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Ojha S, Thakur KK, Ojasanya RA, Saab ME. Retrospective study on the occurrence of Salmonella serotypes in veterinary specimens of Atlantic Canada (2012-2021). Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1530. [PMID: 38979670 PMCID: PMC11231644 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to summarize the frequency and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the Salmonella serotypes identified from the specimens of companion animals, livestock, avian, wildlife and exotic species within Atlantic Canada. MATERIALS AND METHODS The retrospective electronic laboratory data of microbiological analyses of a selected subset of samples from 03 January 2012 to 29 December 2021 submitted from various animal species were retrieved. The frequency of Salmonella serotypes identified, and their antimicrobial susceptibility results obtained using the disk diffusion or broth method were analysed. The test results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standard. The Salmonella serotypes were identified by slide agglutination (Kauffman-White-Le-Minor Scheme) and/or the Whole Genome Sequencing for the Salmonella in silico Serovar Typing Resource-based identification. RESULTS Of the cases included in this study, 4.6% (n = 154) had at least one Salmonella isolate, corresponding to 55 different serovars. Salmonella isolation was highest from exotic animal species (n = 40, 1.20%), followed by porcine (n = 26, 0.78%), and canine (n = 23, 0.69%). Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium was predominant among exotic mammals, porcine and caprine samples, whereas S. Enteritidis was mostly identified in bovine and canine samples. S. Typhimurium of porcine origin was frequently resistant (>70.0%) to ampicillin. In contrast, S. Typhimurium isolates from porcine and caprine samples were susceptible (>70.0%) to florfenicol. S. Oranienburg from equine samples was susceptible to chloramphenicol, but frequently resistant (>90.0%) to azithromycin. In avian samples, S. Copenhagen was susceptible (>90.0%) to florfenicol, whereas Muenchen was frequently resistant (>90.0%) to florfenicol. S. subsp. diarizonae serovar IIIb:61:k:1,5 of ovine origin was resistant (50.0% isolates) to sulfadimethoxine. No significant changes were observed in the antibiotic resistance profiles across the study years. CONCLUSIONS This report provides data for surveillance studies, distribution of Salmonella serotypes and their antimicrobial resistance among veterinary specimens of Atlantic Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Ojha
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services Laboratory, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Krishna K Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Rasaq A Ojasanya
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Matthew E Saab
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services Laboratory, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
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Watler S, Toka FN, Lardé H, Johnson A, Butaye P. Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotypes, isolated from imported, farmed and feral poultry in the Cayman Islands. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1331916. [PMID: 38406633 PMCID: PMC10884249 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1331916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonellae (NTS) are common foodborne pathogens throughout the world causing acute gastroenteritis. Compared to North America and Europe, there is little information on NTS in the Caribbean. Here we investigated the prevalence and characteristics of NTS present in the local poultry of the Cayman Islands to determine the public health risk. In total, we collected 156 samples. These were made up of boot swabs of 31 broiler farms and 31 layer farms (62 samples), paper bedding from 45 imported chick boxes, and 49 pooled cecum samples from feral chickens, each sample representing 10 individual chickens. Salmonella was isolated using the ISO 6579 protocol and isolates were characterized using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis. Eighteen Salmonella isolates were obtained and comprised six S. enterica subspecies enterica serotypes and one subspecies houtenae serotype. Serotypes were: S. Kentucky (n = 9), S. Saintpaul (n = 5), S. Javiana (n = 1), S. Senftenberg (n = 1), S. Poona (n = 1) and S. Agona (n = 1). S. Kentucky strains were all ST152 and clonally related to poultry strains from the United states. S. Saintpaul ST50 strains showed clonality to North American strains. Over half of the strains (n = 11) contained resistance genes to at least two antibiotic groups and five strains were MDR, mainly those from imported day-old chicks. The blaCMY-2 gene was found in S. Kentucky from day-old chicks. Strains from feral poultry had no acquired AMR genes. While serotypes from feral poultry have been identified in human infections, they pose minimal risk due to their low virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Watler
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Felix N. Toka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Hélène Lardé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Antoinette Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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M de Freitas Pereira R, de Oliveira Filho HS, C Duarte JL, R P Júnior F, de Sousa Lima T, Dos Santos KMOL, da Silva Pereira E, Jerônimo da Silva N, Bruno de Oliveira CJ, Leal de Araújo J, de Souza Mendonça F. Fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:1-5. [PMID: 38306731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae has been recovered from a wide variety of species, including reptiles, and has been linked to important clinical manifestations in snakes and lizards. We describe a case of concomitant fibrinonecrotic enteritis and orchitis associated with S. enterica subsp houtenae infection in a short-tailed boa (Boa constrictor amarali). At necropsy, the mucosa of the large intestine was covered by a focally extensive fibrinonecrotic exudate (diphtheritic pseudomembrane). The left testicle was enlarged, firm and diffusely expanded by a thick fibrinous yellow exudate. Polymerase chain reaction and conclusive antigenic testing indicated that the bacteria isolated from the lesions were S. enterica subsp houtenae, and the virulence genes InvA, slyA, stn and spvC were identified. This report reinforces that, although S. enterica subsp houtenae has been isolated from asymptomatic reptiles, it has the potential to cause life-threatening disease in snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M de Freitas Pereira
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil.
