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Optimization of Pooling Technique for Hepatitis C Virus Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) in Blood Banks. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.99571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Kameda K, Corrêa MCDV, Cassier M. A incorporação do teste diagnóstico baseado na amplificação de ácidos nucleicos (NAT) para triagem de sangue no SUS: arranjos tecnológicos para a nacionalização do “NAT brasileiro”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-73312018280108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo Os testes de ácidos nucleicos (NAT) são ferramentas complementares aos testes sorológicos para controle da transmissão de doenças infecciosas por meio de produtos obtidos a partir do sangue. Em 2002, um decreto do Ministério da Saúde tornou obrigatória a realização do NAT por todos os bancos de sangue, medida dificultada por razões como os custos necessários para a sua implantação. Como estratégia para a sua incorporação nos bancos de sangue ligados ao SUS, um consórcio público foi criado para desenvolver uma versão local do kit. A partir de métodos de pesquisa qualitativa, os autores analisam essa iniciativa, visando esmiuçar os detalhes da “nacionalização tecnológica” de um teste diagnóstico in vitro. O artigo descreve como o consórcio compreende o kit e como cada uma das tecnologias que o compõem são obtidas e reunidas no teste brasileiro. A relevância dessa análise é identificar quais os desafios e os limites à produção de testes in vitro para doenças infecciosas no Brasil, assim como a repercussão desse tipo de iniciativa para o sistema nacional de inovação em saúde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kameda
- École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, France
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Kumar A, Rajput MK, Paliwal D, Yadav A, Chhabra R, Singh S. Genotyping & diagnostic methods for hepatitis C virus: A need of low-resource countries. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:445-455. [PMID: 30082568 PMCID: PMC6094507 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1850_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a blood borne and transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI). It has emerged as one of the major health challenges worldwide. In India, around 12-18 million peoples are infected with HCV, but in terms of prevalence percentage, its looks moderate due to large population. The burden of the HCV infection increases due to lack of foolproof screening of blood and blood products before transfusion. The qualified screening and quantification of HCV play an important role in diagnosis and treatment of HCV-related diseases. If identified early, HCV infection can be managed and treated by recently available antiviral therapies with fewer side effects. However, its identification at chronic phase makes its treatment very challenging and sometimes ineffective. The drugs therapy for HCV infection treatment is also dependent on its genotype. Different genotypes of HCV differ from each other at genomic level. The RNA viruses (such as HCV) are evolving perpetually due to interaction and integration among people from different regions and countries which lead to varying therapeutic response in HCV-infected patients in different geographical regions. Therefore, proper diagnosis for infecting virus and then exact determination of genotype become important for targeted treatment. This review summarizes the general information on HCV, and methods used for its diagnosis and genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida, India
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Zambenedetti MR, Pavoni DP, Dallabona AC, Dominguez AC, Poersch CDO, Fragoso SP, Krieger MA. Internal control for real-time polymerase chain reaction based on MS2 bacteriophage for RNA viruses diagnostics. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:339-347. [PMID: 28403327 PMCID: PMC5398160 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is routinely used to detect viral infections. In Brazil, it is mandatory the use of nucleic acid tests to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus in blood banks because of the immunological window. The use of an internal control (IC) is necessary to differentiate the true negative results from those consequent from a failure in some step of the nucleic acid test. