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Tsakmakidis I, Lefkaditis M, Zaralis K, Arsenos G. Alternative hosts of Leishmania infantum: a neglected parasite in Europe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:128. [PMID: 38630347 PMCID: PMC11189345 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Multi-host pathogens that infect various animal species and humans are considered of great importance for public and animal health. Leishmania spp. parasites are a characteristic example of such pathogens. Although leishmaniosis in humans is endemic for about 100 countries around the world it is classified as a neglected tropical disease. There are three main forms of leishmaniosis in humans: cutaneous (CL), visceral (VL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniosis (MCL). Each year, about 30,000 new cases of VL and more than 1 million new cases of CL are recorded. In Europe L. infantum is the dominant species with dogs being reservoir hosts. Apart from dogs, infection has been recorded in various animals, which suggests that other species could play a role in the maintenance of the parasite in nature. Herein we provide an in-depth review of the literature with respect to studies that deal with Leishmania infantum infections in domestic and wild animal species in Europe. Given the fact that domesticated and wild animals could contribute to the incidences of leishmaniosis in humans, the aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review which could potentially be used for the development of measures when it comes to the control of the Leishmania infantum parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsakmakidis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, end of Kontopoulou str, Florina, 53100, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Zaralis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, end of Kontopoulou str, Florina, 53100, Greece.
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Shaw JJ, Marinho-Júnior JF, Courtenay O, Brandão-Filho SP. Assessing reservoir host status in leishmaniasis with special reference to the infectiousness of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infections in wild rodents. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2023; 56:0503. [PMID: 38126376 PMCID: PMC10726968 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0503-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular methods have been responsible for a notable increase in the detection of Leishmaniinae infections in wild animals. Determining their infectiousness is of paramount importance in evaluating their epidemiological significance. One of the most efficient ways of determining infectiousness for vector borne diseases is xenodiagnosis with the appropriate vector. However, this is logistically very difficult to accomplish in the field, and an ideal solution is to find a molecular surrogate for xenodiagnosis. In this review we discuss different approaches to the problem by focusing on the infectiousness of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in rodents under laboratory and field conditions. Comparisons with similar studies for other Leishmania species emphasizes that there are pivotal differences in the infectiousness and the importance of asymptomatic infections in different hosts. Potentially the most promising surrogate is the real time quantitative PCR (qPCR). However, its success depends on choosing a tissue that relates to the vector's feeding location and the parasite's tissue tropism. This requires detailed knowledge of the infection of each species in its wild hosts. We conclude that for L. (V.) braziliensis infections in wild rodents the tissue of choice for a molecular xenodiagnostic test, based on the qPCR is blood, providing that a significant number of samples must be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Shaw
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Universidade de São PauloInstituto de Ciências BiomédicasDepartamento de ParasitologiaSão PauloSPBrasil
| | - José F. Marinho-Júnior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Aggeu MagalhãesRecifePEBrasil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences and the Zeeman Institute, Coventry, United Kingdom.University of WarwickSchool of Life Sciences and the Zeeman InstituteCoventryUnited Kingdom
| | - Sinval P. Brandão-Filho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo CruzInstituto Aggeu MagalhãesRecifePEBrasil
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3
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Shahabi S, Azizi K, Asgari Q, Sarkari B. Calomyscid Rodents ( Rodentia: Calomyscidae) as a Potential Reservoir of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in a Mountainous Residential Area in the Plateau of Iran: Inferring from Molecular Data of kDNA and ITS2 Genes of Leishmania Major. J Trop Med 2023; 2023:5965340. [PMID: 36817555 PMCID: PMC9937756 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5965340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected tropical disease, is an important health problem in Fars Province, southern Iran. Fars, the fourth most populous Province in Iran, is the center of both anthroponotic and zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). Rodents, the reservoir of Leishmania major, play an important role in transmitting ZCL. In the present study, we report Leishmania infection in calomyscid rodents for the first time in mountainous residential areas of Shiraz, the capital of Fars Province, in southern Iran. Rodents were trapped in urban mountainous areas. The skin, liver, and spleen of rodents were examined microscopically for Leishmania infection. In addition, DNA was extracted from the tissues and they were evaluated for Leishmania infection by targeting the kDNA and subsequent sequencing of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer two (ITS2) region. DNA of L. major was detected in the spleen and liver of calomyscid rodents. Molecular evolution based on DNA-sequencing of the ITS2 gene confirmed the taxonomic situation of the parasite as L. major. Our findings suggest the eco-epidemiological importance of calomyscid rodents in the foci of leishmaniasis in the mountainous residential area on the plateau of Iran. These rodents may play a role in the transmission of leishmaniasis in a residential area and could be considered a potential reservoir for CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Shahabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kourosh Azizi
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Qasem Asgari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Glidden CK, Nova N, Kain MP, Lagerstrom KM, Skinner EB, Mandle L, Sokolow SH, Plowright RK, Dirzo R, De Leo GA, Mordecai EA. Human-mediated impacts on biodiversity and the consequences for zoonotic disease spillover. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1342-R1361. [PMID: 34637744 PMCID: PMC9255562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human-mediated changes to natural ecosystems have consequences for both ecosystem and human health. Historically, efforts to preserve or restore 'biodiversity' can seem to be in opposition to human interests. However, the integration of biodiversity conservation and public health has gained significant traction in recent years, and new efforts to identify solutions that benefit both environmental and human health are ongoing. At the forefront of these efforts is an attempt to clarify ways in which biodiversity conservation can help reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover of pathogens from wild animals, sparking epidemics and pandemics in humans and livestock. However, our understanding of the mechanisms by which biodiversity change influences the spillover process is incomplete, limiting the application of integrated strategies aimed at achieving positive outcomes for both conservation and disease management. Here, we review the literature, considering a broad scope of biodiversity dimensions, to identify cases where zoonotic pathogen spillover is mechanistically linked to changes in biodiversity. By reframing the discussion around biodiversity and disease using mechanistic evidence - while encompassing multiple aspects of biodiversity including functional diversity, landscape diversity, phenological diversity, and interaction diversity - we work toward general principles that can guide future research and more effectively integrate the related goals of biodiversity conservation and spillover prevention. We conclude by summarizing how these principles could be used to integrate the goal of spillover prevention into ongoing biodiversity conservation initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Morgan P Kain
