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Dos Santos Zanetti A, Malheiros AF, de Matos TA, Dos Santos C, Battaglini PF, Moreira LM, Lemos LMS, Castrillon SKI, da Costa Boamorte Cortela D, Ignotti E, Espinosa OA. Diversity, geographical distribution, and prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:17. [PMID: 33812449 PMCID: PMC8019558 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The genus Entamoeba includes a variety of widely distributed species adapted to live in the digestive tracts of humans and a large variety of animals of different classes. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and molecular epidemiology of Entamoeba spp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. Studies that analyzed hosts from several classes, including humans and domestic, wild, or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Entamoeba spp. was calculated using the random-effects model. A total of 166 studies on humans and 16 on animals were included. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in the Brazilian population was 22% (95% CI: 21–24). The state with the highest prevalence was Paraiba with 72%, followed by Federal District with 53%, and Rondonia with 50%. In immunocompromized patients, the prevalence was 18%, and cancer (36%) was the most prevalent cause of immunosuppression. The prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in animal hosts was 12% (95% CI: 7–17). Captive wild animals and domestic farm animals showed the highest prevalence, with 16% and 15%, respectively. The species found more often were E. coli (86.5%), E. dispar (7.9%), and E. histolytica (3.1%). In conclusion, a high prevalence (22%) of Entamoeba spp. was found in the Brazilian population, with a prevalence of up to 50% mainly in the northern, northeastern, and central-western regions. The pathogenic species E. histolytica is distributed in most Brazilian regions, with significant prevalence percentages. Among animals, unidentified Entamoeba species were most prevalent in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andernice Dos Santos Zanetti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco Malheiros
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Amorim de Matos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Carolina Dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Paula Franciene Battaglini
- Residency in Infectious Diseases, Júlio Miller University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Luis Philippe Pereira Leite St., Alvorada, Cuiabá, 78048-902 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Luciana Melhorança Moreira
- Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, 78217-042 Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maria Scalon Lemos
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Solange Kimie Ikeda Castrillon
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Denise da Costa Boamorte Cortela
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, 78217-042 Caceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Tancredo Neves Ave., 1095 - Cavalhada II, Caceres, 78217-042 Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Omar Ariel Espinosa
- Faculty Estacio of Pantanal (Estacio FAPAN), São Luís, 2522 St - Cidade Nova, Caceres, 78201-000 Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Occupations at risk of contracting zoonoses of public health significance in Québec. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 47:47-58. [PMID: 33679248 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v47i01a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Climate change plays an important role in the geographic spread of zoonotic diseases. Knowing which populations are at risk of contracting these diseases is critical to informing public health policies and practices. In Québec, 14 zoonoses have been identified as important for public health to guide the climate change adaptation efforts of decision-makers and researchers. A great deal has been learned about these diseases in recent years, but information on at-risk workplaces remains incomplete. The objective of this study is to paint a portrait of the occupations and sectors of economic activity at risk for the acquisition of these zoonoses. Methods A rapid review of the scientific literature was conducted. Databases on the Ovid and EBSCO research platforms were searched for articles published between 1995 and 2018, in English and French, on 14 zoonoses (campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli, giardiasis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Lyme disease, West Nile virus, food botulism, Q fever, avian and swine influenza, rabies, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) and occupational health. The literature search retrieved 12,558 articles and, after elimination of duplicates, 6,838 articles were evaluated based on the title and the abstract. Eligible articles had to address both concepts of the research issue (prioritized zoonoses and worker health). Of the 621 articles deemed eligible, 110 were selected following their full reading. Results Of the diseases under study, enteric zoonoses were the most frequently reported. Agriculture, including veterinary services, public administration services and medical and social services were the sectors most frequently identified in the literature. Conclusion The results of our study will support public health authorities and decision-makers in targeting those sectors and occupations that are particularly at risk for the acquisition of zoonoses. Doing so will ultimately optimize the public health practices of those responsible for the health of workers.