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was the construction of virus-modified particles, based on MS2 bacteriophage, to be used as IC for the diagnosis of RNA viruses. METHODS The MS2 genome was cloned into the pET47b(+) plasmid, generating pET47b(+)-MS2. MS2-like particles were produced through the synthesis of MS2 RNA genome by T7 RNA polymerase. These particles were used as non-competitive IC in assays for RNA virus diagnostics. In addition, a competitive control for HCV diagnosis was developed by cloning a mutated HCV sequence into the MS2 replicase gene of pET47b(+)-MS2, which produces a non-propagating MS2 particle. The utility of MS2-like particles as IC was evaluated in a one-step format multiplex real-time RT-PCR for HCV detection. FINDINGS We demonstrated that both competitive and non-competitive IC could be successfully used to monitor the HCV amplification performance, including the extraction, reverse transcription, amplification and detection steps, without compromising the detection of samples with low target concentrations. In conclusion, MS2-like particles generated by this strategy proved to be useful IC for RNA virus diagnosis, with advantage that they are produced by a low cost protocol. An attractive feature of this system is that it allows the construction of a multicontrol by the insertion of sequences from more than one pathogen, increasing its applicability for diagnosing different RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ribas Zambenedetti
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Daniela Parada Pavoni
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Stenio Perdigão Fragoso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurélio Krieger
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Ghosh K, Mishra KK, Trivedi A, Sosa S, Patel K. Assessment of semi-automated nucleic acid testing programme in a Regional Blood Transfusion Centre. Br J Biomed Sci 2016; 74:42-47. [PMID: 27996693 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2016.1220708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), hepatitis-C (HCV) and hepatitis-B virus (HBV) in the blood donors is crucial. An efficient form of detection is nucleic acid testing (NAT) in blood screening. We assessed the suitability of commercial NAT testing in a developing country, focusing on the Altona RealStar assay and the method of Sacace Biotechnologies. METHODS We have standardised and validated commercially available NAT kits with a semi-automated system for detection of HBV, HCV and HIV-1 in blood donations. The MP-NAT (mini-pool) assay consists of pooling of sample, virus extraction, amplification and detection with commercially available NAT kits. An internal control (IC) is incorporated in the assay to monitor the extraction, target amplification and detection process. RESULTS The sensitivity of the Altona RealStar assay at 10-MP for each viral target was evaluated, HBV showed amplification in all diluted positive samples of 100, 50, 25, 10 and 5 IU/ml. HIV and HCV infected samples showed amplification in all diluted positive samples of 500, 100, 50 and 30 IU/ml. For HIV, out of six diluted samples of 30 IU/ml, five were amplified. A total of 14,170 seronegative blood samples were tested by RealStar PCR kit in 10-MP and 6 (0.042%) samples/pools were positive. A total of 65,362 seronegative blood donations were also tested by kits of Sacace Biotechnologies, in 10-MP and 45 (0.075%) pools were positive. The prevalence of combined NAT yield cases among routine donors was 1 in 1559 donations tested for all the 3 viruses. CONCLUSION The semi-automated combined system for NAT screening assays is robust, sensitive, reproducible, and this gives an additional layer of safety with affordable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjaksha Ghosh
- a Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre , Surat , Gujarat , India
| | | | - Apeksha Trivedi
- a Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre , Surat , Gujarat , India
| | - Sheetal Sosa
- a Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre , Surat , Gujarat , India
| | - Krima Patel
- a Surat Raktadan Kendra & Research Centre , Surat , Gujarat , India
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Albertoni G, Castelo Girão MJB, Schor N. Mini review: current molecular methods for the detection and quantification of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 25:145-9. [PMID: 24927665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is vital for controlling the spread of HIV, HBV, and HCV to uninfected individuals. Considering that these viruses have high replication rates and are undetectable by serological markers, early detection upon transmission is crucial. Various nucleic acid assays have been developed for diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring of infections. In the past decade, rapid and sensitive molecular techniques such as PCR have revolutionized the detection of a variety of infectious viruses, including HIV, HCV, and HBV. Here, we describe two of the most commonly used licensed methods for the detection and quantification of HIV, HCV, and HBV: the cobas TaqScreen MPX (PCR) test and the Tigris System. We used transcription-mediated amplification to review and compare the development and efficiency of these technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Albertoni