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Eloise B Skinner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susanne H Sokolow
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giulio A De Leo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Erin A Mordecai
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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A Systematic Review (1990-2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051101. [PMID: 34065456 PMCID: PMC8160881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by several species of Leishmania that affect humans and many domestic and wild animals with a worldwide distribution. The objectives of this review are to identify wild animals naturally infected with zoonotic Leishmania species as well as the organs infected, methods employed for detection and percentage of infection. A literature search starting from 1990 was performed following the PRISMA methodology and 161 reports were included. One hundred and eighty-nine species from ten orders (i.e., Carnivora, Chiroptera, Cingulata, Didelphimorphia, Diprotodontia, Lagomorpha, Eulipotyphla, Pilosa, Primates and Rodentia) were reported to be infected, and a few animals were classified only at the genus level. An exhaustive list of species; diagnostic techniques, including PCR targets; infected organs; number of animals explored and percentage of positives are presented. L. infantum infection was described in 98 wild species and L. (Viania) spp. in 52 wild animals, while L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. major and L. tropica were described in fewer than 32 animals each. During the last decade, intense research revealed new hosts within Chiroptera and Lagomorpha. Carnivores and rodents were the most relevant hosts for L. infantum and L. (Viannia) spp., with some species showing lesions, although in most of the studies clinical signs were not reported.
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Rivas AK, Alcover MM, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Nachum-Biala Y, Fisa R, Riera C, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania infection in dogs from Venezuela. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100420. [PMID: 32862890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Venezuela is a country where human and canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and other Leishmania spp. is endemic. However, only limited data is available on canine Leishmania infection in Venezuela. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of Leishmania infection in dogs (n = 152) from the states of Lara (n = 91) and Yaracuy (n = 61) in Venezuela by means of serological and molecular methods. Physical examination was performed and blood samples were collected from all dogs. Serology for antibodies reactive with L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of Leishmania DNA from blood samples was evaluated by kinetoplast Leishmania real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, Leishmania internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) RT-PCR was performed on the samples positive by kinetoplast RT-PCR. The prevalence of Leishmania infection based on serological and/or molecular techniques was 11.8%. The seroprevalence for L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens were 2.1% (3/144) and 8.3% (12/144), respectively. All dogs from the state of Yaracuy were serologically negative to L. infantum while 4.6% (4/86) of the dogs were reactive to L. braziliensis antigen. Fourteen percent (8/58) of the dogs from the state of Lara were positive to L. infantum and 5.2% (3/58) to L. braziliensis antigen. Three dogs were positive to both Leishmania spp. antigens. By RT-PCR, 6.5% (4/61) and 4.4% (4/91) of the dogs were positive for infection in the states of Lara and Yaracuy, respectively. The RT-PCR product of one dog from the state of Yaracuy was sequenced revealing a 100% identity with L. infantum. However, all RT-PCR positive dogs were seronegative to both Leishmania spp. antigens. In conclusion, the positivity for Leishmania spp. infections observed indicates that dogs are frequently infected by L. infantum, L. braziliensis or related Leishmania spp. in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruanai Kalú Rivas
- Veterinary clinic "Teky pets" Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - M Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | | | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Castro LS, Dorval ME, Matheus LM, Bednaski AV, Facco GG, Silveira M, Santos CF, Gontijo CM, Oliveira APG, Ferreira EC. Leishmania presence in bats in areas endemic for leishmaniasis in central-west Brazil. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 11:261-267. [PMID: 32195111 PMCID: PMC7078454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis involves the participation of several species of both wild and domestic mammal hosts and sandfly vectors, which demonstrates the eco-epidemiological complexity observed in this disease. Bats are among the most abundant types of mammals and the scarcity of research on Leishmania infection in these animals gives evidence of the importance of new studies that aim to clarify this relationship. This study aimed to detect the Leishmania spp. in bats. 146 bats, representing 16 different species belonging to the Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, and Phyllostomidae families, were received and processed for collection of tissues. Skin samples were collected from 100% of the bats, and liver samples were collected from 87% (n = 127). After evaluating the quality of the DNA extracted by means of PCR directed to the IRBP gene, the samples considered suitable for the Leishmania detection test were submitted for PCR directed to Leishmania kDNA, and to confirm positivity, were tested to the SSUrRNA gene-directed Nested-PCR. The Leishmania presence in the species Molossus pretiosus, Nyctinomops macrotis, and Lasiurus cinereus are the first reports this encounter in these species of bats in Brazil. Furthermore, new species of bats as possible hosts for L. infantum are reported, such as Molossus pretiosus, Myotis nigricans, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis, and, for L. braziliensis, Lasiurus cinereus and Cynomops planirostris. These findings in bats in an area endemic for leishmaniasis indicate that these animals may be involved in sustaining the disease cycle in this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludiele S. Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Maria E.C. Dorval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Larissa M.D. Matheus
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mauricio Silveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Laboratório de Biologia eConservação de Morcegos, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carolina F. Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Célia M.F. Gontijo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz Minas Gerais, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo C. Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Universidade Anhanguera-UNIDERP, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
