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Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Interstitial Space. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ricard-Blum S, Vallet SD. Proteases decode the extracellular matrix cryptome. Biochimie 2015; 122:300-13. [PMID: 26382969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is comprised of 1100 core-matrisome and matrisome-associated proteins and of glycosaminoglycans. This structural scaffold contributes to the organization and mechanical properties of tissues and modulates cell behavior. The extracellular matrix is dynamic and undergoes constant remodeling, which leads to diseases if uncontrolled. Bioactive fragments, called matricryptins, are released from the extracellular proteins by limited proteolysis and have biological activities on their own. They regulate numerous physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, cancer, diabetes, wound healing, fibrosis and infectious diseases and either improve or worsen the course of diseases depending on the matricryptins and on the molecular and biological contexts. Several protease families release matricryptins from core-matrisome and matrisome-associated proteins both in vitro and in vivo. The major proteases, which decrypt the extracellular matrix, are zinc metalloproteinases of the metzincin superfamily (matrixins, adamalysins and astacins), cysteine proteinases and serine proteases. Some matricryptins act as enzyme inhibitors, further connecting protease and matricryptin fates and providing intricate regulation of major physiopathological processes such as angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. They strengthen the role of the extracellular matrix as a key player in tissue failure and core-matrisome and matrisome-associated proteins as important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- UMR 5086 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Sylvain D Vallet
- UMR 5086 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Block TM, Rawat S, Brosgart CL. Chronic hepatitis B: A wave of new therapies on the horizon. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:69-81. [PMID: 26112647 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Australia antigen (Blumberg et al., 1965), which in 1967 was identified to be the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen. Even though several antiviral medications have been in use for the management of chronic HBV infection for more than 20years, sustained clearance of HBsAg, similar to the sustained viral response (SVR) or cure in chronic hepatitis C, occurs in only a minority of treated patients. Moreover, even after 10years of effective suppression of HBV viremia with current therapy, there is only a 40-70% reduction in deaths from liver cancer. Recent success in developing antivirals for hepatitis C that are effective across all genotypes has renewed interest in a similar cure for chronic HBV infection. In this article, we review a wave of newly identified drug targets, investigational compounds and experimental strategies that are now under clinical evaluation or in preclinical development. The paper forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: From the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B."
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Block
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Siddhartha Rawat
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Road, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
| | - Carol L Brosgart
- University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA
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Arun Gopinathan P, Kokila G, Jyothi M, Ananjan C, Pradeep L, Humaira Nazir S. Study of Collagen Birefringence in Different Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Picrosirius Red and Polarized Light Microscopy. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:802980. [PMID: 26587310 PMCID: PMC4637505 DOI: 10.1155/2015/802980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. The present study was done to evaluate birefringence pattern of collagen fibres in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma using Picrosirius red stain and polarization microscopy and to determine if there is a change in collagen fibres between different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods. Picrosirius red stained 5 μm thick sections of previously diagnosed different grades of squamous cell carcinoma and normal oral mucosa were studied under polarization microscopy for arrangement as well as birefringence of collagen fibres around tumour islands. Results. It was found that thin collagen fibres increased and thick collagen fibres decreased with dedifferentiation of OSCC (P < 0.0001). It was observed that there was change in polarization colours of thick fibres from yellowish orange to greenish yellow with dedifferentiation of OSCC indicating loosely packed fibres (P < 0.0001). Conclusion. There was a gradual change of birefringence of collagen from yellowish orange to greenish yellow from well to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, indicating that there is a change from mature form of collagen to immature form as tumour progresses. Studying collagen fibres with Picrosirius red for stromal changes around tumour islands along with routine staining may help in predicting the prognosis of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pillai Arun Gopinathan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Sri Sankara Dental College, Varkala, Akathumuri, Vennicode, Kerala 695318, India
- *Pillai Arun Gopinathan:
| | - Ganganna Kokila
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College & Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumkur 572107, India
| | - Mahadesh Jyothi
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College & Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumkur 572107, India
| | - Chatterjee Ananjan
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Vananchal Dental College & Hospital, Farathiya, Garhwa, Jharkhand 822114, India
| | - Linganna Pradeep
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College & Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumkur 572107, India
| | - Salroo Humaira Nazir
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Sri Siddhartha Dental College & Hospital, Sri Siddhartha Academy of Higher Education, Tumkur 572107, India
