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Tendler M, Almeida MS, Vilar MM, Pinto PM, Limaverde-Sousa G. Current Status of the Sm14/GLA-SE Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Overcoming Barriers and Paradigms towards the First Anti-Parasitic Human(itarian) Vaccine. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040121. [PMID: 30469320 PMCID: PMC6306874 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a disease historically associated with poverty, lack of sanitation and social inequality, is a chronic, debilitating parasitic infection, affecting hundreds of millions of people in endemic countries. Although chemotherapy is capable of reducing morbidity in humans, rapid re-infection demonstrates that the impact of drug treatment on transmission control or disease elimination is marginal. In addition, despite more than two decades of well-executed control activities based on large-scale chemotherapy, the disease is expanding in many areas including Brazil. The development of the Sm14/GLA-SE schistosomiasis vaccine is an emblematic, open knowledge innovation that has successfully completed phase I and phase IIa clinical trials, with Phase II/III trials underway in the African continent, to be followed by further trials in Brazil. The discovery and experimental phases of the development of this vaccine gathered a robust collection of data that strongly supports the ongoing clinical phase. This paper reviews the development of the Sm14 vaccine, formulated with glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA-SE), from the initial experimental developments to clinical trials including the current status of phase II studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Tendler
- FIOCRUZ-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Marília S Almeida
- FIOCRUZ-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Monica M Vilar
- FIOCRUZ-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia M Pinto
- FIOCRUZ-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Limaverde-Sousa
- FIOCRUZ-Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Esquistossomose Experimental, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil.
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Barbosa VS, Guimarães RJDPSE, Loyo RM, Marcelino S, Barbosa CS. First report of schistosomiasis on Serrambi beach, Ipojuca, State of Pernambuco. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:780-2. [PMID: 26676508 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0079-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The expansion of schistosomiasis to previously unaffected areas is being monitored by identifying new cases and georeferencing outbreaks of vector snails. METHODS In 2014, the Laboratório de Esquistossomose began an epidemiological survey in Serrambi and registered 2,574 people living there. RESULTS Of these subjects, 1,414 (54.9%) underwent feces examination and 63 (4.5%) were diagnosed with Schistosoma mansoni infection. At this locality, seven breeding sites each were identified for Biomphalaria straminea and Biomphalaria glabrata. At two sites, B. glabrata were shedding cercariae. CONCLUSIONS Implementing preventive measures is necessary to avoid the establishment of schistosomiasis in yet another tourist locality, Pernambuco.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodrigo Moraes Loyo
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Silas Marcelino
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Leal Neto OB, Loyo R, Albuquerque J, Perazzo J, Barbosa V, Barbosa CS. Using mobile technology to conduct epidemiological investigations. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2015; 48:105-7. [PMID: 25860475 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0181-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to report the experience of an epidemiological field survey for which data were collected and analyzed using tablets. METHODS The devices used Epi Info 7 (Android version), which has been modeled a database with variables of the traditional form. RESULTS Twenty-one households were randomly selected in the study area; 75 residents were registered and completed household interviews with socioeconomic and environmental risk variables. CONCLUSIONS This new technology is a valuable tool for collecting and analyzing data from the field, with advantageous benefits to epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Loyo
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jones Albuquerque
- Departamento de Informática, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Juliana Perazzo
- Núcleo de Estudos de Saúde Coletiva, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Verônica Barbosa
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Blanton RE, Barbosa LM, Reis EA, Carmo TM, dos Santos CRA, Costa JM, Aminu PT, Blank WA, Reis RB, Guimarães IC, Silva LK, Reis MG. The relative contribution of immigration or local increase for persistence of urban schistosomiasis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003521. [PMID: 25775457 PMCID: PMC4361398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization is increasing across the globe, and diseases once considered rural can now be found in urban areas due to the migration of populations from rural endemic areas, local transmission within the city, or a combination of factors. We investigated the epidemiologic characteristics of urban immigrants and natives living in a neighborhood of Salvador, Brazil where there is a focus of transmission of Schistosoma mansoni. In a cross-sectional study, all inhabitants from 3 sections of the community were interviewed and examined. In order to determine the degree of parasite differentiation between immigrants and the native born, S. mansoni eggs from stools were genotyped for 15 microsatellite markers. The area received migrants from all over the state, but most infected children had never been outside of the city, and infected snails were present at water contact sites. Other epidemiologic features suggested immigration contributed little to the presence of infection. The intensity and prevalence of infection were the same for immigrants and natives when adjusted for age, and length