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Fantinatti M, Gonçalves-Pinto M, Lopes-Oliveira LAP, Da-Cruz AM. Epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis assemblages in Brazil: there is still a long way to go. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 115:e200431. [PMID: 33503146 PMCID: PMC7836984 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis infection is distributed worldwide and can achieve prevalence around 60%, especially in developing countries. This protozoan is divided into eight assemblages, in which A and B have high zoonotic potential, whereas C to H are host-specific. This scenario is changing as molecular studies progress, highlighting that knowledge on host-specificity still has a long way to go. Understanding the players involved in transmission routes enables rational designs of control strategies. Considering the high prevalence of giardiasis, this review aims to gather together the data on available studies on the distribution of G. duodenalis assemblages in Brazil until September 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fantinatti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Monique Gonçalves-Pinto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Corrêa CRT, Oliveira-Arbex AP, David ÉB, Guimarães S. Genetic analysis of Giardia duodenalis isolates from children of low-income families living in an economically successful region in Southeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2020; 62:e20. [PMID: 32236387 PMCID: PMC7178812 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202062020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most important and widespread
gastrointestinal parasites in the world. Despite its relevance as a causative
agent of diarrhea, asymptomatic giardiasis occurs frequently, especially in low
resources settings in which children are exposed to many risk factors. Based on
microscopic examination and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification
and sequencing of beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase
(tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes, we assessed G.
duodenalis occurrence and genetic diversity in isolates of children
attending a daycare center and living in low income families, in an economically
successful region. Considering both, microscopic examination and PCR/sequencing
methods, the overall prevalence of Giardia infection was 51.4%,
with the highest frequency in children aged 1-4 years old (p<0.05).
Genotyping of 50 isolates revealed that the assemblage A was found in 60% of the
samples (30/50), followed by the assemblage B in 38% (19/50) and 2% of
mixed-assemblage infections (1/50). At the sub-assemblage level, isolates
genotyped as A were AII and among isolates B, BIII and BIV were identified. Both
assemblages A and B were detected in children of all age groups, however
assemblage A was more prevalent. The detection of anthroponotic assemblages and
sub-assemblages (AII, BIII and BIV) reinforces human-to-human transmission,
mainly in children of all age groups when they have not yet received toilet
training, making them more vulnerable to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Oliveira-Arbex
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdades Integradas de Bauru, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érica Boarato David
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade do Sagrado Coração, Departmento de Ciências da Saúde, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Semíramis Guimarães
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Parasitologia, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zanetti ADS, Malheiros AF, de Matos TA, Longhi FG, Moreira LM, Silva SL, Castrillon SKI, Ferreira SMB, Ignotti E, Espinosa OA. Prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection in several hosts in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:30. [PMID: 31937366 PMCID: PMC6961275 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3900-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis sp. affects a wide variety of animals and is the most common protozoan in human fecal samples with potential pandemic distribution. In the present study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of Blastocystis sp. in different classes of hosts in Brazil. METHODS Studies that analyzed hosts of various classes, including humans, domestic animals, wild animals or captive animals, were considered. The pooled prevalence of Blastocystis sp. infection was estimated by random effects models. RESULTS For humans, similar prevalence rates were found for males (31.0%, 95% CI: 17.0-45.0%; weight 10%) and females (28.0%, 95% CI: 16.0-41.0%; weight 10%); the state of Mato Grosso do Sul showed the highest prevalence, with 41.0% positivity (95% CI: 36.0-46.0%; weight 2.9%). The prevalence among immunocompromised patients was 5.0% (95% CI: 3.0-7.0%; weight 10%), and the most common cause of immunosuppression was hemodialysis, with 23.0% (95% CI: 17.0-29.0%; weight 12.4%). Among classifications according to interaction with humans, wild and domestic animals presented values of 19.0% (95% CI: 7.0-31.0%; weight 42.6%) and 17.0% (95% CI: 13.0-21.0%; weight 29.6%), respectively. Among these animals, mammals (39.0%, 95% CI: 21.0-56.0%; weight 47.3%) and birds (18.0%, 95% CI: 10.0-27.0%; weight 39.3%) exhibited the highest prevalence. Phylogenetic analysis of Blastocystis sp. revealed greater genetic diversity for clades of subtypes (STs) ST1, ST2 and ST3. CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in the Brazilian human population was 24%, which reflects the reality in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions, where prevalence rates of up to 40% were found. Among animals, mammals and birds exhibited the highest prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andernice Dos Santos Zanetti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco Malheiros
