1
|
Andrade LS, de Souza RS, Carvalho de Araujo A, Silva SDO, Melo MN, Melo FG, Ribeiro GHS, de Sousa FG, Bastos CV, Moreira TF, Meneses RM, Carvalho AU, Facury-Filho EJ, Silveira JAG. Hemopathogens in naturally infected bovine fetuses in Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102351. [PMID: 38788485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The transplacental transmission of parasites and hemoparasites is crucial for understanding the epidemiology of diseases. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hemopathogens in bovine fetuses at various gestational periods. Samples were obtained from a slaughterhouse in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and a total of 236 fetuses were collected. DNA extracted from blood samples (145) and organ samples (a pool of brain and spleen) (236) underwent a nested PCR (nPCR) assay to detect Babesia spp., Theileria spp., Trypanosoma vivax, Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma bovis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia minasensis, and hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. Additionally, serological analysis of 145 plasma samples was conducted using the indirect fluorescent antibody test-IFAT to detect IgG against Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, A. marginale, and Trypanosoma vivax. The observed prevalence of transplacental transmission was 19.3 %, 6.2 %, 42.7 % and 2.7 %, for A. marginale, B. bigemina, 'Candidatus M. haemobos', and Mycoplasma wenyonii, respectively. The prevalence of A. marginale by gestational trimester was 16 % (13/81) in the second trimester and 23 % (14/60) in the third trimester, with no positive samples in the first trimester. Regarding the species B. bovis and B. bigemina, all evaluated animals tested negative by nPCR, and no serological evidence for B. bovis was found by the IFAT. Babesia bigemina demonstrated an overall seroprevalence of 6.2 % (9/145), with 4.8 % (7/145) in the last trimester and 1.3 % (2/145) in the second trimester of pregnancy. In total, 42.7 % (62/145) of blood samples were positive for 'Candidatus M. haemobos', with 42 % (34/81) in the middle trimester, and 43 % (26/60) in the final trimester of pregnancy. Mycoplasma wenyonni was detected in 2.7 % (4/145) blood samples, all in coinfection with 'C. M. haemobos'. The prevalence by pregnancy trimester was 25 % (1/4) in the first trimester; 1.2 % (1/81) in the second trimester and 3.3 % (2/60) in the third trimester of pregnancy. Hemopathogen DNA was detected in fetus blood samples but not the brain or spleen samples. All the samples were negative for T. vivax, Theileria spp., Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. Overall, in this study, approximately 70 % of fetuses were positive for one or more of the studied parasites. No significant associations were observed between pairs of pathogens, except 'C. M. haemobos' and A. marginale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Silva Andrade
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rayanne Soalheiro de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Andreina Carvalho de Araujo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Soraia de Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Gomes Melo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Siqueira Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gaia de Sousa
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Camila Valgas Bastos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Tiago Facury Moreira
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Melo Meneses
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Ultimo Carvalho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Elias Jorge Facury-Filho
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Júlia Angélica Gonçalves Silveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Couto LFM, Bastos TSA, Morais IMLD, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Falavigna RB, Spricigo JFW, Mota RA, Cruz BC, Colli MHA, Scarpa AB, Soares VE, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ. Reproductive, productive and financial consequences of chronic Trypanosoma vivax infection in a dairy cattle herd in a region without a cyclic vector. Vet Parasitol 2024; 330:110221. [PMID: 38878461 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the reproductive, productive and financial consequences of chronic Trypanosoma vivax infection in a dairy cattle herd located in a region without the cyclic vector during two years. Animals were categorized as either positive (chronically infected) or negative for T. vivax antibodies using a commercial rapid test. Additionally, serum samples from cows were analyzed for the presence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies. Pregnancy diagnoses were performed through rectal palpation and ultrasonography after 30, 60 and every 21 days until the 144th day of pregnancy. If an abortion occurred in the final trimester, serology and cPCR were performed on calves for T. vivax and N. caninum. The breeding period, calving interval and pregnancy losses were recorded. The milk production of each animal during the 305 days of lactation was measured, and the annual financial impact of milk production was calculated using a revenue minus feed cost (RMFC) indicator. Out of 177 cows, 71.75 % were chronically infected, and 13.50 % were T. vivax-negative. No correlation (p = 0.8854) of co-infection between T. vivax and N. caninum was observed. Negative cows required fewer (p≤0.05) artificial inseminations than chronically infected ones. T. vivax was not significantly associated (p = 0.7893) with pregnancy loss up to 81 days of pregnancy. Cows chronically infected