of immigrant residence in the community was positively associated with prevalence of infection. The population structure of the parasites also supported that the contribution from immigration was small, since the host-to-host differentiation was no greater in the urban parasite population than a rural population with little distant immigration, and there had been little differentiation in the urban population over the past 7 years. Public health efforts should focus on eliminating local transmission, and once eliminated, reintroduction from distant migration is unlikely. Urban transmission of schistosomiasis is becoming more recognized as rural disease is becoming less common and urbanization increases. Characteristics of infection of the immigrant population to cities and genetic characteristics of the parasite population itself indicate local transmission is the most important factor for the presence of the parasite rather than arrival of infected immigrants. While there is 70% coverage of adequate sanitation, this was insufficient to interrupt transmission. If eliminated, this focus is unlikely to readily reappear due to immigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald E. Blanton
- Case Western Reserve University, Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lúcio M. Barbosa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eliana A. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Theomira M. Carmo
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Jackson M. Costa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Peace T. Aminu
- Case Western Reserve University, Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Walter A. Blank
- Case Western Reserve University, Centre for Global Health and Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Renato Barbosa Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Regional and Urban Development, UNIFACS (Universidade Salvador), Imbuí, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Isabel C. Guimarães
- Center for Control of Zoonoses, Municipal Secretariat of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano K. Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia Faculty of Medicine, Sede Mater Praça XV de novembro, s/n—Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Teles HMS, Ferreira CS, de Carvalho ME. Assessment of control and epidemiologic details of the schistosomiasis mansoni in Bananal, São Paulo, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2014; 17:531-42. [PMID: 24918421 DOI: 10.1590/1809-4503201400020018eng] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study in the municipality of Bananal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, was to stop the transmission of schistosomiasis mansoni. Particular emphasis was given to such items as the active surveillance and eventual treatment of hosts, mapping parasite foci, and increasing the extent of basic sanitation in the municipality. Now, our records indicate that the eradication of schistosomiasis in the municipality of Bananal is attainable. However, as the vector Biomphalaria tenagophila can still be found in some water bodies within this municipality, it remains included in the area where schistosomiasis is endemic, which calls for very strict measures to avoid the human cases of schistososomiasis. The expansion of the coverage of the basic sanitation network and treatment of Schistosoma mansoni cases diagnosed during periodic surveys are part of the plans to eradicate schistosomiasis in Bananal.
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Gomes ECDS, Leal-Neto OB, de Oliveira FJM, Campos JV, Souza-Santos R, Barbosa CS. Risk analysis for occurrences of schistosomiasis in the coastal area of Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:101. [PMID: 24559264 PMCID: PMC3938904 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manson’s schistosomiasis continues to be a severe public health problem in Brazil, where thousands of people live under the risk of contracting this parasitosis. In the Northeast of Brazil, schistosomiasis has expanded from rural areas to the coast of Pernambuco State, where the intermediate host is Biomphalaria glabrata snails. This study aims at presenting situational analyses on schistosomiasis at the coastal locality of Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil, by determining the risk factors relating to its occurrence from the epidemiological and spatial perspectives. Methods In order to gather prevalence data, a parasitological census surveys were conducted in 2010 in the light of the Kato-Katz technique. Furthermore, malacological surveys were also conducted in the same years so as to define the density and infection rates of the intermediate host. Lastly, socioeconomic-behavioral survey was also conducted to determine the odds ratio for infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Based on these data, spatial analyses were done, resulting in maps of the risk of disease transmission. To predict the risk of schistosomiasis occurrence, a multivariate logistic regression was performed using R 2.13 software. Results Based on prevalence, malacological and socioeconomic-behavioural surveys, it was identified a prevalence of 15.7% in the investigated population (2,757 individuals). Due to the malacological survey, 36 breeding sites were identified, of which 11 were classified as foci of schistosomiasis transmission since they pointed out snails which were infected by Schistosoma mansoni. Overall, 11,012 snails (Biomphalaria glabrata) were collected. The multivariate regression model identified six explanatory variables of environmental, socioeconomic and demographic nature. Spatial sweep analysis by means of the Bernoulli method identified one statistically significant cluster in Salinas (RR = 2.2; p-value < 0.000), the district with the highest occurrence of cases. Conclusions Based on the resulting information from this study, the epidemiological dimensions of this disease are significant and severe, within the scenario of schistosomiasis in Pernambuco state. The risk factors which were identified in the predictive model made it clear that the environmental and social conditions influence on the schistosomiasis occurrences.