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Amorim de Matos
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Gulin Longhi
- The Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Melhorança Moreira
- Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Samuel Laudelino Silva
- Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Solange Kimie Ikeda Castrillon
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Silvana Margarida Benevides Ferreira
- The Brazilian Centre for Evidence-based Healthcare: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eliane Ignotti
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil.,Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Omar Ariel Espinosa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Forsell J, Granlund M, Samuelsson L, Koskiniemi S, Edebro H, Evengård B. High occurrence of Blastocystis sp. subtypes 1-3 and Giardia intestinalis assemblage B among patients in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:370. [PMID: 27356981 PMCID: PMC4928263 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blastocystis is a common intestinal parasite with worldwide distribution but the distribution of Blastocystis and its subtypes in East Africa is largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in Zanzibar, Tanzania and report the prevalence of intestinal parasites using both molecular methods and microscopy. METHODS Stool samples were collected from both diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic outpatients in Zanzibar. In addition to microscopy, real-time PCR for Blastocystis, Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Dientamoeba fragilis was used. Blastocystis subtypes were determined by a conventional PCR followed by partial sequencing of the SSU-rRNA gene. Genetic assemblages of Giardia were determined by PCR with assemblage specific primers. RESULTS Intestinal parasites were detected in 85 % of the 174 participants, with two or more parasites present in 56 %. Blastocystis sp. and Giardia intestinalis were the most common parasites, identified by PCR in 61 and 53 % of the stool samples respectively, but no correlation between carriage of Blastocystis and Giardia was found. The Blastocystis subtype distribution was ST1 34.0 %, ST2 26.4 %, ST3 25.5 %, ST7 0.9 %, and 13.2 % were positive only by qPCR (non-typable). The Giardia genetic assemblages identified were A 6.5 %, B 85 %, A + B 4.3 %, and non-typable 4.3 %. The detection rate with microscopy was substantially lower than with PCR, 20 % for Blastocystis and 13.8 % for Giardia. The prevalence of Blastocystis increased significantly with age while Giardia was most prevalent in children two to five years old. No correlation between diarrhoea and the identification of Giardia, Blastocystis, or their respective genetic subtypes could be shown and, as a possible indication of parasite load, the mean cycle threshold values in the qPCR for Giardia were equal in diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic patients. CONCLUSIONS Carriage of intestinal parasites was very common in the studied population in Zanzibar. The most commonly detected parasites, Blastocystis and Giardia, had different age distributions, possibly indicating differences in transmission routes, immunity, and/or other host factors for these two species. In the Blastocystis subtype analysis ST1-3 were common, but ST4, a subtype quite common in Europe, was completely absent, corroborating the geographical differences in subtype distributions previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Forsell
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Margareta Granlund
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Linn Samuelsson
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Satu Koskiniemi
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Helén Edebro
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Evengård
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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Pedraza DF, Queiroz DD, Sales MC. [Infectious diseases among Brazilian preschool children attending daycare centers]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2015; 19:511-28. [PMID: 24863828 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014192.09592012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with the development of infectious diseases that affect children in daycare centers, namely respiratory infections, diarrheal disease and parasitic infections. Bibliographic research was conducted in the MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO databases, and observational studies were included. 129 studies were identified, of which 21 were considered relevant to this study, namely two longitudinal and 19 cross-sectional studies. The systematization of the reviewed studies highlighted: i) the presence of intestinal parasites was the main outcome analyzed, followed by respiratory infections; ii) only one study investigated the occurrence of diarrheal disease; iii) the Giardia lamblia was the most prevalent parasitosis; iv) the variables that were most often associated with the development of intestinal parasitosis were child age, family income and maternal education; v) the attendance at daycare centers was a risk factor for intestinal parasites and respiratory infections. Respiratory and parasitic infections are major problems in institutionalized children in daycare centers. The reduction of such diseases involves a complex web of socio-economic, sanitation and daycare center infrastructure aspects.