by T. vivax had 4-fold greater chance (p = 0.0280) of experiencing pregnancy loss between 82 and 144 days of gestation. Eighteen cows aborted, two were positive for T. vivax antibodies, and one for N. caninum antibodies. The calves were negative for T. vivax and N. caninum. Chronically infected cows and negative cows for T. vivax that experienced pregnancy loss (82-144 days of pregnancy) had a longer (p≤0.05) breeding period to become pregnant, and consequently a longer calving interval compared to cows that maintained pregnancy. The difference (p≤0.05) in milk production was evident when pregnancy loss occurred between 82 and 144 days of gestation in cows chronically infected by T. vivax. The RMFC indicated a negative impact of 38.2 % on the farm's annual milk revenue due to the presence of chronically infected cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Faculdade Anhanguera, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Breno Cayero Cruz
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bontempi IA, Arias DG, Castro GV, Peverengo LM, Díaz GF, Allassia M, Greif G, Marcipar I. Improved serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax infections in cattle reveals high infection rates in the livestock regions of Argentina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012020. [PMID: 38924064 PMCID: PMC11233006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomosis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, currently affects cattle and has a significant economic impact in sub-Saharan Africa and South America. The development of new diagnostic antigens is essential to improve and refine existing methods. Our study evaluated the efficacy of two recombinant antigens in detecting specific antibodies in cattle. These antigens are derivatives of an invariant surface glycoprotein (ISG) from T. vivax. A fraction of a previously described antigen (TvY486_0045500), designated TvISGAf, from an African strain was evaluated, and a new ISG antigen from an American isolate, TvISGAm, was identified. The two antigens were expressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli: TvISGAf was fused to the MBP-His-tag, and TvISGAm was obtained as a His-tag fused protein. An ELISA evaluation was conducted using these antigens on 149 positive and 63 negative bovine samples. The diagnostic performance was enhanced by the use of a combination of both antigens (referred to as TvISG-based ELISA), achieving a sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 93.8%. Following the validation of the TvISG-based ELISA, the seroprevalence of T. vivax infection in 892 field samples from cattle in the central region of Argentina was determined. The mean seroprevalence of T. vivax was 53%, with variation ranging from 21% to 69% among the six departments studied. These results support the use of the TvISG ELISA as a valuable serological tool for the detection and monitoring of T. vivax infection in cattle. Furthermore, we report for the first time the seroprevalence of T. vivax in Argentina, which highlights the widespread endemic nature of the disease in the region. In order to effectively manage the increasing spread of T. vivax in the vast livestock production areas of South America, it is essential to implement consistent surveillance programs and to adopt preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Alejandro Bontempi
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego Gustavo Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Básica de Macromoléculas, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Graciela Verónica Castro
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luz María Peverengo
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Genaro Francisco Díaz
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Martín Allassia
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Greif
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Huésped Patógeno-UBM, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Iván Marcipar
- Laboratorio de Tecnología Inmunológica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castilho Neto KJGDA, Garcia ABDCF, Fidelis Junior OL, Nagata WB, André MR, Teixeira MMG, Machado RZ, Cadioli FA. Follow-up of dairy cattle naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax after treatment with isometamidium chloride. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e020220. [PMID: 33909833 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax infections cause nonspecific clinical signs in cattle associated with aparasitemic intervals, making disease diagnosis a challenge. In Brazil, diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride (ISM) are available to treat bovine trypanosomosis. The objective of this study was to follow-up, by molecular and serological techniques, dairy cattle naturally infected by T. vivax after ISM treatment. Thirty cattle naturally infected with T. vivax received two applications of ISM, at a dosage of 1.0 mg/kg intramuscularly, on days 0 and 150. For T. vivax diagnosis, EDTA-blood and serum samples were evaluated on 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 days after treatment PCR, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and ELISA. Animals with persistent detection of T. vivax DNA by both PCR and LAMP were found and continuous detection of anti-T. vivax IgG antibodies by ELISA, suggesting the presence of T. vivax resistance to ISM. The combination of LAMP and ELISA tests can prevent misdiagnosis of the parasite clearance in treated cattle, contributing to better disease control. This is the first experiment that demonstrates the persistence infection of T. vivax under ISM treatment in a natural infected herd and evidence of ISM chemotherapy-resistant T. vivax in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Walter Beterquini Nagata