- Fiocruz Mato Grosso do Sul, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Paniz Mondolfi AE, Colmenares Garmendia A, Mendoza Pérez Y, Hernández-Pereira CE, Medina C, Vargas F, Sandoval D, Agüero J, Román D, Forlano-Riera M, Salas Y, Peraza M, Romero P, Aldana F, Castillo T, Santeliz S, Perez G, Suarez-Alvarado MJ, Morales-Panza RJ, Kato H. Autochthonous cutaneous leishmaniasis in urban domestic animals (Felis catus / Canis lupus familiaris) from central-western Venezuela. Acta Trop 2019; 191:252-260. [PMID: 30633896 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease caused by intracellular protozoa of the Leishmania genus that are spread and transmitted by sandflies. Natural infection and clinical disease in domestic cats and dogs appear to be rare or perhaps largely under-reported in endemic areas. However, previous reports on infected domestic animals usually implicate the same Leishmania species that affect humans in tropical and subtropical areas of the world suggesting a potential role for zoonotic transmission. In the present study we assessed a representative sample of cats and dogs from endemic urban / suburban areas of Lara state in central western Venezuela. In both dogs and cats, cutaneous disease exhibits a spectrum of manifestations that range from single papules or nodules, which may evolve into ulcerative, plaque-like or scaly lesions. Cytochrome b (cyt b) PCR gene sequence analysis revealed L. mexicana as the causative agent in all cases, including two human cases proceeding from the same study area at the same time the study was carried out. In order to improve our understanding on feline/canine infection with Leishmania mexicana, and address potential zoonotic concerns it is necessary to characterize its enzootic reservoirs and vectors as well as the possible anthropophilic players linking to the peridomestic and domestic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Paniz Mondolfi
- Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS), Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - A Colmenares Garmendia
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - Y Mendoza Pérez
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - C E Hernández-Pereira
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine. Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Barquisimeto, Lara State 3001, Venezuela
| | - C Medina
- Department of Public Health, Epidemiology and Zoonoses, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - F Vargas
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - D Sandoval
- Health Sciences Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - J Agüero
- Departments of Small Animals and Dermatology, "Dr. Luis de Leon Clinic", Barquisimeto, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - D Román
- Department of Surgery of Small Animals, INSUAGRO, Barquisimeto, Lara State, 3023, Venezuela
| | - M Forlano-Riera
- Department of Public Health, Veterinarian Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - Y Salas
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - M Peraza
- Department of Small Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - P Romero
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - F Aldana
- Department of Small Animals, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - T Castillo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - S Santeliz
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - G Perez
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - M J Suarez-Alvarado
- Infectious Diseases Research Incubator and the Zoonosis and Emerging Pathogens Regional Collaborative Network, Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clínica IDB Cabudare, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas IDB, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela; Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine. Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado. Barquisimeto, Lara State 3001, Venezuela
| | - R J Morales-Panza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine Universidad Centrooccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Cabudare, Lara State 3023, Venezuela
| | - H Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Viettri M, Herrera L, Aguilar CM, Morocoima A, Reyes J, Lares M, Lozano-Arias D, García-Alzate R, Chacón T, Feliciangeli MD, Ferrer E. Molecular diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi/Leishmania spp. coinfection in domestic, peridomestic and wild mammals of Venezuelan co-endemic areas. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 14:123-130. [PMID: 31014717 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
American trypanosomiasis and leishmaniases are diseases caused by protozoans of the Trypanosomatidae family. In Venezuela, although several endemic foci of both diseases coincide, there are no reports of coinfection in mammals. The molecular diagnosis of the coinfection T. cruzi-Leishmania spp. was done in 527 blood samples collected on filter paper of several species of mammals (Canis familiaris, Equus asinus, Didelphis marsupialis, Equus mulus, Rattus rattus, Equus caballus, Artibeus fraterculus, Felis catus, Sus scrofa, Bos taurus, Capra hircus and Sciurus granatensis) from the states Cojedes, Aragua, Anzoátegui, Guárico, Miranda and Capital District. The T. cruzi infection was determined through PCR amplification of DNA of kinetoplast minicircles (kDNA) and satellite DNA (sDNA). The Leishmania spp. infection was detected by Leishmania nested PCR (Ln-PCR), and ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 1 PCR (ITS1-PCR). The percentage of infection by T. cruzi was 23.5%, by Leishmania spp. 12.9% and coinfection was 5.7%. D. marsupialis was the species with the highest percentage of infection for each parasitosis (T. cruzi 34.3%, Leishmania spp. 20.0%) and coinfection (14.3%). Anzoátegui was the state with the highest percentage of infection for each parasitosis (T. cruzi 64.9%, Leishmania spp. 64.9%) and coinfection (43.2%). Infections were determined in species not reported as natural reservoirs of T. cruzi (E. asinus and E. mulus) and of Leishmania spp. (E. mulus and S. scrofa). Coinfection was a frequent phenomenon in mammals in several co-endemic zones evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Viettri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana Alonso" (BIOMED), Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela; Departamento de Clinico Integral, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Leidi Herrera
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (IZET), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Cruz M Aguilar
- Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET-UC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, San Carlos, Cojedes, Venezuela
| | - Antonio Morocoima
- Centro de Medicina Tropical de Oriente, Universidad de Oriente (UDO) Núcleo Anzoátegui, Barcelona, estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela
| | - Jesús Reyes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana Alonso" (BIOMED), Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - María Lares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana Alonso" (BIOMED), Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Daisy Lozano-Arias
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (IZET), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Roberto García-Alzate
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (IZET), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Tony Chacón
- Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical (IZET), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas, Venezuela
| | - María D Feliciangeli
- Centro Nacional de Referencia de Flebótomos, BIOMED, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Elizabeth Ferrer
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana Alonso" (BIOMED), Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela; Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela.