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Castro EDR, Germini MCBY, Mascarenhas JDP, Gabbay YB, de Lima ICG, Lobo PDS, Fraga VD, Conceição LM, Machado RLD, Rossit ARB. Enteropathogens detected in a daycare center, Southeastern Brazil: bacteria, virus, and parasite research. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 57:27-32. [PMID: 25651323 PMCID: PMC4325520 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the
prevalence and etiological profile of enteropathogens in children from a daycare
center. Methods: From October 2010 to February 2011 stool samples from 100
children enrolled in a government daycare center in the municipality of São José do
Rio Preto, in the state of São Paulo, were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 246 bacteria were isolated in 99% of the fecal
samples; 129 were in the diarrheal group and 117 in the non-diarrheal group.
Seventy-three strains of Escherichia coli were isolated, 19 of
Enterobacter, one of Alcaligenes and one of
Proteus. There were 14 cases of mixed colonization with
Enterobacter and E. coli. Norovirus and
Astrovirus were detected in children with clinical signs suggestive of diarrhea.
These viruses were detected exclusively among children residing in urban areas. All
fecal samples were negative for the presence of the rotavirus species A and C. The
presence of Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli,
Endolimax nana and hookworm was observed. A significant
association was found between food consumption outside home and daycare center and
the presence of intestinal parasites. Conclusions: For children of this daycare center, intestinal infection
due to pathogens does not seem to have contributed to the occurrence of diarrhea or
other intestinal symptoms. The observed differences may be due to the wide diversity
of geographical, social and economic characteristics and the climate of Brazil, all
of which have been reported as critical factors in the modulation of the frequency of
different enteropathogens.
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Kamau P, Aloo-Obudho P, Kabiru E, Ombacho K, Langat B, Mucheru O, Ireri L. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in certified food-handlers working in food establishments in the City of Nairobi, Kenya. J Biomed Res 2013; 26:84-9. [PMID: 23554735 PMCID: PMC3597323 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(12)60016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most intestinal parasites are cosmopolitan with the highest prevalence in the tropics and subtopics. Rural-to-urban migration rapidly increases the number of food eating places in towns and their environs. Some of these eating estabishments have poor sanitation and are overcrowded, facilitating disease transmission, especially through food-handling. Our investigations in Nairobi, therefore, were set to determine the presence of intestinal parasites in food-handlers with valid medical certificates. Direct and concentrated stool processing techniques were used. Chisquare test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia were observed in certified food-handlers. Significant difference was found in parasite frequency by eating classes and gender (χ2 = 9.49, P = 0.73), (F = 1.495, P = 0.297), but not in parasite occurrence between age brackets (χ2 = 6.99, P = 0.039). The six-month medical certificate validity period may contribute significantly to the presence of intestinal parasites in certified food-handlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kamau
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya; ; Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya
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Teles NS, Fechine FV, Viana FAC, Viana IO, Nascimento DF, Leite ALA, Bezerra FAF, Moraes MO, Moraes MEA. Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of Mentha crispa in the treatment of giardiasis. Contemp Clin Trials 2011; 32:809-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Siwila J, Phiri IGK, Enemark HL, Nchito M, Olsen A. Intestinal helminths and protozoa in children in pre-schools in Kafue district, Zambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 104:122-8. [PMID: 19775715 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections are among the most widespread of human infections in developing countries, and children are the most vulnerable. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia, as well as prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths in children attending pre-school or day-care centres in Kafue District, Zambia. Single stool samples were collected from 403 children from 10 pre-schools and were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears to identify and quantify helminths. A commercial immunofluorescence kit was used to identify Cryptosporidium- and Giardia-positive samples. The overall prevalence of helminth infection was 17.9%. Ascarislumbricoides was found in 12.0%, hookworm in 8.3%, Taenia spp. in 0.9%, Hymenolepisnana in 0.6% and Schistosomamansoni in 0.3%. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia was 28.0 and 29.0%, respectively, with more girls infected with Giardia (33.8%) than boys (22.7%) (P=0.02). Significant differences in infections with A. lumbricoides and Cryptosporidium were observed between the various pre-schools (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that intestinal parasites are prevalent in children enrolled in pre-schools in Zambia. Future studies should explore local factors associated with transmission of these infections, and consequently provide the necessary health education to parents and teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Siwila