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Leal Neto OB, Galvão TYC, Esteves FAM, Gomes AMAS, Gomes ECDS, de Araújo KCGM, Barbosa CS. Spatial analysis of schistosomiasis human cases in the horticultural community of Zona da Mata of Pernambuco state, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2014; 15:771-80. [PMID: 23515773 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-790x2012000400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in horticultural community of Natuba, district of Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco state. It was conducted a parasitological survey, examined the fecal material of 310 community residents. The cases positive for Schistosoma mansoni were geocoded and included in the computerized template of the community, generating maps of spatial distribution with kernel estimators. The results showed a high prevalence of schistosomiasis, with 28.4% of the parasites. Other parasites were found in 25.8% of the population. The use of GIS tools to map and understand the possible distribution of cases of schistosomiasis in the space occupied by the community highlighting and listing locations of lower elevation (able to flooding), with a higher frequency of human cases. Studies like this provide information to the local health services, may intervene and bring about change for individuals living in areas with low housing conditions to minimize their exposure to risk of contracting schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onicio Batista Leal Neto
- Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Serviço de Referência em Esquistossomose, Av. Professor Moraes Rego s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, Brazil CEP 50670-420.
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Barbosa CS, Barbosa VS, Melo FLD, Melo MSBD, Bezerra L, Campos JV, Rodrigues BX, Nascimento WCD, Gomes ES, Leal-Neto O, Domingues AL. Casos autoctones de esquistossomose mansonica em criancas de Recife, PE. Rev Saude Publica 2013; 47:684-90. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO : Investigar criadouros com moluscos hospedeiros e casos humanos autóctones para esquistossomose. MÉTODOS : Entre julho de 2010 e setembro de 2012 foram realizados: (1) levantamento malacológico para busca ativa de criadouros, coleta e identificação de caramujos Biomphalaria positivos para Schistosoma mansoni em Recife, PE; (2) inquérito de prevalência com 2.718 escolares, de sete a 14 anos, para diagnóstico de casos de esquistossomose; (3) exame clínico e ultrassonografia nos casos positivos para S. mansoni. Os casos foram investigados quanto à sua autoctonia e avaliados clinicamente. Os casos e criadouros foram georreferenciados e espacializados. RESULTADOS : Foram identificados 30 criadouros de B. straminea , quatro deles potenciais focos de transmissão, uma vez que os testes moleculares identificaram DNA de S. mansoni nos caramujos coletados. Foram diagnosticadas 14 crianças com esquistossomose; entre elas, cinco foram consideradas casos autóctones da doença. CONCLUSÕES : Ações emergenciais pela vigilância em saúde são necessárias para evitar que a esquistossomose se endemize em Recife, como acontece em localidades litorâneas do estado de Pernambuco.
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Leal Neto OB, Gomes ECDS, Oliveira Junior FJMD, Andrade R, Reis DL, Souza-Santos R, Bocanegra S, Barbosa CS. Biological and environmental factors associated with risk of schistosomiasis mansoni transmission in Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco State, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2013; 29:357-67. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2013000200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis has expanded to the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil, where there are frequent reports of Biomphalaria glabrata snails and human cases of the disease. This study analyzes factors related to schistosomiasis transmission risk in Porto de Galinhas. A one-year malacological survey was conducted to identify biological, abiotic, and environmental factors related to the host snail breeding sites. Data analysis used Excel 2010, GTM Pro, and ArcGis 10. A total of 11,012 B. glabrata snails were captured in 36 breeding sites, and 11 schistosomiasis transmission foci were identified. A negative correlation was found between breeding site temperature and snail density and infection rate, and a positive correlation with pH and salinity. The rainy season showed a positive correlation with snail density and infection rate. The study emphasizes the factors involved in the maintenance of schistosomiasis breeding sites, in light of persistence of this disease in Porto de Galinhas for more than 10 years.