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Rua Botucatu 740, São Paulo, 04023-900, SP, Brazil; Colsan (Associação Beneficente de Coleta de Sangue), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Nestor Schor
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Rua Botucatu 740, São Paulo, 04023-900, SP, Brazil
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Araújo AR, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Chaves LPV, de Lima TA, Pimentel JPD, de Paula L, de Almeida CM, Tarragô AM, Tateno A, Levi JE, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho ODA, Lira EDF, Torres KL, Talhari S, Malheiro A. Dual role of IL-12 in the therapeutic efficacy or failure during combined PEG-Interferon-α2A and ribavirin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Immunol Lett 2013; 154:61-9. [PMID: 23973662 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several efforts have been made to establish novel biomarkers with relevant predictive values to monitor HCV-infected patients under pegilated Interferon-α2A-(PEG-IFN-α2A)/ribavirin therapy. The aim of this study was to monitor the kinetics of HCV viral load, serum levels of pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines and leukocyte activation status before and after PEG-IFN-α2A/ribavirin therapy in 52 volunteers, including 12 chronic HCV patients and 40 controls. The HCV viral load, serum levels of cytokines (IL-8/IL-6/TNF-α/IL-12/IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-10) and the phenotype of peripheral blood leukocytes were evaluated before and after 4, 12 and 24 weeks following the PEG-IFN-α2A/ribavirin therapy. Our results demonstrated that sustained virological response-(SVR) is associated with early decrease in the viral load after 4 weeks of treatment. The presence of a modulated pro-inflammatory profile at baseline favors SVR, whereas a strong inflammatory response at baseline predisposes to therapeutic failure. Furthermore, a time-dependent increase on serum IL-12 levels in patients under treatment is critical to support the SVR, while the early predominance of IL-10 correlates to late virological relapse. On the other hand, a broad but unguided "cytokine storm" is observed in the non-responder HCV patients after 12 weeks of treatment. Corroborating these findings, monocyte/lymphocyte activation at baseline is associated with the non-responders to therapy whereas high CD8(+) T-cell numbers associate with SVR. All in all, these data suggest that the baseline pattern of serum pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines and the immunological activation status of chronic HCV patients undergoing PEG-IFN-α2A/ribavirin therapy are closely related with the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruth Araújo
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - UEA, Manaus, AM, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Nucleic acid testing (NAT) in high prevalence–low resource settings. Biologicals 2010; 38:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Torres KL, Malheiro A, Tateno A, de-Lima TA, Viana-Maia LP, Diniz-Pimentel JP, Encarnação-de-Morais MP, de-Melo-Usui CS, de-Oliveira-Braga F, Ferreira-Silva IA, Vasquez F, Eduardo-Levi J. Hepatitis C virus in blood donors, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 15:676-8. [PMID: 19331773 PMCID: PMC2671443 DOI: 10.3201/eid1504.081288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Wendel S, Levi JE, Biagini S, Candotti D, Allain JP. A probable case of hepatitis B virus transfusion transmission revealed after a 13-month-long window period. Transfusion 2008; 48:1602-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Levi JE, Wendel S, Takaoka DT, Silva IC, Castro JPD, Torezan-Filho MA, Ghaname J, Gioachini R, Brandão J, Landi EP, Teixeira AC, Durigon EL. Replacement of HIV p24 Ag test by a multiplex RT-PCR method for primary screening of blood donors. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2007; 49:171-6. [PMID: 17625695 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652007000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) as a tool for primary screening of blood donors became a reality in the end of the 1990 decade. We report here the development of an "in-house" RT-PCR method that allows the simultaneous (multiplex) detection of HCV and HIV-RNA in addition to an artificial RNA employed as an external control. This method detects all HIV group M subtypes, plus group N and O, with a detection threshold of 500 IU/mL. After validation, the method replaced p24 Ag testing, in use for blood donation screening since 1996 at our services. From July 2001 to February 2006, 102,469 donations were tested and 41 (0.04%) were found HIV-RNA reactive. One NAT-only reactive donation (antibody non-reactive) was observed, with subsequent seroconversion of the implied donor, giving a yield of 1:102,469. This rate is in contrast to the international experience that reports a detection of approximately 1:600,000 - 1:3,100,000 of isolated HIV-RNA donations.
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