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10
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Tonelli GB, Tanure A, Rego FD, Carvalho GMDL, Stumpp R, Ássimos GR, Campos AM, Lima ACVMDR, Gontijo CMF, Paz GF, Andrade Filho JD. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in wild small mammals in ecotourism area of Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190315. [PMID: 29284049 PMCID: PMC5746269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases transmitted to mammalian hosts by sand fly vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae). Despite the increasing occurrence of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis cases in urban centers, their transmission still occur primarily in wild environments and may be associated with professional activities and recreation, such as ecotourism. The Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Santuário do Caraça (RPPNSC) is one of the largest ecotourism attractions in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and comprises an area of environmental preservation with 11,233 hectares presenting a transitional vegetation between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. The present study describes the abundance of small mammals in RPPNSC, the isolation and identification of Leishmania in five wild animals. Small mammals were bimonthly trapped along 6 trails within the RPPNSC with 10 Tomahawk traps each. Two trails were located in peridomiciliary areas near tourist lodging facilities, and four trails were located at sites visited by tourists in forest areas. The most prevalent species were Akodon cursor, Cerradomys subflavus and Oligoryzomys nigripes. Six isolates of Leishmania were obtained from these animals and identified as Leishmania braziliensis through HSP70-PCR RFLP method. Leishmania spp. DNA was detected by kDNA-PCR method and isolated by biphasic culture. Studies point to some of the captured species as potential wild reservoirs of Leishmania, suggesting they may be involved in the transmission cycle in these wild environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Tanure
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Felipe Dutra Rego
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | - Rodolfo Stumpp
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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11
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Fernández MS, Fraschina J, Acardi S, Liotta DJ, Lestani E, Giuliani M, Busch M, Salomón OD. Assessment of the role of small mammals in the transmission cycle of tegumentary leishmaniasis and first report of natural infection with Leishmania braziliensis in two sigmodontines in northeastern Argentina. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:405-412. [PMID: 29264720 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To contribute to the knowledge of the role of small mammals in the transmission cycle of tegumentary leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis, we studied the small mammal community and its temporal and spatial association with phlebotominae, as well as small mammal infection by Leishmania spp. by PCR-RFLP analyses in an endemic area of northeastern Argentina. Ten small mammal samplings were conducted (2007-2009, 7506 Sherman trap nights and 422 cage trap nights). In two of these samplings, 16 capture stations each one consisting of a CDC light trap to capture phlebotominae, two to four Sherman traps and two cage traps were placed. We found co-occurrence of phlebotominae and small mammal captures in four stations, which were all the stations with small mammal captures and yielded 97% (2295 specimens, including 21 gravid females) of the total phlebotominae captures, suggesting that small mammals may provide a potential source of blood for phlebotominae females. One Didelphis albiventris and two Rattus rattus were associated with high captures of Nyssomyia whitmani, vector of L. braziliensis in the study area. The PCR-RFLP analyses confirm the presence of L. braziliensis in two sigmodontine small mammals (Akodon sp. and Euryoryzomys russatus) for the first time in Argentina, to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S Fernández
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 4° Piso, C1428EHA, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Argentinean Network for Research on Leishmaniasis, (REDILA), Puerto Iguazu, Argentina.
| | - Jimena Fraschina
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 4° Piso, C1428EHA, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soraya Acardi
- Argentinean Network for Research on Leishmaniasis, (REDILA), Puerto Iguazu, Argentina
| | - Domingo J Liotta
- Argentinean Network for Research on Leishmaniasis, (REDILA), Puerto Iguazu, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada (LaBiMAp) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Av. M Moreno, 1375, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Jujuy y Neuquén S/N, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Lestani
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Jujuy y Neuquén S/N, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Magalí Giuliani
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Jujuy y Neuquén S/N, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - María Busch
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), UBA-CONICET, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. II, 4° Piso, C1428EHA, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O Daniel Salomón
- Argentinean Network for Research on Leishmaniasis, (REDILA), Puerto Iguazu, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Jujuy y Neuquén S/N, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
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12
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Tsakmakidis Ι, Angelopoulou K, Dovas CI, Dokianakis Ε, Tamvakis Α, Symeonidou I, Antoniou Μ, Diakou Α. Leishmaniainfection in rodents in Greece. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:1523-1532. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ιoannis Tsakmakidis
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Katerina Angelopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Chrysostomos I. Dovas
- Diagnostic Laboratory; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Εmmanouil Dokianakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Crete; Heraklion Greece
| | - Αndroniki Tamvakis
- Laboratory of Ecology and System Dynamics; Department of Marine Sciences; University of the Aegean; Mytilene Greece
| | - Isaia Symeonidou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Μaria Antoniou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology, Parasitology, Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Crete; Heraklion Greece
| | - Αnastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases; School of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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13
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Caldart ET, Freire RL, Ferreira FP, Ruffolo BB, Sbeghen MR, Mareze M, Garcia JL, Mitsuka-Breganó R, Navarro IT. Leishmania in synanthropic rodents (Rattus rattus): new evidence for the urbanization of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 26:17-27. [PMID: 28177041 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect parasites from Leishmania genus, to determine the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies, to identify circulating species of the parasite, and to determine epidemiological variables associated with infection in rats caught in urban area of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Animal capture was carried out from May to December 2006, serological and molecular methods were performed. DNA was extracted from total blood, and nested-PCR, targeting SSu rRNA from Leishmania genus, was performed in triplicate. The positive samples were sequenced twice by Sanger method to species determination. In total, 181 rodents were captured, all were identified as Rattus rattus and none showed clinical alterations. Forty-one of the 176 (23.3%) animals were positive for Leishmania by ELISA and 6/181 (3.3%) were positive by IFAT. Nine of 127 tested animals (7.1%) were positive by PCR; seven were identified as L. (L.) amazonensis, one as L. (L.) infantum. Four rats were positive using more than one test. This was the first description of synanthropic rodents naturally infected by L. (L.) amazonensis (in the world) and by L. (L.) infantum (in South Brazil). Regarding L. (L.) amazonensis, this finding provides new evidence of the urbanization of this etiological agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza Teles Caldart
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Roberta Lemos Freire