| | - Hodias S de Oliveira Filho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - José L C Duarte
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiano R P Júnior
- Department of Wild Animals, Cesmac University Center, Highway Divaldo Suruagy S/N, Marechal Deodoro-AL, 57081-350, Brazil
| | - Telma de Sousa Lima
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Kin M O L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Nádyra Jerônimo da Silva
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Celso J Bruno de Oliveira
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Products of Animal Origin, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Jeann Leal de Araújo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, Highway PB-079, Areia-PB, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Fábio de Souza Mendonça
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Manuel de Medeiros Street 97, Recife-PE, 52171-900, Brazil
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Hyeon JY, Helal ZH, Polkowski R, Vyhnal K, Mishra N, Kim J, Risatti GR, Lee DH. Genomic Features of Salmonella enterica Subspecies houtenae Serotype 45:g,z51:- Isolated from Multiple Abdominal Abscesses of an African Fat-Tailed Gecko, United States, 2020. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1322. [PMID: 34827260 PMCID: PMC8614954 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae (S. houtenae) is a common subspecies in reptiles and has been implicated as a source of serious and life-threatening diseases in humans. Although occurrence and significance of S. houtenae infections have been extensively studied, the genetic features of S. houtenae have remained unknown due to a lack of available high-quality genome sequences. We obtained the complete genome sequence of S. houtenae 45:g,z51:- strain 20-369 isolated from multiple abdominal abscesses of an African fat-tailed gecko (Hemitheconyx caudicinctus) using Nanopore and Illumina sequencing technologies and generated the 4.65Mbp complete genome sequence of the S. houtenae str. 20-369. We annotated and analyzed the genome sequence with the aim to gain a deeper understanding of the genome characteristics associated with its pathogenicity. Overall, this study found several interesting genomic features such as pseudogene formation, virulence gene profile, and novel genomic islands. This study provides basis for an understanding possible genetic mechanism underlying pathogenicity of S. houtenae 45:g,z51:- as well as a high-quality genome reference for future comparison studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Zeinab H. Helal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Robert Polkowski
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Kristin Vyhnal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Junwon Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
| | - Guillermo R. Risatti
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
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Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae as an opportunistic pathogen in a case of meningoencephalomyelitis and bacteriuria in a dog. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:437. [PMID: 33176763 PMCID: PMC7659121 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report the first case of canine Salmonella meningoencephalomyelitis and second case of canine Salmonella bacteriuria, as well as the first reported case of Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae in a dog. Case presentation Immunosuppressive treatment in a dog for a relapse of steroid-responsive meningitis and arteritis (SRMA) allowed for the opportunistic establishment of a bacteremia with Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae, ultimately causing meningoencephalomyelitis and subclinical bacteriuria. The bacterial infections were treated with a four-month course of amoxicillin; clinical treatment success was determined by serial negative urine cultures and lack of clinical signs correlated to the meningoencephalomyelitis. Conclusions Both the bacteriuria and meningoencephalomyelitis represented opportunistic infections in a dog immunosuppressed for SRMA. The clinical course of this infectious meningoencephalitis emphasizes the importance of differentiating relapse of initial disease from opportunistic infection occurring in a compromised central nervous system. The novel Salmonella species identified in this case acts as a reminder that infectious disease diagnostics should not be curbed by anecdotal prediction of routine pathogenic suspects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02652-5.