- Escola de Medicina Veterinária Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.,Escola de Medicina Veterinária Medicine, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zanatto DCS, Gatto IRH, Labruna MB, Jusi MMG, Samara SI, Machado RZ, André MR. Coxiella burnetii associated with BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus), BoHV (Bovine Herpesvirus), Leptospira spp., Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma vivax in reproductive disorders in cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:245-257. [PMID: 31215610 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This is a cross-sectional study to assess the presence of antibodies in ruminants against selected pathogens associated with reproductive disorders in cattle in four Brazilian states, including the zoonotic agent Coxiella burnetii. The used tests were Virus Neutralization Assay for IBR and BVD, Microscopic Agglutination Test for Leptospira spp., Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) for C. burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii, and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Neospora caninum and Trypanosoma vivax. Seropositivity for C. burnetii was 13.7% with titers from 128 to 131,072; 57.8% for BoHV-1, with titers between 2 and 1,024; 47.1% for BVDV-1a, with titers from 10 to 5,120; 89.2% for N. caninum; 50% for T. vivax; and 52.0% for Leptospira spp., with titers between 100 to 800 (the following serovars were found: Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa, Canicola, Copenhageni, Wolffi, Hardjo, Pomona and Icterohaemorrhagiae); 19.6% for T. gondii with titer of 40. This is the first study that has identified C. burnetii in cattle associated with BoHV and BVDV, N. caninum, Leptospira spp., T. gondii and T. vivax. Thus, future studies should be conducted to investigate how widespread this pathogen is in Brazilian cattle herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carlos Souza Zanatto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.,Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Samir Issa Samara
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fikru R, Hagos A, Rogé S, Reyna-Bello A, Gonzatti MI, Merga B, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P. A proline racemase based PCR for identification of Trypanosoma vivax in cattle blood. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84819. [PMID: 24416292 PMCID: PMC3885604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to develop a Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax) specific PCR based on the T. vivax proline racemase (TvPRAC) gene. Forward and reverse primers were designed that bind at 764–783 bp and 983–1002 bp of the gene. To assess its specificity, TvPRAC PCR was conducted on DNA extracted from different haemotropic pathogens: T. vivax from Nigeria, Ethiopia and Venezuela, T. congolense Savannah type, T. brucei brucei, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. theileri, Theileria parva, Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina and from bovine, goat, mouse, camel and human blood. The analytical sensitivity of the TvPRAC PCR was compared with that of the ITS-1 PCR and the 18S PCR-RFLP on a dilution series of T. vivax DNA in water. The diagnostic performance of the three PCRs was compared on 411 Ethiopian bovine blood specimens collected in a former study. TvPRAC PCR proved to be fully specific for T. vivax, irrespective of its geographical origin. Its analytical sensitivity was lower than that of ITS-1 PCR. On these bovine specimens, TvPRAC PCR detected 8.3% T. vivax infections while ITS-1 PCR and 18S PCR-RFLP detected respectively 22.6 and 6.1% T. vivax infections. The study demonstrates that a proline racemase based PCR could be used, preferably in combination with ITS-1 PCR, as a species-specific diagnostic test for T. vivax infections worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regassa Fikru
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Ashenafi Hagos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Stijn Rogé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Armando Reyna-Bello
- Grupo de Inmunobiología, Centro de Estudios Biomédicos y Veterinarios, Universidad acional Experimental Simón Rodríguez, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mary Isabel Gonzatti
- Grupo de Bioquímica e Inmunología de Hemoparásitos, Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Bekana Merga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Department Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai DH, Dargantes A, Lun ZR, Jittaplapong S. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:194176. [PMID: 24024184 PMCID: PMC3760267 DOI: 10.1155/2013/194176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of "surra," is a salivarian trypanosome, originating from Africa. It is thought to derive from Trypanosoma brucei by deletion of the maxicircle kinetoplastic DNA (genetic material required for cyclical development in tsetse flies). It is mostly mechanically transmitted by tabanids and stomoxes, initially to camels, in sub-Saharan area. The disease spread from North Africa towards the Middle East, Turkey, India, up to 53° North in Russia, across all South-East Asia, down to Indonesia and the Philippines, and it was also introduced by the conquistadores into Latin America. It can affect a very large range of domestic and wild hosts including camelids, equines, cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and other carnivores, deer, gazelles, and elephants. It found a new large range of wild and domestic hosts in Latin America, including reservoirs (capybaras) and biological vectors (vampire bats). Surra is a major disease in camels, equines, and dogs, in which it can often be fatal in the absence of treatment, and exhibits nonspecific clinical signs (anaemia, loss of weight, abortion, and death), which are variable from one host and one place to another; however, its immunosuppressive effects interfering with intercurrent diseases or vaccination campaigns might be its most significant and questionable aspect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desquesnes
