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Rahmani G, Farajdokht F, Mohaddes G, Babri S, Ebrahimi V, Ebrahimi H. Garlic ( Allium sativum) improves anxiety- and depressive-related behaviors and brain oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:95-100. [PMID: 30169970 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1494746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of garlic on anxiety- and depression-related behaviors and brain oxidative markers in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats. Fifty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven experimental groups (n = 8/group): control, diabetic + saline, diabetic + garlic, diabetic + imipramine, and diabetic + diazepam groups. Animals received garlic homogenate (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 g/kg) for 10 days. At the end of the treatments, anxiety- and depressive-related behaviors were evaluated by elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swimming test (FST), respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the brain. Diabetic + garlic (0.5 g/kg) group showed lower anxiety- and- depressive-like behaviors as compared to the diabetic rats. Furthermore, garlic treatment (0.5 g/kg) attenuated MDA levels and enhanced SOD and GPx activities in the brain. Our findings indicate that garlic alleviates anxiety- and depression-related behaviors in the diabetic rats possibly by attenuation of brain oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Rahmani
- Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (NSRC), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (NSRC), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (NSRC), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shirin Babri
- Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (NSRC), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vida Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Ebrahimi
- Neuroscience Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (NSRC), Tabriz, Iran
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Rajabi M, Mohaddes G, Farajdokht F, Nayebi Rad S, Mesgari M, Babri S. Impact of loganin on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in male diabetic rats. Physiol Int 2018; 105:199-209. [PMID: 29855187 DOI: 10.1556/2060.105.2018.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral disturbances are observed in most patients suffering from diabetes. According to some evidence, pro-inflammatory cytokines have a key role both in diabetes and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In this study, the effect of chronic administration of loganin, as a bioflavonoid, was investigated on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by forced swimming test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field test (OFT), respectively. Body weight was also measured before the interventions and after the experiments in all groups. Our findings show that loganin-treated animals had significantly lower serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the diabetic group. In the EPM test, loganin treatment significantly increased the percentage of the open arm time and open arm entries. Moreover, loganin treatment significantly decreased the grooming time and restored distance traveled and center crossing in the OFT. However, it decreased immobility time in the FST. Loganin treatment also significantly restored body weight gain and attenuated blood glucose changes in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that loganin possibly alleviates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors associated with diabetes through lowering the blood glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. More research is required to show the exact mechanism of antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of loganin in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajabi
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - G Mohaddes
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - F Farajdokht
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Nayebi Rad
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mesgari
- 3 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Babri
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
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Rajabi M, Mohaddes G, Farajdokht F, Nayebi Rad S, Mesgari M, Babri S. Impact of loganin on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in male diabetic rats. Physiol Int 2018; 105:116-126. [DOI: 10.1556/2060.105.2018.2.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral disturbances are observed in most patients suffering from diabetes. According to some evidence, pro-inflammatory cytokines have a key role both in diabetes and behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression. In this study, the effect of chronic administration of loganin, as a bioflavonoid, was investigated on pro-inflammatory cytokines and depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in male Wistar rats. Blood levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by forced swimming test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM), and open field test (OFT), respectively. Body weight was also measured before the interventions and after the experiments in all groups. Our findings show that loganin-treated animals had significantly lower serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the diabetic group. In the EPM test, loganin treatment significantly increased the percentage of the open arm time and open arm entries. Moreover, loganin treatment significantly decreased the grooming time and restored distance traveled and center crossing in the OFT. However, it decreased immobility time in the FST. Loganin treatment also significantly restored body weight gain and attenuated blood glucose changes in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that loganin possibly alleviates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors associated with diabetes through lowering the blood glucose and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. More research is required to show the exact mechanism of antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of loganin in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rajabi
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - G Mohaddes
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - F Farajdokht
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Nayebi Rad
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Mesgari
- 3 Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Babri
- 1 Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Concordance and incongruence in preclinical anxiety models: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:504-529. [PMID: 27328783 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rodent defense behavior assays have been widely used as preclinical models of anxiety to study possibly therapeutic anxiety-reducing interventions. However, some proposed anxiety-modulating factors - genes, drugs and stressors - have had discordant effects across different studies. To reconcile the effect sizes of purported anxiety factors, we conducted systematic review and meta-analyses of the literature on ten anxiety-linked interventions, as examined in the elevated plus maze, open field and light-dark box assays. Diazepam, 5-HT1A receptor gene knockout and overexpression, SERT gene knockout and overexpression, pain, restraint, social isolation, corticotropin-releasing hormone and Crhr1 were selected for review. Eight interventions had statistically significant effects on rodent anxiety, while Htr1a overexpression and Crh knockout did not. Evidence for publication bias was found in the diazepam, Htt knockout, and social isolation literatures. The Htr1a and Crhr1 results indicate a disconnect between preclinical science and clinical research. Furthermore, the meta-analytic data confirmed that genetic SERT anxiety effects were paradoxical in the context of the clinical use of SERT inhibitors to reduce anxiety.