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Botero-Garcés JH, García-Montoya GM, Grisales-Patiño D, Aguirre-Acevedo DC, Alvarez-Uribe MC. Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:155-62. [PMID: 19551290 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis infection is prevalent throughout the world and widely distributed in developing countries. In general, children display serious consequences to their state of health, including slow height-weight development; therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the association between Giardia infection and the nutritional status of children who participate in the program of complementary feeding (Mejoramiento Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia (MANA) - Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF)). A cross-sectional study examining the association of giardiasis with nutritional status was conducted. A total of 2035 children aged eight months to six years-old were studied. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis of blood and stool samples. Analysis of the results showed that 27.6% of children were infected with G. intestinalis, while 8.1% and 1.9% were mildly and significantly underweight, respectively, and 14.1% presented stunting. Giardiasis was statistically identified as a strong predictor of stunting in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Botero-Garcés
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia.
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Tendencia de la prevalencia y factores asociados a la infección por Giardia duodenalis en escolares y preescolares de una zona rural de Cundinamarca. BIOMÉDICA 2007. [DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v27i3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mascarini LM, Donalísio MR. [Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in children institutionalized at daycare centers in the state of São Paulo]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2007; 39:577-9. [PMID: 17308708 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822006000600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cross-sectional studies were conducted, in 2002 (N=379) and 2003 (N=397), to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites among children at five municipal daycare centers in Botucatu, State of São Paulo. Socioeconomic, sanitary and educational data were collected and parasitological tests were performed on feces. Giardia duodenalis presented prevalence of 23.7% (2002) and 21.4% (2003) followed by Cryptosporidium sp with 15.5% (2002) and 3.7% (2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciene Maura Mascarini
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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de Carvalho TB, de Carvalho LR, Mascarini LM. Occurrence of enteroparasites in day care centers in Botucatu (São Paulo State, Brazil) with emphasis on Cryptosporidium sp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterobius vermicularis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 48:269-73. [PMID: 17086314 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of the enteroparasites was verified in 279 children (0 to 6 years) of four municipal day cares of Botucatu/SP. Three samples of each child's feces were collected and processed by the methods of Hoffman-Pons-Janner, Faust and Ritchie and subsequent coloration of the fecal smear by the methods of Auramina-O and Ziehl-Neelsen modified for diagnosis of Cryptosporidium sp. and Graham method for diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis. Of the analyzed children we verified a prevalence of intestinal parasitism in 53.40%, and the most frequent parasite was Giardia duodenalis (26.88%). Significant association was verified among enteroparasitosis, family income, maternal education and age; the lowest enteroparasite frequency occurred in children of families with larger income and higher education. It was observed that G. duodenalis is more prevalent in children from 0 to 4 years and E. vermicularis is more frequent in children between three and four years old. The high enteroparasite prevalence in day cares suggests complex structure in its epidemiology, where factors beyond sanitation should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Batista de Carvalho
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, SP, Brazil