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Gomes ECDS, Leal-Neto OB, Albuquerque J, Silva HPD, Barbosa CS. Schistosomiasis transmission and environmental change: a spatio-temporal analysis in Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco--Brazil. Int J Health Geogr 2012; 11:51. [PMID: 23164247 PMCID: PMC3517380 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-11-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Brazil, schistosomiasis mansoni infection is an endemic disease that mainly affects the country's rural populations who carry out domestic and social activities in rivers and water accumulations that provide shelter for the snails of the disease. The process of rural migration to urban centers and the disorderly occupation of natural environments by these populations from endemic areas have favored expansion of schistosomiasis to locations that had been considered to be disease-free. Based on environmental changes that have occurred in consequent to an occupation and urbanization process in the locality of Porto de Galinhas, the present study sought to identify the relationship between those chances, measure by remote-sensing techniques, and establish a new endemic area for schistosomiasis on the coast of Pernambuco State--Brazil. METHODS To gather prevalence data, two parasitological census surveys were conducted (2000 and 2010) using the Kato-Katz technique. Two malacological surveys were also conducted in the same years in order to define the density and infection rate of the intermediate host. Based on these data, spatial analyses were done, resulting in maps of the risk of disease transmission. To ascertain the environmental changes that have occurred at the locality, images from the QuickBird satellite were analyzed, thus resulting in land use maps. RESULTS Over this 10-year period, the foci of schistosomiasis became more concentrated in the Salinas district. This area was considered to be at the greatest risk of schistosomiasis transmission and had the highest prevalence rates over this period. The study illustrated that this was the area most affected by the environmental changes resulting from the disorderly urbanization process, which gave rise to unsanitary environments that favored the establishment and maintenance of foci of schistosomiasis transmission, thereby consolidating the process of expansion and endemization of this parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onicio Batista Leal-Neto
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory and Reference Service, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jones Albuquerque
- Department of Statistics and Computing, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Hernande Pereira da Silva
- Geosere - Laboratory of GIS and Remote Sensing, Department of Rural Tecnology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Constança Simões Barbosa
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory and Reference Service, Department of Parasitology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Barbosa CS, Leal-Neto OB, Gomes ECS, Araújo KCGMD, Domingues ALC. The endemisation of schistosomiasis in Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco, Brazil, 10 years after the first epidemic outbreak. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106:878-83. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762011000700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kloos H, Correa-Oliveira R, dos Reis DC, Rodrigues EW, Monteiro LAS, Gazzinelli A. The role of population movement in the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in Brazil: a preliminary typology of population movement. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:578-86. [PMID: 20721511 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines recent developments in migration studies. It reviews literature related to the potential role of internal population movement in the occurrence of schistosomiasis in Brazil and modifies Prothero's typology of population movement for use in Brazil. This modified classification system may contribute to a better understanding of schistosome transmission as well as improved research and control programs. The results of this study indicate that population movement in Brazil primarily involves economically-motivated rural-urban and interregional movement. However, several movement patterns have become increasingly important in recent years as a result of changing socioeconomic and urbanisation dynamics. These patterns include urban-urban, intracity and urban-rural movement as well as the movement of environmental refugees and tourists. Little is known about the epidemiological significance of these patterns. This paper also highlights the role of social networks in the decision to migrate and to settle. Prothero's classic population movement typology categorises movement as either one-way migrations or circulations and examines them along spatial and temporal scales. However, the typology must be modified as epidemiological information about new patterns becomes available. This paper identifies areas that require further research and offers recommendations that can improve the measurement and spatial analysis of the relationship between population movement and schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Kloos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
