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Razavi SM, Yaghoobpour T, Nazifi S. A review on acute phase response in parasitic blood diseases of ruminants. Res Vet Sci 2023; 165:105055. [PMID: 37862863 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic blood diseases (theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and trypanosomiasis) are common in regions where the distributions of the hosts, parasites, and vectors are convergent. They endanger animal production, and a few are also harmful to public health. The acute phase reaction (APR) is a complex, non-specific reaction that occurs in various events, including surgical trauma, infection, stress, inflammation, and neoplasia. To understand pathogenesis, we must study APR effects and acute phase proteins (APPs) alterations in naturally occurring and experimental infections. The elevation of haptoglobin (Hp), Serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen concentrations was markedly significant in bovine and ovine theileriosis. Hp, SAA, ceruloplasmin, and fibrinogen concentrations in anaplasmosis were dramatically elevated. A significant increase in SAA was observed in bovine babesiosis, while ovine babesiosis showed a significant rise in sialic acid levels. In cases of trypanosomiasis caused by T. vivax, there have been reports of elevated levels of Hp, complement C3, and antitrypsin. Improving our understanding of APR could result in more effective methods for diagnosis, treatment, control, and eradication of diseases. The article provides an overview of APPs alterations and other inflammation-related parameters (some cytokines, adenosine deaminase, and sialic acids) in parasitic blood diseases of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Razavi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tina Yaghoobpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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2
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Fiorin FE, Casa MDS, Griebeler LB, Goedel MF, Nascimento LFND, Neves GBD, Fonteque GV, Miletti LC, Saito ME, Fonteque JH. Prevalence of natural infection by Trypanosoma evansi in Crioula LAGEANA cattle. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106143. [PMID: 37146700 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cattle trypanosomiasis negatively impacts animal husbandry due to high morbidity, productivity losses, and mortality rates. Knowledge regarding Trypanosoma evansi infections in locally adapted breeds remains limited. Some cattle breeds exhibit trypanotolerance, requiring the determination of prevalence, as well as related tolerance and resistance characteristics, for disease control programs. This study aimed to determine T. evansi prevalence in Crioula Lageana cattle and associate clinical, hematological, and biochemical aspects with the infection to further research on tolerance in this population. Blood samples from 310 Crioula Lageana cattle were tested using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction (IIFR). T. evansi prevalence was 8% (24/310) using PCR and 4% (11/310) using IIFR. Positive animals showed increased ruminal movements, elevated eosinophil counts, and reduced monocyte numbers, but both latter within the reference range for the species. Albumin concentrations were low in positive cases and remained below the reference range limit for both groups. However, triglycerides exceeded the physiological range for the species in both positive and negative groups. Increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity was observed in positive animals. In conclusion, Crioula Lageana cattle exhibited enzootic instability with a low T. evansi infection prevalence when assessed using PCR and IIFR techniques. Furthermore, the animals did not display clinical, hematological, or biochemical alterations attributable to the presence of hemoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Eduardo Fiorin
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana da Silva Casa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Fuchs Goedel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriella Bassi das Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil; Department of Animal Production and Food, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Mere Erika Saito
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Joandes Henrique Fonteque
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Santa Catarina State University, Lages, SC, Brazil.