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Mascarini LM, Donalisio MR. Epidemiological aspects of enteroparasitosis at daycare centers in the city of Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2006000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and incidence of intestinal parasites in children and staff members of 5 municipal daycare centers in Botucatu/SP. Two cross-sectional studies were carried out in 2002 (N=379) and 2003 (N=397) and a longitudinal observational experiment in which the children from 2002 and 2003 were evaluated for a year. Questionnaires were given to staff members and parents of the children, where the following variables were recorded: socioeconomic status, sanitary habits, home, age, gender and presence of domestic animals. Coproparasitologic tests were carried out in child daycare centers. The enteroparasite prevalence was 76.74% in 2002 and 34% in 2003. The variables associated with presence of enteroparasites in the investigation carried out in 2002 were: location of daycare centers (OR=0.27 CI=0.15-0.47); family salary (OR=4.38 CI=1.91-10.04); gender (OR=0.52 CI=0.32-0.85); child's age group (OR=2.08 CI=1.06-4.08), and presence of pets at home (OR=1.85 CI=1.10-3.11); in 2003, the variables were: daycare centers located in peripheral region (OR=0.49 CI=0.31-0.78), family salary (OR=3.69 CI=2.19-6.24); mother's education (OR=6.19 CI=1.81-21.21); gender (OR=0.58 CI=0.36-0.93), and presence of pets (OR=1.68 CI=1.01-2.79). The cohort had 253 children with an incidence of 23.22%. Data from this study highlighted situations of risk in specific populations (daycare centers), which could be useful for other childcare institutions.
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Vidal AMB, Catapani WR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunoassaying versus microscopy: advantages and drawbacks for diagnosing giardiasis. SAO PAULO MED J 2005; 123:282-5. [PMID: 16444388 PMCID: PMC11060343 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31802005000600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Giardiasis is common in Brazil. For laboratory diagnosis, the method most utilized is microscopic examination of fecal samples, but the immunoenzymatic method is also available. The aim of this work was to verify the advantages and drawbacks of immunoassaying versus microscopy for diagnosing Giardia lamblia, when a single fecal sample is analyzed. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective, double-blind study at the parasitology laboratory of Faculdade de Medicina da Fundação ABC. METHODS Samples were prepared according to the traditional sedimentation (Hoffman, Pons and Janer) and Faust methods. Results were deemed positive when Giardia lamblia was found by one or both methods. The Prospect ELISA kit was used for detecting Giardia lamblia-specific antigen, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Results were expressed on a visual scale as negative or positive (+, ++, +++ or ++++). RESULTS The ELISA test was positive even when a significant proportion of corresponding samples examined by microscopy were negative. This trend was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The overall concordance of results between the ELISA test and microscopic examination of single samples was only moderate (0.50 by kappa test). CONCLUSION The ELISA test is useful when just searching for Giardia lamblia, because of its high sensitivity. For daily practice, we recommend microscopy, which is much cheaper and can also detect other parasites. The low positivity of single samples in this method can be overcome by using three samples, as recommended by most authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaíde Mader Braga Vidal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Faculdade de Medicina, Fundação ABC, Rua Dona Laura 121, CEP 09040-240 Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Guimarães S, Sogayar MIL. Detection of anti-Giardia lamblia serum antibody among children of day care centers. Rev Saude Publica 2002; 36:63-8. [PMID: 11887231 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102002000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To detect anti-Giardia lamblia serum antibodies in healthy children attending public day care centers and to assess serological tests as tools for estimating the prevalence of G. lamblia in endemic areas. METHODS Three separate stool specimens and filter paper blood samples were collected from 147 children ranging from 0 to 6 years old. Each stool sample was processed using spontaneous sedimentation and zinc sulfate flotation methods. Blood samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Giardia IgG. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Of 147 individuals tested, 93 (63.3%) showed Giardia cysts in their feces. Using IIF and ELISA, serum antibodies were detected in 93 (63.3%) and 100 (68%) samples, respectively. Sensitivity of IIF and ELISA was 82% and 72%, respectively. However, ELISA revealed to be less specific (39%) than IIF (70%). IIF also showed a higher concordance with microscopic examination than ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semíramis Guimarães
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil.