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Pinto Ferreira
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Bruno Bergamo Ruffolo
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Mônica Raquel Sbeghen
- Laboratório de Imunologia Animal, Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Marcelle Mareze
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Regina Mitsuka-Breganó
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brasil
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14
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Andrade MS, Courtenay O, F. Brito ME, Carvalho FG, Carvalho AWS, Soares F, Carvalho SM, Costa PL, Zampieri R, Floeter-Winter LM, Shaw JJ, Brandão-Filho SP. Infectiousness of Sylvatic and Synanthropic Small Rodents Implicates a Multi-host Reservoir of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004137. [PMID: 26448187 PMCID: PMC4598029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility that a multi-host wildlife reservoir is responsible for maintaining transmission of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causing human cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is tested by comparative analysis of infection progression and infectiousness to sandflies in rodent host species previously shown to have high natural infection prevalences in both sylvatic or/and peridomestic habitats in close proximity to humans in northeast Brazil. Methods The clinical and parasitological outcomes, and infectiousness to sandflies, were observed in 54 colonized animals of three species (18 Necromys lasiurus, 18 Nectomys squamipes and 18 Rattus rattus) experimentally infected with high (5.5×106/ml) or low (2.8×105/ml) dose L. (V.) braziliensis (MBOL/BR/2000/CPqAM95) inoculum. Clinical signs of infection were monitored daily. Whole animal xenodiagnoses were performed 6 months post inoculation using Lutzomyia longipalpis originating from flies caught in Passira, Pernambuco, after this parasite evaluation was performed at necropsy. Heterogeneities in Leishmania parasite loads were measured by quantitative PCR in ear skin, liver and spleen tissues. Results All three rodent species proved to establish infection characterized by short-term self-resolving skin lesions, located on ears and tail but not on footpads (one site of inoculation), and variable parasite loads detected in all three tissues with maximum burdens of 8.1×103 (skin), 2.8×103 (spleen), and 8.9×102 (liver). All three host species, 18/18 N. lasiurus, 10/18 N. squamipes and 6/18 R. rattus, also proved infectious to sandflies in cross-sectional study. R. rattus supported significantly lower tissue parasite loads compared to those in N. lasiurus and N. squamipes, and N. lasiurus appeared to be more infectious, on average, than either N. squamipes or R. rattus. Conclusions A multi-host reservoir of cutaneous leishmaniasis is indicated in this region of Brazil, though with apparent differences in the competence between the rodent species. The results provide preliminary insights into links between sylvatic and peri-domestic transmission cycles associated with overlaps in the rodent species’ ecological niches. Across the Americas, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis is the predominant Leishmania species causing cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. Transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies, questions remain about the epidemiological contributions of the numerous zoonotic and more domestic host species. Domestication of the principal vector and human infection patterns suggest that human infection risk is predominantly peridomestic, whereas control strategies will be more complex if there is a link to a wildlife transmission cycle. Almost no studies have been conducted on the transmission potential of natural hosts of L. (V.) braziliensis. This study evaluates the infectiousness of experimentally infected natural rodent host species, that in different ecological habitats are proposed to act as a single or a multi-host reservoir. Clinical and parasitological development, and the ability to transmit Leishmania to sandflies, was observed under experimental conditions using a single strain of L. (V.) braziliensis isolated from the wild rat, Necromys lasiurus. Xenodiagnoses were performed with laboratory bred sand fly females established from a local population of Lutzomyia longipalpis. All three rodent species developed disseminated subclinical parasitological infections, but clinical signs (lesions) were transient and self-resolving. N. squamipes, N. lasiurus and R. rattus were all infectious when asymptomatic, though their competence in transmission potential appears to differ with R. rattus showing signs of lower susceptibility. These results provide further evidence that a multi-host reservoir is responsible for maintaining transmission with a bridge between infectious sylvatic and peridomestic rodent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Andrade
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Orin Courtenay
- Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER) and School of Life Sciences, University Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Maria E. F. Brito
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco G. Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Waléria S. Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fábia Soares
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Silvia M. Carvalho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Pietra L. Costa
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Zampieri
- Biosiences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Shaw
- Biomedical Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JJS); SPBF
| | - Sinval P. Brandão-Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center-Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JJS); SPBF
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15
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Gebresilassie A, Yared S, Aklilu E, Kirstein OD, Moncaz A, Tekie H, Balkew M, Warburg A, Hailu A, Gebre-Michael T. Host choice of Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in animal baited experiments: a field study in Tahtay Adiyabo district, northern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:190. [PMID: 25885333 PMCID: PMC4389315 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host choice and feeding success of sand fly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are important factors in understanding the epidemiology and for developing efficient control strategies. The aim of the present study was to determine the host preference of Phlebotomus orientalis in the VL focus of Tahtay Adiyabo district, northern Ethiopia. Methods Two separate experiments were conducted testing attraction of P. orientalis to humans, domestic animals, and small wild animals. The host choice of P. orientalis and other sand fly species was assessed using tent traps baited with seven different animals (human, cow, sheep, goat, donkey, dog and chicken) and a blank control. Baited traps were rotated every night in a Latin square design for two consecutive full rounds totaling 16 trap-nights. The second set of experiments tested attraction to small wild animals including; ground squirrel (Xerus rutilus), hare (Lepus sp.), gerbil (Tatera robusta) and spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus). Animals were caged in standard rodent traps or cylindrical wire-mesh cages. The bait animals were placed in agricultural field and the attracted sand flies were collected using unlit CDC traps for 10 trapping nights. Sand fly specimens collected from each of the experiments were identified to species level and counted. Results Significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the attraction and feeding rate of P. orientalis to different baits. In the first experiment, cow-baited tent traps attracted the highest mean number of P. orientalis (mean = 510 flies). The engorgement rate of P. orientalis on donkey was the highest followed by cow, and much lower on goat, sheep, dog and chicken. In the case of smaller wild animals, more numbers of P. orientalis females were attracted to squirrels followed by hares, gerbils and the spiny rat. However, the engorgement rates for P. orientalis in the smaller animals were very low (1.08%) compared with larger domestic animals (30.53%). Conclusion The tendency of female P. orientalis to engorge in large numbers on certain species of domestic as well as wild animals strongly indicated that the species is primarily zoophilic in its host preference with feeding habits that may vary depending on the availability of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araya Gebresilassie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia.