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3
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Couto LFM, Heller LM, Zapa DMB, de Moura MI, Costa GL, de Assis Cavalcante AS, Ribeiro NB, Bastos TSA, Ferreira LL, Soares VE, Lino de Souza GR, Cadioli FA, Lopes WDZ. Presence of Trypanosoma vivax DNA in cattle semen and reproductive tissues and related changes in sperm parameters. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109761. [PMID: 35843131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigated the presence of Trypanosoma vivax in semen and reproductive tissues of experimentally infected cattle and evaluated changes in seminal parameters. Two groups of cattle were established: T01 - experimentally infected with T. vivax (n = 8) and T02 - not experimentally infected with T. vivax (n = 8). After infection, blood (every seven days until 182 days post-infection - DPI), semen (7, 14, 35, 56, 70, 120 and 182 DPI) and reproductive tissue (after euthanasia, 182 DPI) were collected to search for T. vivax using different techniques, including PCR, Woo and Brener. Seminal parameters, including turbulence, motility, concentration, and vigor, were also analyzed. Packed cell volume (PCV) of the animals was determined weekly and weight gain was calculated. The PCR revealed T. vivax DNA in 7/56 semen samples of post-infection T01 cattle. Trypanosoma vivax DNA was detected in the semen of 5/8 animals at 7, 14, 56, 70 and 120 DPI, in the testis of four, and in the epididymis and fat located around the testis of two others. Trypomastigote forms of T. vivax were not found in any semen sample. Sperm of T01 cattle had lower turbulence (p ≤ 0.05) at 7, 14, 35, 56, 120 and 182 DPI, lower vigor (p ≤ 0.05) at 120 DPI and more sperm abnormalities (p ≤ 0.05) than T02. Digital dermatitis was observed among T01 cattle. Animals of T01 had lower PCV values than did those of T02 for most of the evaluations performed and T02 animals gained more weight during the experiment. The results highlight the presence of T. vivax DNA in semen of infected cattle and the importance of this disease for male breeding cattle. Further research is needed to determine whether T. vivax can be sexually transmitted in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Ivete de Moura
- Professor Assistente. Pontifícia Universidade Católica Universidade Católica de Goiás Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Lage Costa
- Professor Assistente. Pontifícia Universidade Católica Universidade Católica de Goiás Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia Braz Ribeiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabiano Antônio Cadioli
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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4
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Couto LFM, Bastos TSA, Heller LM, Zapa DMB, de Assis Cavalcante AS, Nicaretta JE, Cruvinel LB, de Melo Júnior RD, Ferreira LL, Soares VE, Cadioli FA, de Mendonça RP, Lopes WDZ. In vitro and in vivo effectiveness of disinfectants against Trypanosoma vivax. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 25:100587. [PMID: 34474782 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax causes bovine trypanosomosis in cattle and resulting in economic losses to farmers. In Brazil, shared contaminated materials is the main transmission pathway. To evaluate the effectiveness of different disinfectants for T. vivax, in vitro and in vivo analyses were performed. At the laboratory, 21 disinfectants were tested. The disinfectants were placed in microtubes containing blood with approximately 1.0 × 106 trypomastigotes of T. vivax. The viability and motile of trypomastigotes after 30 s, one, 10, 15 and 30 min was evaluated by the thick drop method and the efficacy calculated. Disinfectants that showed 100% effectiveness were used in in vivo tests. Thirty calves negative for T. vivax were divided into six groups and were inoculated with disinfectant solutions (46% alcohol, 70% alcohol, or 0.5% iodine) + 1 × 106 trypomastigotes of the protozoa. Blood from each animal was collected at seven, 14 and 21 days after inoculation to verify the viability and presence of the protozoan by Woo, Brener, PCR, and LAMP methods. In the in vitro step, 13 of the 21 disinfected solutions exhibited 100% effectiveness against T. vivax at all evaluation times. In contrast, 70% alcohol and 0.5% iodine solutions exhibited 100% effectiveness in the in vivo tests and can be used to disinfect needles and syringes. The use of disinfectants is a rapid and efficient procedure to disinfect materials utilized in the field and concomitantly could help to reduce the dissemination of T. vivax in the cattle herd in cases of iatrogenic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina Maria Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rubens Dias de Melo Júnior
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Antônio Cadioli
- Departamento de Clínica Cirúrgica e Reprodução Animal da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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5
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Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of different drugs against Trypanosoma vivax on experimentally infected cattle. Prev Vet Med 2020; 181:105040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Epidemiological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma vivax diagnosed in cattle during outbreaks in central Brazil. Parasitology 2020; 147:1313-1319. [PMID: 32624014 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bovine trypanosomosis has been spreading in Brazil. In the present study, we evaluated the spatial distribution, prevalence and risk factors of this disease in the state of Goiás, Brazil, and performed both molecular and phylogenetical analyses of Trypanosoma vivax. A total of 4049 blood samples were collected from cattle for a period of 2 years. The parasitological diagnosis was performed using the Woo method and a questionnaire was administered to the farmers to document risk factors associated with the disease in the herd. Positive samples were DNA sequenced and compared to GenBank codes. The prevalence of T. vivax was 8.84%, occurring on 24 ranches only in dairy cattle and mainly in the central and southern portions of the state. The acquisition of new animals infected with T. vivax and the administration of exogenous oxytocin to cows using the same syringe and needle were the main associated factors (P ≤ 0.05). After an outbreak, milk production decreased by 39.62%. The presence of biting flies (tabanids, Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans) was not a risk factor (P > 0.05) for the occurrence of T. vivax. The epidemiological data demonstrate the importance of restricting the practice of auctions as well as eliminating the use of exogenous oxytocin in animals during milking. The samples tested by polymerase chain reaction were positive for T. vivax and were genetically homologous with T. vivax found in different states of Brazil and west Africa based on the 18S rRNA gene.