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Rocha RS, Silva JG, Peixoto SV, Caldeira RL, Firmo JOA, Carvalho ODS, Katz N. Avaliação da esquistossomose e de outras parasitoses intestinais, em escolares do município de Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822000000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a prevalência das parasitoses em escolares de Bambuí, através de exames coprológicos (direto e Kato-Katz) e reavaliar os criadouros de moluscos descritos no município. Dos 2.901 escolares examinados, 20,1% estavam parasitados, sendo que Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba coli, Ascaris lumbricoides e ancilostomídeos foram os parasitas mais freqüentes, com prevalências de 6,2%, 6,2%, 4,8% e 1,4%, respectivamente. Os ancilostomídeos foram significativamente mais freqüentes na zona rural e nos alunos com mais de 14 anos, enquanto a prevalência da E. coli foi maior na zona urbana e a G. lamblia mais freqüente na faixa etária de 0-6 anos. Somente três crianças eliminavam ovos de Schistosoma mansoni. O único hospedeiro intermediário encontrado foi a Biomphalaria glabrata e nenhuma delas estava eliminando cercárias de S. mansoni . Comparando-se estes dados a de levantamentos realizados anteriormente no município, observou-se uma queda na prevalência de todos os parasitas. Algumas hipóteses para tentar explicar esta queda são discutidas tais como: processo intenso de urbanização e a melhoria das condições sócio-sanitárias do município.
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Machado RC, Marcari EL, de Cristante S, Crisante V, Carareto CM. [Giardiasis and helminthiasis in children of both public and private day-care centers and junior and high schools in the city of Mirassol, São Paulo State, Brazil]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999; 32:697-704. [PMID: 10881108 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821999000600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study showed different frequencies of intestinal parasitosis (giardiasis and helminthiasis) among children in day-care centers and junior and high schools (public and private). The survey involved 199 individuals, 96 belonging to public schools and 103 to private institutions. The frequency of giardiasis in public institutions was shown to be greater than in private institutions. Regarding helminthiasis, frequencies were similar among day-care centers, but greater for public schools in comparison to private institutions. When levels of socio-economic status, education, basic sanitary conditions and hygiene were analyzed as determinants of intestinal parasitosis, it became evident that greater frequency of giardiasis and helminthiasis occurred among children from low-income families and those whose parents had low levels of education. The source of vegetables was also a significant factor in determining such parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Machado
- Secretaria Municipal da Saúde de Mirassol, Mirassol, SP.
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Núñez FA, Hernández M, Finlay CM. Longitudinal study of giardiasis in three day care centres of Havana City. Acta Trop 1999; 73:237-42. [PMID: 10546841 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence, incidence and reinfection of giardiasis were studied in 365 children attending three day care centres (DCCs) in Havana City. Three stool samples were obtained from each child every 6 months during an 18-month period. We identified three distinct groups of children according to their patterns of infection. In the largest group (51%) children were never found infected. In the second group, they were found infected once or twice during the study period, and in the third and the smallest group (9%) they were found infected in most or all the study periods. This last group seems to be children 'predisposed' to Giardia lamblia infection. The prevalence of giardiasis (20%) remained almost constant throughout the study period. The incidence declined from 16 to 11%, and reinfection increased from 36 to 49%. All the children had normal nutritional status and the only clinical manifestation that correlated strongly with the frequency of cross-sectional surveys positive to Giardia was the number of diarrhoeal episodes recorded during the last 6 months of the study period. Further studies will be necessary to ascertain the causes that determine the 'predisposition' to giardiasis in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Núñez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kouri, Autopista Novia del Mediodia km 6 entre Autopista Nacional y Carretera Central, Ciudad Habana, Cuba.