| | - Solomon Yared
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia. .,Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Essayas Aklilu
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Oscar David Kirstein
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Aviad Moncaz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Habte Tekie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Meshesha Balkew
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Alon Warburg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Teshome Gebre-Michael
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
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Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2014; 3:251-62. [PMID: 25426421 PMCID: PMC4241529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are maintained by multiple hosts included in seven mammal orders. Reservoir hosts are the assemblage of species responsible for Leishmania maintenance. Mammal host–Leishmania interaction determines host competence to infect vectors. Associate ecological and parasitological data are crucial to understand the wild cycle. Prevention of human cases is dependent on a thorough knowledge of the wild cycle.
The definition of a reservoir has changed significantly in the last century, making it necessary to study zoonosis from a broader perspective. One important example is that of Leishmania, zoonotic multi-host parasites maintained by several mammal species in nature. The magnitude of the health problem represented by leishmaniasis combined with the complexity of its epidemiology make it necessary to clarify all of the links in transmission net, including non-human mammalian hosts, to develop effective control strategies. Although some studies have described dozens of species infected with these parasites, only a minority have related their findings to the ecological scenario to indicate a possible role of that host in parasite maintenance and transmission. Currently, it is accepted that a reservoir may be one or a complex of species responsible for maintaining the parasite in nature. A reservoir system should be considered unique on a given spatiotemporal scale. In fact, the transmission of Leishmania species in the wild still represents an complex enzootic “puzzle”, as several links have not been identified. This review presents the mammalian species known to be infected with Leishmania spp. in the Americas, highlighting those that are able to maintain and act as a source of the parasite in nature (and are thus considered potential reservoirs). These host/reservoirs are presented separately in each of seven mammal orders – Marsupialia, Cingulata, Pilosa, Rodentia, Primata, Carnivora, and Chiroptera – responsible for maintaining Leishmania species in the wild.
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Shender LA, De Los Santos M, Montgomery JM, Conrad PA, Ghersi BM, Razuri H, Lescano AG, Mazet JAK. Native rodent species are unlikely sources of infection for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in Madre de Dios, Peru. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103358. [PMID: 25062033 PMCID: PMC4111550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 2.3 million disability-adjusted life years are lost globally from leishmaniasis. In Peru's Amazon region, the department of Madre de Dios (MDD) rises above the rest of the country in terms of the annual incidence rates of human leishmaniasis. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the species most frequently responsible for the form of disease that results in tissue destruction of the nose and mouth. However, essentially nothing is known regarding the reservoirs of this vector-borne, zoonotic parasite in MDD. Wild rodents have been suspected, or proven, to be reservoirs of several Leishmania spp. in various ecosystems and countries. Additionally, people who live or work in forested terrain, especially those who are not regionally local and whose immune systems are thus naïve to the parasite, are at most risk for contracting L. (V.) braziliensis. Hence, the objective of this study was to collect tissues from wild rodents captured at several study sites along the Amazonian segment of the newly constructed Transoceanic Highway and to use molecular laboratory techniques to analyze samples for the presence of Leishmania parasites. Liver tissues were tested via polymerase chain reaction from a total of 217 rodents; bone marrow and skin biopsies (ear and tail) were also tested from a subset of these same animals. The most numerous rodent species captured and tested were Oligoryzomys microtis (40.7%), Hylaeamys perenensis (15.7%), and Proechimys spp. (12%). All samples were negative for Leishmania, implying that although incidental infections may occur, these abundant rodent species are unlikely to serve as primary reservoirs of L. (V.) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in MDD. Therefore, although these rodent species may persist and even thrive in moderately altered landscapes, we did not find any evidence to suggest they pose a risk for L. (V.) braziliensis transmission to human inhabitants in this highly prevalent region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Shender
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia A. Conrad
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruno M. Ghersi
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Razuri
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- Parasitology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Loría-Cervera EN, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:1-11. [PMID: 24553602 PMCID: PMC4085833 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a major public health problem worldwide and is
classified as Category I by the TDR/WHO, mainly due to the absence of control. Many
experimental models like rodents, dogs and monkeys have been developed, each with
specific features, in order to characterize the immune response to
Leishmania species, but none reproduces the pathology observed in
human disease. Conflicting data may arise in part because different parasite strains
or species are being examined, different tissue targets (mice footpad, ear, or base
of tail) are being infected, and different numbers (“low” 1×102 and “high”
1×106) of metacyclic promastigotes have been inoculated. Recently, new
approaches have been proposed to provide more meaningful data regarding the host
response and pathogenesis that parallels human disease. The use of sand fly saliva
and low numbers of parasites in experimental infections has led to mimic natural
transmission and find new molecules and immune mechanisms which should be considered
when designing vaccines and control strategies. Moreover, the use of wild rodents as
experimental models has been proposed as a good alternative for studying the
host-pathogen relationships and for testing candidate vaccines. To date, using
natural reservoirs to study Leishmania infection has been
challenging because immunologic reagents for use in wild rodents are lacking. This
review discusses the principal immunological findings against
Leishmania infection in different animal models highlighting the
importance of using experimental conditions similar to natural transmission and
reservoir species as experimental models to study the immunopathology of the