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7
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Garcia Pérez HA, Rodrigues CMF, Pivat IHV, Fuzato ACR, Camargo EP, Minervino AHH, Teixeira MMG. High Trypanosoma vivax infection rates in water buffalo and cattle in the Brazilian Lower Amazon. Parasitol Int 2020; 79:102162. [PMID: 32565339 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and accurate molecular diagnostic methods have not yet been employed for livestock trypanosomosis in the Brazilian Lower Amazon although the first reports of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma evansi in Brazil were in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in this region. The present study assessed trypanosomosis in buffalo and cattle raised in communal and seasonally flooding pastures in the state of Pará using the fluorescent fragment length barcoding (FFLB) method. T. evansi was not detected, but high infection rates of T. vivax and T. theileri were revealed by a simplified FFLB standardized in the present study that discriminates all trypanosome species infective to livestock in South America. T. vivax infection rates detected by TviCATL-PCR were 24.6% for cattle (n = 61) and 28.1% for buffalo (n = 89). Using the FFLB method, overall T. vivax infection rates increased to 59.6% and 44.3% for buffalo and cattle, respectively. Furthermore, the predominance of a single microsatellite-based genotype of T. vivax was reinforced in the Lower Amazon. Relevant T. vivax infection rates detected in clinically healthy buffalo and cattle through the sampled years (2008-2017) highlight the need for systematic studies to demonstrate the endemic steady state of T. vivax in this region. Our findings provide baseline information for livestock management, including control of T. vivax dispersal, and the introduction of naïve animals. The growing international trade of live livestock from this very important livestock breeding region represents a serious risk for T. vivax spreading outside Amazonia and Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Monadeli Filgueira Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; EpiAmo - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Isis Helga Vivas Pivat
- Department of Animal Production and Industry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela. Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela
| | | | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; EpiAmo - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Maria Geraldes Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; EpiAmo - Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia da Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
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8
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Bastos TSA, Faria AM, Cavalcante ASDA, Madrid DMDC, Zapa DMB, Nicaretta JE, Cruvinel LB, Heller LM, Couto LFM, Rodrigues DDC, Ferreira LL, Soares VE, Cadioli FA, Lopes WDZ. Infection capacity of Trypanosoma vivax experimentally inoculated through different routes in bovines with latent Anaplasma marginale. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107861. [PMID: 32112944 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the infection capacity of Trypanosoma vivax experimentally inoculated through different routes in calves naturally infected with latent Anaplasma marginale. On Day 0 of the study, 25 calves (breed: Girolando) were divided into five groups. The first four groups of five calves each received approximately 1 × 106 trypomastigotes of T. vivax through the intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous routes. Another five animals remained unaffected to serve as A. marginale naturally infected controls. The study of T. vivax was performed on all calves from D+1 to D+30 using the Woo, Brener and blood smear techniques. PCR was performed on Days +1, +3, +4, +5, +28, +29 and + 30. The results indicated that T. vivax was capable of infecting and developing the disease in the calves independent of the inoculation route. A positive correlation was found between T. vivax and rectal temperature (P ≤ 0.05) and a negative correlation was seen between the protozoan and globular volume (P ≤ 0.05). Latent A. marginale in the calves acted as co-infection for T. vivax. Jaundice was seen only in calves with a high parasitemia by A. marginale. Therefore, in areas with the confirmed presence of T. vivax in bovines, this protozoan should be included in the complex denominated "Bovine Parasitic Sadness", which currently encompasses only Anaplasma and Babesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Adriana Marques Faria
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alliny Souza de Assis Cavalcante
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Dina Maria Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Antônio Cadioli
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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9