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Paredes H, Souza-Santos R, Resendes APDC, Souza MAAD, Albuquerque J, Bocanegra S, Gomes ECDS, Barbosa CS. Spatial pattern, water use and risk levels associated with the transmission of schistosomiasis on the north coast of Pernambuco, Brazil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2010; 26:1013-23. [PMID: 20563401 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2010000500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to describe epidemiological aspects of schistosomiasis in Carne de Vaca, Goiana, on the coast of Pernambuco State, Brazil and analyze the spatial distribution of households' sanitary conditions and patterns of water contact. A parasitological survey was conducted between 2006 and 2007. An indicator was set to establish risk levels for schistosomiasis based on variables of water contact pattern, household characteristics and proximity to the foci of vector snails. The prevalence was 18.71 in men and 15.96 in women. The age groups most affected were 20-29 years among men and 10-19 among women. The most common parasite load was 1-99 eggs per gram of feces. The prevalence was 17.3 cases per 100 inhabitants and its spatial distribution was not homogeneous. The Bayesian analysis proved unsatisfactory. It is concluded that schistosomiasis is endemic in Carne de Vaca and the risk indicator, based on geoprocessing, proved to be satisfactory, highlighting areas where the problem is more acute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Paredes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Quinino LRDM, Barbosa CS, Samico I. O programa de controle da esquistossomose em dois municípios da zona da mata de Pernambuco: uma análise de implantação. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-38292010000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJETIVOS: conhecer os fatores intervenientes na variação do grau de implantação (GI) do Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE) em dois municípios de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: análise de implantação, que avaliou a influência do contexto no GI do PCE. Utilizaram-se questionários estruturados que foram aplicados aos coordenadores do PCE, aos secretários de saúde, coordenadores e agentes de saúde ambiental. Também foram pesquisados registros oficiais e realizou-se observação direta. Empregou-se um sistema de escores que classificou o GI do PCE em implantado (90 a 100 pontos), parcialmente implantado (60 a 89 pontos) e não implantado (< 59). RESULTADOS: GI do PCE no município 1 foi 'não implantado' (52,85 pontos) e no município 2 foi 'parcialmente implantado' (63,65 pontos). Os principais empecilhos para a implantação das ações de controle da esquistossomose foram pouco conhecimento sobre o funcionamento do PCE, planejamento precário das ações de controle, pouca prioridade dada ao programa, e estrutura insuficiente, não contemplação de ações de controle em instrumentos de gestão e centralização de ações. CONCLUSÕES: há necessidade de repensar o controle da esquistossomose considerando a descentralização das ações sob a perspectiva da integralidade e equidade, visando superar paradigmas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabella Samico
- Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, Brasil
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Guimarães RJPS, Freitas CC, Dutra LV, Scholte RGC, Amaral RS, Drummond SC, Shimabukuro YE, Oliveira GC, Carvalho OS. Evaluation of a linear spectral mixture model and vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) in a study of schistosomiasis mansoni and Biomphalaria glabrata distribution in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:512-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Carvalho OS, Scholte RGC, Guimarães RJPS, Freitas CC, Drummond SC, Amaral RS, Dutra LV, Oliveira G, Massara CL, Enk MJ. The Estrada Real project and endemic diseases: the case of schistosomiasis, geoprocessing and tourism. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:532-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronaldo GC Scholte
- Laboratório de Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica; Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Brasil
| | - Ricardo JPS Guimarães
- Laboratório de Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica; Santa Casa de Misericórdia, Brasil
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17
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Barbosa CS, Araújo KC, Sevilla MAA, Melo F, Gomes ECDS, Souza-Santos R. Current epidemiological status of schistosomiasis in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:549-54. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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18
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Reis DCD, Kloos H, King C, Quites HFO, Matoso LF, Coelho KR, Gazzinelli A. Accessibility to and utilisation of schistosomiasis-related health services in a rural area of state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2010; 105:587-97. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dener Carlos dos Reis
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Leonardo Ferreira Matoso
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Brasil
| | - Kellen Rosa Coelho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Brasil
| | - Andrea Gazzinelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Brasil
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19
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Rocha A, Barbosa CS, Brandão Filho SP, Oliveira CMFD, Almeida AMPD, Gomes YDM. [First internal workshop of the reference services at Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2009; 42:228-34. [PMID: 19448951 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822009000200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Rocha
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, PE.