- Cirad-Bios, UMR-InterTryp, Montpellier 34000, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sathaporn Jittaplapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cadioli FA, Barnabé PDA, Machado RZ, Teixeira MCA, André MR, Sampaio PH, Fidélis Junior OL, Teixeira MMG, Marques LC. First report of Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in dairy cattle in São Paulo state, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:118-24. [PMID: 22832751 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is the first description of a Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in the state of São Paulo (municipality of Lins). Fever, jaundice, decreased milk production, weight loss, profuse diarrhea, abortion, anemia, leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia were observed in the affected animals. Thirty-one cows and calves died out of a total of 1080 in the herd. Three cows showed neurological symptoms like dysmetria, ataxia, muscle weakness, ptyalism, lymph node enlargement and submandibular edema. Flagellated hemoparasites were observed in blood smears. The species was diagnosed as T. vivax by means of PCR. This T.vivax strain showed resistance to diaminazene aceturate and the infection spread quickly at the herd. From the ELISA test, 599 serum samples (98.36%) were positive for anti-T.vivax IgG antibodies. This outbreak occurred during a very dry period, which indicates that other factors were involved in the outbreak, such as absence of tabanids and large populations of Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans. The increases in these populations may have been due to the use of biosolid waste from sugar and ethanol plants in the sugarcane plantations surrounding the dairy farm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Departamento Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Odontologia Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
First report of Trypanosoma vivax infection in dairy cattle from Costa Rica. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:136-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Gonzales JL, Jones TW, Picozzi K, Cuellar HR. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of bovine trypanosomiasis and epidemiological surveillance in Bolivia. KINETOPLASTID BIOLOGY AND DISEASE 2003; 2:8. [PMID: 14613492 PMCID: PMC280665 DOI: 10.1186/1475-9292-2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Sporadic outbreaks of bovine trypanosomiasis have been reported in Bolivia since 1996 when T. vivax and T. evansi were identified for the first time by parasitological means. However, comprehensive epidemiological information concerning T. vivax and T. evansi in the country is lacking. Current parasitological and serological diagnostic methods for trypanosomiasis have important limitations either in their sensitivity or specificity, which can result in unreliable data when applied in epidemiological studies. PCR assays are a recently developed procedure that might help to overcome the constraints of parasitological and serological assays. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate PCR assays as a diagnostic tool for epidemiological studies in Bolivia. Results PCR assays for diagnosis of trypanosome infection in cattle were evaluated for their ability to detect trypanosome DNA in blood spots samples collected from cattle in four different provinces from the Bolivian lowlands and the results compared with those obtained with standard parasitological Micro Haematocrit Centrifugation Technique (MHCT) and stained smears and serological methods (Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi (CATT), and Antibody ELISAs for T. vivax and T. congolense). Kappa agreement analysis showed a significant agreement between PCR assays and results from parasitological methods but there was no agreement when PCR was compared with serological assays. Some samples from T. vivax smear positive animals were negative by PCR, therefore modifications to the PCR assay conditions were undertaken to try to improve agreement between PCR and parasitological assays. Changes in the template DNA concentration or the use of an alternative primer set resulted in improvements in the PCR detection rate, but not all the parasitologically positive samples were detected by PCR. Results from PCR assays for T. vivax and T. evansi were combined with results from parasitological and serological assays to provide information on prevalence rates for the four provinces from where the samples were obtained. Conclusion The present study established evidence of the usefulness of PCR as diagnostic tool for epidemiological studies and confirmed that cattle trypanosomiasis appears to be endemic in several regions of the Bolivian lowlands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Gonzales
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Veterinario (LIDIVET) Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| | - Tudor W Jones
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) University of Edinburgh Roslin, UK
| | - Kim Picozzi