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Fernando José Andrade-Narváez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M. Rodent infection withLeishmaniain a new focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, in northern Iran. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 102:127-33. [DOI: 10.1179/136485908x252223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Helhazar M, Leitão J, Duarte A, Tavares L, da Fonseca IP. Natural infection of synathropic rodent species Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus by Leishmania infantum in Sesimbra and Sintra--Portugal. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:88. [PMID: 23566789 PMCID: PMC3639096 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a parasitic zoonotic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Genus Phlebotomus is the biological vector in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. The dog is the domestic reservoir host but other animals like the fox (Vulpes vulpes) and rodents are known to maintain the infection in both sylvatic and domestic cycles. METHODS To identify the role of synanthropic rodents Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus as reservoir hosts for Leishmania infantum natural infection, 30 rodents were captured under a trap rodent control program in two private dog shelters from Sintra and Sesimbra, located in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, known to be endemic for canine leishmaniosis in Portugal. Tissue samples were screened for the presence of Leishmania amastigotes by qPCR and parasitological analysis. RESULTS A total of 33.3% (9/27) of Mus musculus rodents revealed the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA while 29.6% (8/27) were positive in the parasitological analysis. Concerning Rattus norvegicus (n=3), one animal revealed infection only by parasitological analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results identified for the first time in Portugal the presence of Leishmania infection in both rodent species. As susceptible hosts, infected Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus may increase the risk for dog and human infection in households and surrounding areas, enhancing the need for efficient rodent control measures in shelters and risk zones to prevent transmission of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Helhazar
- CIISA, Fac Med Vet, Av, Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Leitão
- Centro Médico Veterinário de Cabra Figa, Rua da Liberdade, lote 889-A Cabra Figa, 2635-128, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Ana Duarte
- CIISA, Fac Med Vet, Av, Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA, Fac Med Vet, Av, Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
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Ocampo CB, Ferro MC, Cadena H, Gongora R, Pérez M, Valderrama-Ardila CH, Quinnell RJ, Alexander N. Environmental factors associated with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a new Andean focus in Colombia. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:1309-17. [PMID: 22882595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the environmental and ecological factors associated with Leishmania transmission and vector abundance in Chaparral, Tolima-Colombia. METHODS First, we compared the ecological characteristics, abundance of phlebotomies and potential reservoir hosts in the peridomestic environment (100 m radius) of randomly selected houses, between two townships with high and low cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence. Second, we examined peridomestic correlates of phlebotomine abundance in all 43 houses in the higher risk township. RESULTS The high transmission township had higher coverage of forest (23%vs. 8.4%) and shade coffee (30.7%vs. 11%), and less coffee monoculture (16.8%vs. 26.2%) and pasture (6.3%vs. 12.3%), compared to the low transmission township. Lutzomyia were more abundant in the high transmission township 2.5 vs. 0.2/trap/night. Lutzomyia longiflocosa was the most common species in both townships: 1021/1450 (70%) and 39/80 (49%). Numbers of potential wild mammal reservoirs were small, although four species were found to be infected with Leishmania (Viannia) spp. In the high transmission township, the overall peridomiciliary capture rate of L. longiflocosa was 1.5/trap/night, and the abundance was higher in houses located nearer to forest (ρ = -0.30, P = 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings are consistent with a domestic transmission cycle with the phlebotomies dependent on dense vegetation near the house.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ocampo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Valle, Colombia Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Program for study and Control of Tropical Disease, PECET, Antioquia, Colombia
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Roque ALR, Cupolillo E, Marchevsky RS, Jansen AM. Thrichomys laurentius (Rodentia; Echimyidae) as a putative reservoir of Leishmania infantum and L. braziliensis: patterns of experimental infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e589. [PMID: 20126407 PMCID: PMC2814861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the genus Thrichomys in the retention of infection and transmission of Leishmania species is supported by previous studies that describe an ancient interaction between caviomorphs and trypanosomatids and report the natural infection of Thrichomys spp. Moreover, these rodents are widely dispersed in Brazil and recognized as important hosts of other tripanosomatids. Our main purpose was to evaluate the putative role of Thrichomys laurentius in the retention of infection and amplification of the transmission cycle of Leishmania infantum and L. braziliensis. Male and female T. laurentius (n = 24) born in captivity were evaluated for the retention of infection with these Leishmania species and followed up by parasitological, serological, hematological, biochemical, histological, and molecular assays for 3, 6, 9, or 12 months post infection (mpi). T. laurentius showed its competence as maintenance host for the two inoculated Leishmania species. Four aspects should be highlighted: (i) re-isolation of parasites 12 mpi; (ii) the low parasitic burden displayed by T. laurentius tissues; (iii) the early onset and maintenance of humoral response, and (iv) the similar pattern of infection by the two Leishmania species. Both Leishmania species demonstrated the ability to invade and maintain itself in viscera and skin of T. laurentius, and no rodent displayed any lesion, histological changes, or clinical evidence of infection. We also wish to point out the irrelevance of the adjective dermotropic or viscerotropic to qualify L. braziliensis and L. infantum, respectively, when these species are hosted by nonhuman hosts. Our data suggest that T. laurentius may act at least as a maintenance host of both tested Leishmania species since it maintained long-lasting infections. Moreover, it cannot be discarded that Leishmania spp. infection in free-ranging T. laurentius could result in higher parasite burden due the more stressing conditions in the wild. Therefore the tissular parasitism of the skin, infectiveness to the vector, and amplification of the transmission cycle of both Leishmania species could be expected. For Leishmania, one genus among several genera belonging to the parasitic Trypanosomatidae family, many nonhuman mammals are known to be hosts in addition to humans. Most studies that describe Leishmania wild reservoirs are based on isolated descriptions of infection that can lead to misinterpretation of information. The definition of the epidemiological importance of a putative reservoir host depends on adequate data on the dynamics and peculiarities inherent to the host-parasite interactions and their involvement in the transmission cycle of these parasites. Our objectives were to sort out the features displayed by nonhuman mammal populations (the caviomorph rodent Thrichomys laurentius) which, with an insect host, perpetuate Leishmania transmission cycles. This rodent species had the ability to act as maintenance and/or amplifier host of both tested Leishmania species. The similar pattern of infection displayed by T. laurentius infected by these two Leishmania species shows that the definition of dermotropic or viscerotropic based on the clinical features observed in humans should not be applied to natural hosts, and it emphasizes that the search for Leishmania reservoirs should consider all possibilities of the infection course, independent of current knowledge in other mammal hosts.