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Fidelis Junior OL, Sampaio PH, Gonçalves LR, André MR, Machado RZ, Wijffels G, Cadioli FA. Comparison of conventional and molecular techniques for Trypanosoma vivax diagnosis in experimentally infected cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:203-209. [PMID: 31188948 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Livestock infections by Trypanosoma vivax have been occurring with increasing frequency, mainly due to the presence of animals with subclinical infections and without apparent parasitaemia, making diagnosis challenging. The aim of the present study was to evaluate several techniques used for T. vivax diagnosis in order to assess the best way of using them during the course of the disease. Molecular methods demonstrated higher rates of detection than parasitological methods, detecting 33 of the 54 (61.1%) known positive samples, while the hematocrit centrifugation technique (best parasitological test) detected only 44.4%. The serological methods, IFAT and ELISA, detected seropositivity in 51 of the 54 (94.4%) and 49 of the 54 (90.7%) known positive samples, respectively. Despite being highly sensitive, the latter only demonstrates exposure to the infectious agent and does not indicate whether the infection is active. The present study was the first to use the qPCR for a South American isolate, improving disease detection and quantification. Furthermore, the analyses revealed that the patent phase of the disease may extend up to 42 days, longer than previously reported. The combination of several diagnostic techniques can lower the frequency of false negative results and contributes toward better disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Luiz Fidelis Junior
- Universidade Vila Velha - UVV, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil.,Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Henrique Sampaio
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Gonçalves
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil
| | - Gene Wijffels
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation - CSIRO, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil
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10
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Pereira HD, Simões SV, Souza FA, Silveira JA, Ribeiro MF, Cadioli FA, Sampaio PH. Aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e diagnóstico da infecção por Trypanosoma vivax em rebanho bovino no estado do Maranhão. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de tripanossomose em uma propriedade leiteira no município de Timon no estado do Maranhão, Brasil. O proprietário relatava histórico de abortos, nascimentos de crias fracas e mortalidade de animais adultos com perda progressiva de peso. Foram realizadas visitas à propriedade para obtenção do histórico, exame dos animais e coleta de sangue para realização do teste de Woo, hemogramas, testes sorológicos para pesquisa de anticorpos contra tripanossomose, leptospirose, e neosporose e PCR para diagnóstico molecular de Trypanosoma vivax. A identificação de animais com baixos valores no hematócrito foi a principal alteração hematológica identificada no rebanho. Dois animais foram positivos no teste de Woo, sendo visualizados tripanossomas em esfregaços sanguíneos, confirmados por meio de diagnóstico molecular como sendo T. vivax. Identificou-se que 95,23% (40/42) dos animais com hematócrito baixo foram sorologicamente positivos para T. vivax. As condições identificadas na propriedade, como ambiente propício aos vetores mecânicos, a presença de animais silvestres e a introdução de animais de estados onde já haviam sido registrados surtos de tripanossomose provavelmente estiveram associadas à introdução e disseminação do agente no rebanho. O elevado número de animais sorologicamente positivos para tripanossomose 82,51% (151/183) demonstra que praticamente todo o rebanho teve contato com o agente. O rápido estabelecimento das medidas de controle, entre elas a utilização das drogas tripanocidas, contribuiu para o controle do surto. O estudo permitiu comprovar a ocorrência de mais um surto de tripanossomíase tripanossomose no Brasil. O diagnóstico clínico da enfermidade foi dificultado pela semelhança dos sinais clínicos com outras enfermidades e pela possibilidade da associação de duas ou mais doenças no mesmo paciente, o que ressalta a importância do estabelecimento de medidas diagnósticas adequadas como forma de evitar a disseminação da enfermidade e minimizar as perdas econômicas dos produtores.
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Fidelis Junior OL, Sampaio PH, Machado RZ, André MR, Marques LC, Cadioli FA. Evaluation of clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes in cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2016; 25:69-81. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Infections by Trypanosoma vivax cause great losses to livestock in Africa and Central and South Americas. Outbreaks due this parasite have been occurred with increasing frequency in Brazil. Knowledge of changes caused byT. vivax during the course of this disease can be of great diagnostic value. Thus, clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes of cattle experimentally infected by this hemoparasite were evaluated. Two distinct phases were verified during the infection – an acute phase where circulating parasites were seen and then a chronic phase where fluctuations in parasitemia were detected including aparasitemic periods. A constant reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume (PVC) were observed. White blood cells (WBC) showed pronounced changes such as severe neutropenia and lymphopenia during the acute phase of the illness. Decreases in cholesterol, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increases in glucose, globulin, protein, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were observed. The “Lins” isolate of T. vivax showed pathogenicity for cattle, and intense parasitemia was detected in the early stages of infection. Circulating parasites were detected for about two months. The most evident laboratory abnormalities were found in WBC parameters, including thrombocytopenia.