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Detection of a giardia lamblia coproantigen by using a commercially available immunoenzymatic assay, in belo horizonte, brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1999; 41:151-4. [PMID: 10529832 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651999000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that fecal examination to detect Giardia lamblia cysts or trophozoites produces a high percentage of false-negative results. A commercially available immunoenzymatic assay (ProSpecT Giardia Microplate Assay, Alexon, Inc., BIOBRAS) to detect G. lamblia specific coproantigen was evaluated for the first time in Brazil. A total of 90 specimens were tested. Each specimen was first tested as unpreserved stool, and then it was preserved in 10% Formalin to be tested 2 months later. The assay was able to identify all the 30 positive patients (sensitivity = 100.0%) by visual or spectrophotometric examination in the unpreserved specimens and was negative in 57 of the 60 patients without G. lamblia (specificity = 95.0%). The assay identified 27 of the 30 positive patients (sensitivity = 90.0%) and was negative in 59 of the 60 negatives (specificity = 98.3%) in the preserved stools according to both readings. A marked difference was observed in the optical densities in both groups, preserved and unpreserved stools, when the G. lamblia-positive specimens were compared to the negative or positive for other intestinal parasites than G. lamblia. The assay seems a good alternative for giardiasis diagnosis, especially when the fecal examination was repeatedly negative and the patient presents giardiasislike symptoms.
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Guimarães S, Sogayar MI, de Franco MF. Giardia duodenalis: inter-strain variability of proteins, antigens, proteases, isoenzymes and nucleic acids. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1999; 41:45-58. [PMID: 10436670 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651999000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis isolates from asymptomatic or symptomatic patients and from animals present similarities and differences in the protein composition, antigenic profile, pattern of proteases and isoenzymes, as well as in nucleic acids analysis. In the present overview, these differences and similarities are reviewed with emphasis in the host-parasite interplay and possible mechanisms of virulence of the protozoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Guimarães
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu/UNESP, SP, Brasil
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da Costa-Macedo LM, Machado-Silva JR, Rodrigues-Silva R, Oliveira LM, Vianna MS. [Intestinal parasitoses in preschool children of the slum communities of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 1998; 14:851-5. [PMID: 9878918 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x1998000400027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence of intestinal parasites was investigated in 1381 low-income children under five years of age from March 1990 to October 1991 in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Stool tests were run using the Blagg et al. method. Observed prevalence of infection was 54.5%. The most frequent parasites were Giardia lamblia and Ascaris lumbricoides (25.0% of the children). A significant statistical difference (p<0.05) was demonstrated between age and infection according to the species of parasite studied. Infection rates demonstrated the need for control of parasites in these child.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M da Costa-Macedo
- Departamento de Patologia e Laboratórios, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Teodoro da Silva, 48, 5o andar, Rio de Janeiro, 20551-001 RJ, Brasil
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Machado ER, Costa-Cruz JM. Strongyloides stercoralis and other enteroparasites in children at Uberlândia city, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1998; 93:161-4. [PMID: 9698885 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761998000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the rate of infection by Strongyloides stercoralis and other enteroparasites a survey was conducted in the city of Uberlândia, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A total of 900 stool samples from 300 children aging from four months to seven years, randomly selected in ten nursery schools from September 1994 to December 1995, were examined, both by the Baermann-Moraes and Lutz methods. Thirty nine children (13%) were found to be infected by S. stercoralis, 64.1% were boys and 35.9% were girls. Taking all the enteroparasites as a whole the results of the survey pointed out that 265 (88.4%0 of the 300 children were infected by the following: Giardia lamblia, 78.3%; Ascaris lumbricoides, 15.3%; S. stercoralis, 13%; Hymenolepis nana, 6.7%; hookworms, 6%; Enterobius vermicularis, 4%; Hymenolepis diminuta, 4% and Trichuris trichiura, 0.7%. From 265 infected children 64.5% were mono-infected, 27.2% were infected by two parasites and 8.3% had a poly-specific parasite burden. It was concluded that strongyloidiasis is hyperendemic in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Machado
- Departmento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, MG, Brasil
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