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Nunes GBL, Costa LM, Gutierrez SJC, Satyal P, de Freitas RM. Behavioral tests and oxidative stress evaluation in mitochondria isolated from the brain and liver of mice treated with riparin A. Life Sci 2015; 121:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Santos RO, de Assunção GLM, de Medeiros DMB, de Sousa Pinto IA, de Barros KS, Soares BL, André E, Gavioli EC, de Paula Soares-Rachetti V. Evaluation of the effect of acute sibutramine in female rats in the elevated T-maze and elevated plus-maze tests. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:181-7. [PMID: 24034271 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sibutramine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor indicated for the treatment of obesity. A pre-clinical study showed that acute administration of sibutramine promoted anxiolytic- and panicolytic-like effects in male rats. However, in clinical reports, sibutramine favoured the onset of panic attacks in women. In this study, the effect of sibutramine on experimental anxiety in females and the relevance of different oestrous cycle phases for this effect were analysed. In experiment 1, both male and female rats were submitted to acute intraperitoneal injection of sibutramine or vehicle 30 min. before testing in the elevated T-maze (ETM) and in the open-field test (OF). Females in the pro-oestrus (P), oestrus (E), early dioestrus (ED) and late dioestrus (LD) phases were tested in the ETM and OF (experiment 2) or in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) 30 min. after the injection of sibutramine. Sibutramine impaired the escape response in the ETM in both males and females. This effect was observed for P, E and ED, but not for LD females. Sibutramine altered neither the inhibitory avoidance in the ETM nor the behaviour of females in the EPM. Thus, sibutramine promoted a panicolytic-like effect in female rats cycling at P, E and ED, but not in the LD phase and did not alter behaviours related to anxiety in both ETM and EPM. Considering that pre-clinical studies aiming the screening of anxiolytic drugs employ male rodents, data here obtained reinforce the importance of better understanding the effects of drugs in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raliny O Santos
- Laboratory of Behavioural Pharmacology, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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Adhikari A, Topiwala MA, Gordon JA. Single units in the medial prefrontal cortex with anxiety-related firing patterns are preferentially influenced by ventral hippocampal activity. Neuron 2011; 71:898-910. [PMID: 21903082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and ventral hippocampus (vHPC) functionally interact during innate anxiety tasks. To explore the consequences of this interaction, we examined task-related firing of single units from the mPFC of mice exploring standard and modified versions of the elevated plus maze (EPM), an innate anxiety paradigm. Hippocampal local field potentials (LFPs) were simultaneously monitored. The population of mPFC units distinguished between safe and aversive locations within the maze, regardless of the nature of the anxiogenic stimulus. Strikingly, mPFC units with stronger task-related activity were more strongly coupled to theta-frequency activity in the vHPC LFP. Lastly, task-related activity was inversely correlated with behavioral measures of anxiety. These results clarify the role of the vHPC-mPFC circuit in innate anxiety and underscore how specific inputs may be involved in the generation of behaviorally relevant neural activity within the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Adhikari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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