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Bittar JFF, Bassi PB, Moura DM, Garcia GC, Martins-Filho OA, Vasconcelos AB, Costa-Silva MF, Barbosa CP, Araújo MSS, Bittar ER. Evaluation of parameters related to libido and semen quality in Zebu bulls naturally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:261. [PMID: 26467756 PMCID: PMC4607149 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by Trypanosoma (Dutonella) vivax, a hemoprotozoa that can affect bovines. In South America, the sanguineous form is mechanically transmitted from one mammalian host (ruminant) to another by the bite of a blood-sucking insect or by needles contaminated with infected blood. The negative impact of the parasitosis caused by T. vivax infection on the reproductive activity of male and female ruminants is known to reduce fertility. In males, alterations such as degeneration, diffuse or interlobular inflammatory infiltrate found in ovine and bovine testicles, can affect fertility through decreased sperm quality. This study evaluated the impact of natural infection with T. vivax on Zebu bulls from the Central Station of Artificial Insemination (CSAI) with regard to libido and the negative effects caused by this protozoan on semen quality. Methods Blood samples of 44 animals were collected to evaluate the presence of the trypomastigote form of T. vivax in blood smears obtained from hematocrit and buffy coat, and antibody titer IgG anti T. vivax in indirect Immunoflorescence (IFI). Furthermore, data related to libido, ejaculate volume, spermatic concentration, and seminal vigor were recorded for these animals employing the criteria of the CSAI. Results Nine animals (20.45 %) showed T. vivax trypomastigotes and parasitemia between 0.02 and 0.07, and antibody titers from 1:80 to 1:320 in IFI. Twenty nine negative animals in parasitological tests were not reactive in IFI, and six animals presented the antibodies IgG anti T. vivax in IFI. Data on reproductive activity showed that animals infected with T. vivax have a decreased libido and an increased spermatic volume, whereas other factors related to the reproductive process such as spermatic concentration, motility and spermatic force, were unchanged in infected bulls. Conclusions The T. vivax infection in Zebu bulls from CSAI caused patent parasitemia, induced a febrile state, promoted reduction in the libido and increased the ejaculate volume. These conditions together may account to decrease the performance of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joely F F Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Paula B Bassi
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Dênia M Moura
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Guilherme C Garcia
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima n° 1715, 30190-002, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - André B Vasconcelos
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Matheus F Costa-Silva
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima n° 1715, 30190-002, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Cristiano P Barbosa
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
| | - Márcio S S Araújo
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil. .,Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima n° 1715, 30190-002, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | - Eustáquio R Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Programa de Mestrado acadêmico em Sanidade e Produçao Animal nos Trópicos, Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brasil.
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Acute-phase protein behavior in dairy cattle herd naturally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:141-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cadioli FA, Barnabé PDA, Machado RZ, Teixeira MCA, André MR, Sampaio PH, Fidélis Junior OL, Teixeira MMG, Marques LC. First report of Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in dairy cattle in São Paulo state, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 21:118-24. [PMID: 22832751 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612012000200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This is the first description of a Trypanosoma vivax outbreak in the state of São Paulo (municipality of Lins). Fever, jaundice, decreased milk production, weight loss, profuse diarrhea, abortion, anemia, leukocytosis and hyperfibrinogenemia were observed in the affected animals. Thirty-one cows and calves died out of a total of 1080 in the herd. Three cows showed neurological symptoms like dysmetria, ataxia, muscle weakness, ptyalism, lymph node enlargement and submandibular edema. Flagellated hemoparasites were observed in blood smears. The species was diagnosed as T. vivax by means of PCR. This T.vivax strain showed resistance to diaminazene aceturate and the infection spread quickly at the herd. From the ELISA test, 599 serum samples (98.36%) were positive for anti-T.vivax IgG antibodies. This outbreak occurred during a very dry period, which indicates that other factors were involved in the outbreak, such as absence of tabanids and large populations of Haematobia irritans and Stomoxys calcitrans. The increases in these populations may have been due to the use of biosolid waste from sugar and ethanol plants in the sugarcane plantations surrounding the dairy farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Antonio Cadioli
- Departamento Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Odontologia Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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Da Silva AS, Wolkmer P, Costa MM, Tonin AA, Eilers TL, Gressler LT, Otto MA, Zanette RA, Santurio JM, Lopes STA, Monteiro SG. Biochemical changes in cats infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:48-52. [PMID: 20338691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating biochemical changes of cats (Felis catus) experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Seven animals were infected with 10(8) blood trypomastigotes per animal and six were used as controls. Blood smears were performed daily for 56 days and the hepatic, renal and muscular parameters in blood serum were evaluated at days 0, 7, 21, 35 and 49. The protozoan was found in the bloodstream 24-48 h post-inoculation (PI) and irregular peaks of parasitemia were observed throughout the experiment. Muscular enzymatic activities (aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase) were increased in infected cats compared to controls. Increased concentrations of total proteins and globulins and decreased levels of albumin and albumin/globulin ratio were observed in infected group versus the controls values (P<0.05). No alteration in serum activity of alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatinine and urea was observed in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandro S Da Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria-RS, Brazil.