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Papadogiannakis E, Spanakos G, Kontos V, Menounos PG, Tegos N, Vakalis N. Molecular Detection of Leishmania infantum in Wild Rodents (Rattus norvegicus) in Greece. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 57:e23-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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De Lima H, Rodríguez N, Feliciangeli MD, Barrios MA, Sosa A, Agrela I, Sánchez E, Lopez O. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania chagasi/Le. infantum in an endemic area of Guarico State, Venezuela. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009; 103:721-6. [PMID: 19150102 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania chagasi/Le. infantum in Venezuela, with some atypical characteristics. Out of 63 cases of CL in the suburbs of Altagracia de Orituco, Guarico State, Venezuela, 30 presented clinical, parasitological, immunological and epidemiological features different from those of the classical CL known in the country. The initial lesion was small and nodular, which, if not treated, might progress to a superficial ulcer. No secondary infection was observed. The identification of the isolates was carried out by molecular techniques. Twelve species of phlebotomine sandflies were caught, the most abundant being Lutzomyia evansi and Lu. longipalpis s.l., known vectors of Le. chagasi/Le. infantum. The existence of Le. chagasi/Le. infantum and its vectors in an endemic area of CL has implications and we suggest that epidemiological studies should be carried out to obtain a clearer picture of the extent of this CL form in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- H De Lima
- Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela/Ministerio de Salud, Apartado 4043, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela.
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Oliveira FS, Pirmez C, Pires MQ, Brazil RP, Pacheco RS. PCR-based diagnosis for detection of Leishmania in skin and blood of rodents from an endemic area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2005; 129:219-27. [PMID: 15845276 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) associated to hybridization was used to screen 123 samples collected from wild and synanthropic rodents captured in a cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis endemic area in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The detection of Leishmania spp in naturally infected rodents is of fundamental importance for incriminating them as possible reservoir hosts of the diseases in Minas Gerais. A total of 62 specimens belonging to wild (Thrichomys apereoides, Oryzomys subflavus, Galea spixii, Bolomys lasiurus and Wiedomys pyrrhorhinos) and synanthropic (R. rattus) rodent species were captured in different ecotopes. Blood and skin samples were submitted for PCR analyses followed by molecular hybridization with specific probes for the three Leishmania-species complexes. Fifteen samples were found positive after PCR-hybridization and identified as follows: nine belonging to the L. mexicana complex, three to the L. braziliensis complex and three to the L. donovani complex. Positive PCR results were found in 11 out of the 61 (18%) blood samples and in four out of the 62 (6.4%) skin fragments screened. R. rattus and T. apereoides were the most abundant species in the area also presenting high prevalence of natural infection. The presence of parasite DNA belonging to L. braziliensis, L. mexicana and L. donovani complexes was confirmed in several individuals of a rodent species, R. rattus. This work is the first report of the detection of L. (L.) chagasi in a naturally infected T. apereoides. The utility of filter paper as a substrate for PCR analyses and the efficacy of the procedure associated to the hybridization is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Sistemática Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Brandão-Filho SP, Brito ME, Carvalho FG, Ishikawa EA, Cupolillo E, Floeter-Winter L, Shaw JJ. Wild and synanthropic hosts of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in the endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis locality of Amaraji, Pernambuco State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2003; 97:291-6. [PMID: 15228244 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(03)90146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of Leishmania infection was found in small mammals captured between 1996 and 2000 in the Amaraji region, Pernambuco State, Brazil. The kDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using primers specific for subgenus L. (Viannia), was positive for 43/153 water rats (Nectomys squamipes), 13/81 black rats (Rattus rattus), 15/103 grass mice (Bolomys lasiurus), 1/14 marsh mice (Holochilus scieurus), 2/50 field mice (Akodon arviculoides), 2/12 woolly opossums (Marmosa sp.), and 5/37 common opossums (Didelphis albiventris). This same kDNA PCR was positive for 12/61 dog and 8/58 horse skin samples. In paired PCR tests of 203 small mammals, 18.7% were positive with the kDNA primers and 18.2% with rDNA primers. Amastigotes were seen in 26/460 and L. (V.) braziliensis was isolated from 5 grass mice and 1 black rat. We concluded that small mammals, particularly rodents, are infected with parasites of the subgenus L. (Viannia). The isolation of L. (V.) braziliensis zymodeme IOC/Z74 from 6 rodents and the fact that all the other described L. (Viannia) species that commonly infect humans have never been found in rodents or marsupials leads us to suggest that the positive PCRs indicate infections of L. (V.) braziliensis. The isolation of zymodeme IOC/Z74 from humans reinforces our hypothesis that small, ground-loving mammals, such as rodents are the primary reservoirs of L. (V.) braziliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinval P Brandão-Filho
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego, S/N, Recife 50670-420, Pernambuco, Brazil
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