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine (CTVM) University of Edinburgh Roslin, UK
| | - Hugo Ribera Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Veterinario (LIDIVET) Santa Cruz, Bolivia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dávila AM, Silva RA. Animal trypanosomiasis in South America. Current status, partnership, and information technology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 916:199-212. [PMID: 11193622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal trypanosome species of economical importance in South America include T. vivax and T. evansi. Both species are described in Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. In Argentina and Guyana, only T. evansi and T. vivax are found, respectively. Our studies on T. vivax indicated that the parasite was spreading around 1.3 km per day in Bolivia. We found severe leukopenia in bovines from Pantanal (Brazil) and the Department of Santa Cruz (Bolivia). Because it can cause immunosuppression, the importance of trypanosomiasis control in ensuring success of vaccination campaigns against foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the Pantanal and Bolivia should be considered. The use of one needle for several animals during FMD campaigns in Brazil and Bolivia could also contribute to the spread of T. vivax. The anticipated losses due to T. vivax could exceed $160 million, assuming there are 11 million head of cattle in the Brazilian Pantanal and Bolivian lowlands. International collaboration among research institutes is needed to deal with these diseases and parasites. Previous efforts using information technologies resulted in the creation of two discussion lists (Tryplink and Trypan), the edition of the on-line version of Trypnews and Internet conferences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Dávila
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Madruga CR, Araújo FR, Marques APC, Carvalho CM, Cusinato FQ, Crocci AJ, Kessler RH, Miguita M. Desenvolvimento de uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2000000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Uma prova de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA) para detecção de anticorpos contra Babesia bovis foi desenvolvida e avaliada em comparação à imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). A sensibilidade e especificidade do ELISA, determinadas pela análise de 100 soros positivos de bovinos infectados experimentalmente com B. bovis e 108 soros negativos colhidos de bovinos livres de infecção por este hemoparasito, foram de 98,0% e 98,1%, respectivamente. Os valores preditivos positivo e negativo foram, respectivamente, 98,0% e 98,1% e a precisão do teste foi de 98,1%. Não foram detectadas reações cruzadas com 80 soros de bezerros experimentalmente inoculados com Babesia bigemina. O ELISA foi comparado à IFI usando 110 soros de rebanhos de área de estabilidade endêmica e 168 soros de rebanhos de áreas de instabilidade endêmica. Em ambos os casos, houve concordância significativa (P=0,631 e 0,4725, respectivamente) entre os resultados demonstrados pelos dois testes. Em um estudo epidemiológico realizado com o ELISA na região do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul, com 1.365 soros de bovinos, 83,9% foram positivos para anticorpos contra B. bovis, caracterizando a região estudada como endemicamente estável.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flábio R. Araújo
- Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Silva RA, Ramirez L, Souza SS, Ortiz AG, Pereira SR, Dávila AM. Hematology of natural bovine trypanosomosis in the Brazilian Pantanal and Bolivian wetlands. Vet Parasitol 1999; 85:87-93. [PMID: 10447196 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report hematological changes observed in natural cases of bovine trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma vivax in beef and dairy cattle from Bolivian wetlands and Pantanal, Brazil. The main hematologic changes produced by T. vivax infections were anemia and severe leucopenia. The cattle presented macrocytic hypochromic anemia. The leukocyte changes were characterized by relative lymphocytosis and monocytosis and decrease in the neutrophil counts. The clinical signs were lachrymation, progressive weakness, marked weight loss, inappetence, diarrhea and abortions during the third trimester of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Health, EMBRAPA, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Suino e Aves, Concordia, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Seidl A, Dávila AM, Silva RA. Estimated financial impact of Trypanosoma vivax on the Brazilian pantanal and Bolivian lowlands. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94:269-72. [PMID: 10224541 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The financial impact of the first outbreak of Trypanosoma vivax in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland is estimated. Results are extended to include outbreaks in the Bolivian lowlands providing a notion of the potential influence of the disease and an analytical basis. More than 11 million head of cattle, valued at more than US$3 billion are found in the Brazilian Pantanal and Bolivian lowlands. The total estimated cost of the 1995 outbreak of T. vivax is the sum of the present values of mortality, abortion, and productivity losses and treatment costs, or about 4% of total brood cow value on affected ranches. Had the outbreak gone untreated, the estimated losses would have exceeded 17% of total brood cow value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Seidl
- Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO, 80523-1172, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|