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Osório ALAR, Madruga CR, Desquesnes M, Soares CO, Ribeiro LRR, Costa SCGD. Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax: its biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and introduction in the New World--a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:1-13. [PMID: 18368231 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic techniques, and history of the introduction of Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax in the New World are reviewed. The two main immunological responses of trypanosome-infected animals - antibody production and immunodepression - are discussed in the context of how these responses play a role in disease tolerance or susceptibility. Isolation and purification of T. vivax are briefly discussed. The recent reports of bovine trypanosomiasis diagnosed in cattle on farms located in the Pantanal region of the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso, Brazil, are also discussed.
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Madruga CR, Araújo FR, Cavalcante-Goes G, Martins C, Pfeifer IB, Ribeiro LR, Kessler RH, Soares CO, Miguita M, Melo EPS, Almeida RFC, Lima MMSC. The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Trypanosoma vivax antibodies and its use in epidemiological surveys. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2006; 101:801-7. [PMID: 17160291 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762006000700016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are data indicating that the distribution of Trypanosoma vivax in the Brazilian territory is expanding with potential to reach other areas, where the vectors are present. The detection of anti-trypanosomal antibodies in serum provides important information of the trypanosomal status in cattle herds. For this reason, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Tv-ELISA-Ab) with crude antigen from one Brazilian isolate of T. vivax was developed and evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity were respectively 97.6 and 96.9%. In the evaluation of cross-reactions, three calves inoculated with T. evansi trypimastigotes blood forms showed optical densities (OD) under the cut-off during the whole experimental period, except one at 45 days post-inoculation. With relation to Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, and Anaplasma marginale, which are endemic hemoparasites in the studied area, the cross-reactions were shown to be 5.7, 5.3, and 1.1%, respectively. The first serological survey of Pantanal and state of Pará showed that T. vivax is widespread, although regions within both areas had significantly different prevalences. Therefore, this Tv-ELISA-Ab may be a more appropriate test for epidemiological studies in developing countries because the diagnostic laboratories in most countries may be able to perform an ELISA, which is not true for polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Madruga
- Laboratório de Hemoparasitologia, Embrapa Gado de Corte, 79002-970 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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Batista JS, Riet-Correa F, Barbosa RC, Guerra JL. Infecção experimental por Trypanosoma vivax em ovinos. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2006000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as alterações clínicas, hematológicas e patológicas em ovinos infectados experimentalmente com Trypanosoma vivax, utilizando-se um isolado proveniente de bovinos infectados naturalmente no município de Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba. Quatro ovinos da raça Santa Inês foram infectados por via intravenosa com 1ml de sangue contendo 1,85x10(5) tripomastigotas de T. vivax e outros quatro ovinos foram destinados ao grupo controle. A parasitemia e a temperatura foram determinadas diariamente durante 30 dias após a infecção (dpi) e quinzenalmente dos 31 aos 90 dias. A cada 15 dias os animais foram pesados e realizados coletas de sangue para hemograma. Um ovino morreu aos 75 dpi, os demais animais do grupo infectado e do grupo controle foram sacrificados 90 dias após o início do experimento. T. vivax foi evidenciado a partir do 4º dpi em todos os ovinos infectados. A parasitemia foi constante até os 15 dias e irregular entre os 16 e 30 dias. Após o 30º dia não foram observados parasitas no sangue. Foi observada correlação linear positiva entre temperatura retal e parasitemia [Y=0,027x + 38,515; R²=0,9444 (P<0,05)]. Diferença significativa do peso entre os grupos infectado e controle foi verificada a partir do 30º ao 90º dpi. Do 30º ao 90º os animais apresentaram anemia e leucopenia. As lesões macroscópicas encontradas na necropsia foram palidez da carcaça, aumento generalizado dos linfonodos e do baço, e discreta quantidade de líquido nas cavidades peritoneal e pericárdica. Histologicamente, em todos os animais infectados foi observada miocardite multifocal mononuclear. Concluiu-se que o isolado é patogênico para ovinos. Sugere-se que a região semi-árida onde ocorreu o surto, não é endêmica para a tripanossomíase e a doença pode ocorrer se o parasita for introduzido na presença de vetores.
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