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MiSeq Sequencing of Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae Isolates from a Dog Treated for Hind-Limb Paresis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/32/e00655-20. [PMID: 32763933 PMCID: PMC7409850 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00655-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of three clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae were sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq instrument. These isolates came from the urine and cerebrospinal fluid of a dog treated for hind-limb paresis with immunosuppressive drugs. S. enterica subsp. houtenae has also been implicated in brain infections in humans.
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Bjelland AM, Sandvik LM, Skarstein MM, Svendal L, Debenham JJ. Prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from reptiles in Norwegian zoos. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:3. [PMID: 31918736 PMCID: PMC6953243 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-0502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reptiles are known to be asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella spp. in their gastrointestinal mucosa and a variety of Salmonella serovars including exotic serovars mainly associated with reptiles as well as human pathogenic serovars have been isolated. There are many case reports of reptile-associated Salmonella infections worldwide, including one case in Norway in 2000. In August 2017, there was a legislative change in Norway that allowed more permissive reptile ownership and legalized the keeping of 19 different reptile species by private persons. There has been a concern that this new legislation will lead to an increase in reptile-associated salmonellosis in Norway, however knowledge is lacking on the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Norwegian reptiles. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in captive reptile species in Norway, identify the serovars and evaluate their zoonotic potential. Thus, cloacal swabs were taken from 53 snakes, 15 lizards and 35 chelonians from three Norwegian zoos, and assessed for the presence of Salmonella spp. by culture, biochemical testing and serotyping. Results In total, 43% of the reptiles were shedding Salmonella spp., with a prevalence of 62%, 67% and 3% in snakes, lizards and chelonians, respectively. A total of 26 different serovars were found, including Salmonella enterica spp. enterica (40%) and S. enterica spp. arizonae (4%), both of which are considered to have a high zoonotic potential. S. enterica spp. diarizonae, salamae and houtenae were also identified, however these serovars are considered to have a lower zoonotic potential. Conclusions The current study demonstrates that captive Norwegian reptiles are carriers of potentially zoonotic Salmonella spp. Given the increasing popularity of reptiles as pets and the legislative change, reptile-associated salmonellosis could become an increasingly important public health concern in Norway. Adequate public information about the risk of Salmonella infection as well as preventive measures to avoid Salmonella transmission from reptiles to humans is needed. The risk of Salmonella infection is considered low when recommended precautions are taken and good hygiene exhibited.
