar gender distribution. The gender disparity in incidence, aggressiveness and prognosis is well established for thyroid cancer but the cause of the disparity is poorly understood. The aim of this article is to evaluate the current evidence on the cause of thyroid cancer gender disparity. Dietary and environmental factors do not appear to have a significant role in thyroid cancer gender disparity. Common somatic mutations in BRAF, rearranged in transformation/papillary thyroid carcinomas (RET/PTC) and neurotrophin receptor-tyrosine kinase (NTRK) also do not account for the gender disparity in thyroid cancer. While reproductive factors would seem a logical hypothesis to account for the gender disparity, there appears to be no conclusive effect on the risk of developing thyroid cancer. Recent studies on estrogen receptor status in thyroid cancer show a difference in the receptor subtypes expressed based on the histology of thyroid cancer. Moreover, the response to estrogen is dependent on the specific estrogen receptor expressed in thyroid cancer cells. However, what determines the tumor-specific sex hormone receptor expression is unclear. No established molecular factors appear to explain gender differences in thyroid cancer. Therefore, the application of high-throughput genomic and proteomic approaches to the study of thyroid cancer gender disparity could be helpful for better understanding the molecular basis for gender differences in thyroid and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahbari
- Endocrine Oncology Section, Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, MD, USA
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Sadow PM, Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Fletcher JA, Nosé V. Absence of BRAF, NRAS, KRAS, HRAS mutations, and RET/PTC gene rearrangements distinguishes dominant nodules in Hashimoto thyroiditis from papillary thyroid carcinomas. Endocr Pathol 2010; 21:73-9. [PMID: 20012784 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-009-9101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dominant nodules within Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) may present with unique morphological features that overlap with but are not diagnostic of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Activating BRAF point mutations, RAS aberrations, and RET rearrangements are mutually exclusive events in the oncogenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, and RET rearrangements have been previously described in dominant nodules of HT. We identified 28 cases of Hashimoto thyroiditis with a dominant nodule, from 345 consecutive HT thyroidectomies. Screening for BRAF, RET, KRAS, NRAS, and HRAS mutations, as well as RET-PTC1 and RET-PTC3 rearrangements, was performed on paraffin-embedded material from 17 of these dominant nodules. Patients ranged in age from 29 to 76 years and were predominantly female, and the nodules ranged from 1.5 to 6.2 cm. No BRAF or RAS mutations or RET-PTC rearrangements were identified in a dominant nodule, including those with atypical, worrisome histopathologic features. Of ten cases with diagnostic concomitant or incidental papillary carcinoma, three had a V600E point mutation in BRAF, and one case had a BRAF exon 15 deletion (600-604E), while the dominant nodules were negative for mutation, supporting the notion that dominant nodules are neither malignant nor precursor lesions, and strict histological, clinical, and molecular criteria must be met for the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Sadow
- Pathology Service, WRN219, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Castro IVD. [Thyroid: Nucleus pathology]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 53:793-4. [PMID: 19942979 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Cameselle-Teijeiro J, Abdulkader I, Pérez-Becerra R, Vázquez-Boquete A, Alberte-Lista L, Ruiz-Ponte C, Forteza J, Sobrinho-Simões M. BRAF mutation in solid cell nest hyperplasia associated with papillary thyroid carcinoma. A precursor lesion? Hum Pathol 2009; 40:1029-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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