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20
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Schistosomiasis risk estimation in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using environmental data and GIS techniques. Acta Trop 2008; 108:234-41. [PMID: 18692017 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of climate and environmental variables to the distribution of schistosomiasis has been assessed in several previous studies. Also Geographical Information System (GIS), is a tool that has been recently tested for better understanding the spatial disease distribution. The objective of this paper is to further develop the GIS technology for modeling and control of schistosomiasis using meteorological and social variables and introducing new potential environmental-related variables, particularly those produced by recently launched orbital sensors like the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). Three different scenarios have been analyzed, and despite of not quite large determination factor, the standard deviation of risk estimates was considered adequate for public health needs. The main variables selected as important for modeling purposes was topographic elevation, summer minimum temperature, the NDVI vegetation index, and the social index HDI91.
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Barbosa CS, Favre TC, Wanderley TN, Callou AC, Pieri OS. Assessment of schistosomiasis, through school surveys, in the Forest Zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 101 Suppl 1:55-62. [PMID: 17308748 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work had the objective of assessing the present epidemiological situation regarding schistosomiasis through performing Kato-Katz coproscopic tests on representative samples of schoolchildren from each of the 43 municipality of endemic area of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The methodology is recommended by the World Health Organization to conduct sampled surveys among children at elementary school levels, ideal target group for baseline surveys: (i) schools are accessible; (ii) the greatest prevalence of schistosomiasis is found within this group; (iii) the data gathered from this age group can be used for intervention within the community as a whole. The following infection indicators were utilized: positivity (percentage of individuals examined with eggs of Schistosoma mansoni in the feces) and severity (geometric mean number of eggs per gram of feces, epg). These indicators allowed the area in general and the municipalities in particular to be categorized into prevalence and severity classes for S. mansoni. The prevalence classes were: low (<10%), medium (> 10 and < 50%), and high (> 50%); the severity classes were: low (1-99 epg), moderate (100-399 epg), and severe (> 400 epg). For the geohelminthic diseases, the following indicators were used: positivity for each geohelminth (percentage of individuals examined with eggs of geohelminths), and cumulative positivity (percentage of individuals examined with eggs of at least one geohelminth). The municipalities were categorized by means of their cumulative positivity into the following geohelminth prevalence classes (WHO 2002): low (< 50%), medium (> 50 and < 70%), and high (> 70%). The study covered 271 schools in 179 different localities, thus giving a total of 11,234 examinations performed. The overall positivity for S. mansoni was 14.4% and the egg count for this parasite in the feces gave a geometric mean of 67.9 epg which suggests a low general state of infection. These results allow this mesoregion to be categorized as presenting medium prevalence and low severity of schistosomiasis. The overall positivity rates for the geohelminths, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostomidae, and Trichuris trichiura were, respectively, 30.4, 10.1, and 27.8%; the cumulative positivity was 45.4%. These results allow this mesoregion to be categorized as presenting low prevalence of geohelminthic diseases. The data show some municipalities in Pernambuco with prevalence greater than 20%, while others presented parasite loads greater than 100 epg. These indicators attest to the significant morbidity due to schistosomiasis regarding to the severity of infections established in young populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constança Simões Barbosa
- Laboratório de Esquistossomose, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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22
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Araújo KCGM, Resendes APDC, Souza-Santos R, Silveira Júnior JC, Barbosa CS. [Spatial analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata foci and human cases of mansoni schistosomiasis in Porto de Galinhas, Pernambuco State, Brazil, in the year 2000]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2007; 23:409-17. [PMID: 17221090 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2007000200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides information on the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis, correlating snail foci with human cases using spatial analysis. The locations studied were Merepe III, Pantanal, Salinas, and Socó, comprising 70% of the populated area of Porto de Galinhas. Malacological and parasitological surveys by a CPqAM/ FIOCRUZ team at the location where an epidemic occurred in 2000 identified 15 foci of infected B. glabrata. Human cases were also diagnosed and recorded according to residential block. Spatial analysis was performed using the TerraView computer program and Kernel intensity estimation. Total infection rates, considering all collection stations marked out per location, varied from 15% to 32.4%. The 15 infected B. glabrata foci included 9 in Merepe, 2 in Socó, 3 in Salinas, and 1 in Pantanal. The results suggest a strong spatial trend in the risk of schistosomiais transmission in Salinas and Socó. In Merepe, with the most foci and where foci were closer together, individual focal infection rates were lower. Spatial analysis thus showed less concentration of risk as compared to other locations studied. As for human cases, two high-intensity areas were observed, shown on the map in darker colors.
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