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Abstract
Salmonella spp. are food-borne pathogens that usually cause gastroenteritis, although bacteremia and subsequent focal metastatic infection can also occasionally occur. Of the known Salmonella spp., Salmonella houtenae is a rare subspecies, comprising less than 1% of all Salmonella strains. We herein report the first case of S. houtenae-induced empyema complicated with chronic tuberculous empyema, which was successfully treated by antibacterial agents alone. We wish to highlight the importance of being aware that Salmonella spp. can cause empyema in cases suffering from chronic tuberculous empyema; moreover, despite the successful completion of treatment with antibacterial agents, periodical follow-up is mandatory in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Mukai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Agatsuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, Japan
| | - Gen Ideura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, Japan
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Henriques LSV, da Costa Henry F, Barbosa JB, Ladeira SA, de Faria Pereira SM, da Silva Antonio IM, Teixeira GN, Martins MLL, de Carvalho Vital H, dos Prazeres Rodrigues D, dos Reis EMF. Elimination of coliforms and Salmonella spp. in sheep meat by gamma irradiation treatment. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:1147-53. [PMID: 24688504 PMCID: PMC3958180 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the bacteriological effects of the treatment of sheep meat contaminated with total coliforms, coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella spp. by using irradiation at doses of 3 kGy and 5 kGy. Thirty sheep meat samples were collected from animals located in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and then grouped in three lots including 10 samples: non-irradiated (control); irradiated with 3 kGy; and irradiated with 5 kGy. Exposure to gamma radiation in a (137)Cs source-driven irradiating facility was performed at the Nuclear Defense Section of the Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx) in Rio de Janeiro. The samples were kept under freezing temperature (-18 °C) until the analyses, which occurred in two and four months after irradiation. The results were interpreted by comparison with the standards of the current legislation and demonstrated that non-irradiated samples were outside the parameters established by law for all groups of bacteria studied. Gamma irradiation was effective in inactivating those microorganisms at both doses tested and the optimal dose was achieved at 3 kGy. The results have shown not only the need for sanitary conditions improvements in slaughter and processing of sheep meat but also the irradiation effectiveness to eliminate coliform bacteria and Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio da Costa Henry
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Batista Barbosa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvania Alves Ladeira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Menezes de Faria Pereira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela Maria da Silva Antonio
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gina Nunes Teixeira
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Meire Lelis Leal Martins
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helio de Carvalho Vital
- Seção de Defesa Nuclear da Divisão de Defesa Química, Biológica e Nuclear, Centro Tecnológico do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Franco A, Hendriksen RS, Lorenzetti S, Onorati R, Gentile G, Dell'Omo G, Aarestrup FM, Battisti A. Characterization of Salmonella occurring at high prevalence in a population of the land iguana Conolophus subcristatus in Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23147. [PMID: 21853080 PMCID: PMC3154274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to elucidate the association between the zoonotic pathogen Salmonella and a population of land iguana, Colonophus subcristatus, endemic to Galápagos Islands in Ecuador. We assessed the presence of Salmonella subspecies and serovars and estimated the prevalence of the pathogen in that population. Additionally, we investigated the genetic relatedness among isolates and serovars utilising pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) on XbaI-digested DNA and determined the antimicrobial susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobials. The study was carried out by sampling cloacal swabs from animals (n = 63) in their natural environment on in the island of Santa Cruz. A high prevalence (62/63, 98.4%) was observed with heterogeneity of Salmonella subspecies and serovars, all known to be associated with reptiles and with reptile-associated salomonellosis in humans. Serotyping revealed 14 different serovars among four Salmonella enterica subspecies: S. enterica subsp. enterica (n = 48), S. enterica subsp. salamae (n = 2), S. enterica subsp. diarizonae (n = 1), and S. enterica subsp. houtenae (n = 7). Four serovars were predominant: S. Poona (n = 18), S. Pomona (n = 10), S. Abaetetuba (n = 8), and S.Newport (n = 5). The S. Poona isolates revealed nine unique XbaI PFGE patterns, with 15 isolates showing a similarity of 70%. Nine S. Pomona isolates had a similarity of 84%. One main cluster with seven (88%) indistinguishable isolates of S. Abaetetuba was observed. All the Salmonella isolates were pan-susceptible to antimicrobials representative of the most relevant therapeutic classes. The high prevalence and absence of clinical signs suggest a natural interaction of the different Salmonella serovars with the host species. The interaction may have been established before any possible exposure of the iguanas and the biocenosis to direct or indirect environmental factors influenced by the use of antimicrobials in agriculture, in human medicine or in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Franco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute (DTU-Food), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Serena Lorenzetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Onorati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gentile
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- National Food Institute (DTU-Food), Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Antonio Battisti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Rossit ARB, Gonçalves ACM, Franco C, Machado RLD. Etiological agents of diarrhea in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus-1: a review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:59-65. [PMID: 19390732 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of understanding the epidemiology of agents responsible for infectious diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) population, the number of articles about this subject is relatively few. The current article summarizes published data on bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic enteropathogens in the HIV/AIDS seropositive subjects in different countries, regions and localities. In general, there is a great difference in the frequencies of etiological agents due to factors which include immune status, geographical location, climate and socioeconomic conditions. It is important to stress that a great prevalence of infection by emergent agents has been reported in the more advanced stages of AIDS. Therefore, to establish specific treatment depends directly on knowledge of these agents and risk factors associated to their distribution. Moreover, the colonization by potential pathogenic agents verified in these individuals is high thus implicating that they act as carriers. Finally, public health measures of control and prevention must take into consideration the regional previously identified enteropathogens, especially in areas where HIV prevalence is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Regina Baptista Rossit
- Center for Microorganisms Investigation, Department of Dermatological, Parasitical and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
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Shinohara NKS, Barros VBD, Jimenez SMC, Machado EDCL, Dutra RAF, de Lima Filho JL. [Salmonella spp., important pathogenic agent transmitted through foodstuffs]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2009; 13:1675-83. [PMID: 18813668 DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232008000500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of foodborne diseases has been a matter of discussion over the last years due to the worldwide concern with strategies for their control and for ensuring that safe food products reach the consumer. Salmonella spp. is among the most widespread microorganisms in nature, having man and animals as main natural reservoirs. With occurrence of regional serotypes causing salmonellosis, this pathogen is considered one of the main agents responsible for outbreaks of foodborne disease in the developing countries. The increasing incidence of salmonellosis caused by contaminated food has shown that, despite the recent technological improvements, this problem still occurs in all countries. Cattle and poultry are the main responsible for the transmission of this pathogenic agent. Due to its wide distribution in animals, the existence of asymptomatic carriers and its presence in foodstuff and in the environment Salmonella spp. represents a significant public health problem worldwide calling for permanent control programs and eradication strategies.
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Heit B, Jones G, Knight D, Antony JM, Gill MJ, Brown C, Power C, Kubes P. HIV and other lentiviral infections cause defects in neutrophil chemotaxis, recruitment, and cell structure: immunorestorative effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6405-14. [PMID: 17056572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with HIV infection exhibit deficits in bacterial and fungal clearance, and possibly depressed innate immunity. In this study, we observed that neutrophils from HIV-infected patients have a profound defect in chemotaxis in response to endogenous (IL-8) and bacterial (fMLP) chemoattractants, which was directly correlated with peripheral CD4(+) lymphocyte levels but not plasma viral load. A similar chemotactic defect was observed in the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model of HIV infection. Intravital microscopy of FIV-infected animals revealed marked impairment in the in vivo recruitment of leukocytes; specifically integrin-dependent neutrophil adhesion and emigration induced by bacterial products. Treatment of FIV-infected animals with GM-CSF re-established both neutrophil recruitment (rolling, adhesion, and emigration) and in vitro chemotaxis to the levels seen in uninfected animals. This restoration of neutrophil responses was not due to GM-CSF-mediated priming. Rather, HIV and FIV infections resulted in defective neutrophil development, with an ensuing reduction in neutrophil granularity and chemotactic receptor expression. GM-CSF therapy restored neutrophil granularity, implying restoration of normal neutrophil development. Together, our findings underscore the fundamental defects in innate immunity caused by lentivirus infections, while also indicating that GM-CSF may be a potential immunorestorative therapy for HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Heit
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Fernandes SA, Tavechio AT, Ghilardi ACR, Dias AMG, Almeida IAZCD, Melo LCVD. Salmonella serovars isolated from humans in São Paulo State, Brazil, 1996-2003. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006; 48:179-84. [PMID: 17119671 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains an important cause of diarrheal illness in humans in São Paulo State, Brazil. In this study were identified 3554 Salmonella isolates from human infections, during the period 1996-2003. Among 68 different serovars determined, S. Enteritidis was the most frequent one in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal infections accounting for 67.4% of all isolates. S. Typhimurium and S. enterica subsp. enterica (4,5,12:i:-) were most frequently isolated from children aged < 1-4 year-old, in contrast, people with S. Enteritidis infections were most likely to be 20-50 year-old. In our geographic area the continued laboratorial surveillance of salmonellosis, including serotyping, has showed the trends in Salmonella serovars causing infections in humans throughout the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli A Fernandes
- Seção de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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