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Fok TC, Lapointe H, Tuck AB, Chambers AF, Jackson-Boeters L, Daley TD, Darling MR. Expression and localization of osteopontin, homing cell adhesion molecule/CD44, and integrin αvβ3 in pleomorphic adenoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 116:743-51. [PMID: 24237725 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteopontin (OPN) plays a role in tumor progression. This study aimed to determine the expression of OPN, CD44, and integrin αvβ3 in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA), and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was used to semiquantify the level of expression of OPN and its receptors in normal salivary glands (NSG; n = 20), PA (n = 20), PLGA (n = 16), and ACC (n = 22). RESULTS OPN expression was increased in PLGA and intermediate-/high-grade ACC compared with PA and NSG (median scores, 6, 5, 4, and 4, respectively). CD44 expression was reduced in PA, PLGA, and ACC. OPN expression levels were moderately correlated with CD44 in PLGA. Integrin αvβ3 was not expressed in PA and ACC and was seen in only 1 case of PLGA. CONCLUSIONS OPN is expressed in salivary gland tumors but does not correlate well with CD44 and αvβ3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Fok
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Resident, Division of Oral Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Fok TC, Lapointe H, Tuck AB, Chambers AF, Jackson-Boeters L, Daley TD, Darling MR. Expression and localization of osteopontin, homing cell adhesion molecule/CD44, and integrin αvβ3 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma and acinic cell adenocarcinoma of salivary gland origin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 118:320-9. [PMID: 25151586 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteopontin (OPN) plays a role in tumor progression. This study aimed to determine the expression of OPN, CD44, and integrin αvβ3 in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), acinic cell adenocarcinoma (ACA), and mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was used to semiquantify the levels of expression of OPN and its receptors in normal salivary glands (NSG) (n = 20), PA (n = 20), ACA (n = 11), and MEC (n = 29). RESULTS OPN expression was increased in ACA and MEC compared with PA and NSG (median scores, 6, 6, 4, and 4, respectively). CD44 expression was increased in ACA and reduced in MEC and PA compared with NSG (median scores, 8, 4, 3, and 5, respectively). Integrin αvβ3 median scores were 5 in ACA, 1 in MEC, and 0 in PA and NSG. CONCLUSIONS OPN is expressed in salivary gland tumors and is at higher levels in ACA and MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Fok
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Resident, Division of Oral Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Lapointe
- Professor, Division of Oral Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A B Tuck
- Professor, Department of Pathology and Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - A F Chambers
- Professor, Department of Pathology and Department of Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Jackson-Boeters
- Medical Technologist, Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - T D Daley
- Professor, Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M R Darling
- Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Barros NMT, Hoac B, Neves RL, Addison WN, Assis DM, Murshed M, Carmona AK, McKee MD. Proteolytic processing of osteopontin by PHEX and accumulation of osteopontin fragments in Hyp mouse bone, the murine model of X-linked hypophosphatemia. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:688-99. [PMID: 22991293 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH/HYP)-with renal phosphate wasting, hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia, and tooth abscesses-is caused by mutations in the zinc-metallopeptidase PHEX gene (phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidase on the X chromosome). PHEX is highly expressed by mineralized tissue cells. Inactivating mutations in PHEX lead to distal renal effects (implying accumulation of a secreted, circulating phosphaturic factor) and accumulation in bone and teeth of mineralization-inhibiting, acidic serine- and aspartate-rich motif (ASARM)-containing peptides, which are proteolytically derived from the mineral-binding matrix proteins of the SIBLING family (small, integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins). Although the latter observation suggests a local, direct matrix effect for PHEX, its physiologically relevant substrate protein(s) have not been identified. Here, we investigated two SIBLING proteins containing the ASARM motif-osteopontin (OPN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP)-as potential substrates for PHEX. Using cleavage assays, gel electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry, we report that OPN is a full-length protein substrate for PHEX. Degradation of OPN was essentially complete, including hydrolysis of the ASARM motif, resulting in only very small residual fragments. Western blotting of Hyp (the murine homolog of human XLH) mouse bone extracts having no PHEX activity clearly showed accumulation of an ∼35 kDa OPN fragment that was not present in wild-type mouse bone. Immunohistochemistry and immunogold labeling (electron microscopy) for OPN in Hyp bone likewise showed an accumulation of OPN and/or its fragments compared with normal wild-type bone. Incubation of Hyp mouse bone extracts with PHEX resulted in the complete degradation of these fragments. In conclusion, these results identify full-length OPN and its fragments as novel, physiologically relevant substrates for PHEX, suggesting that accumulation of mineralization-inhibiting OPN fragments may contribute to the mineralization defect seen in the osteomalacic bone characteristic of XLH/HYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilana M T Barros
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Viana LDS, Affonso RJ, Silva SRM, Denadai MVA, Matos D, Salinas de Souza C, Waisberg J. Relationship between the Expression of the Extracellular Matrix Genes SPARC, SPP1, FN1, ITGA5 and ITGAV and Clinicopathological Parameters of Tumor Progression and Colorectal Cancer Dissemination. Oncology 2013; 84:81-91. [DOI: 10.1159/000343436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The metastasis is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Two-thirds of patients with cancer will develop bone metastasis. Breast, prostate and lung cancer are responsible for more than 80% of cases of metastatic bone disease. The spine is the most common site of bone metastasis. A spinal metastasis may cause pain, instability and neurological injuries. The diffusion through Batson venous system is the principal process of spinal metastasis, but the dissemination is possible also through arterial and lymphatic system or by contiguity. Once cancer cells have invaded the bone, they produce growth factors that stimulate osteoblastic or osteolytic activity resulting in bone remodeling with release of other growth factors that lead to a vicious cycle of bone destruction and growth of local tumour.
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Importance of syndecan-4 and syndecan -2 in osteoblast cell adhesion and survival mediated by a tissue transglutaminase-fibronectin complex. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:367-81. [PMID: 21036168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has been identified as an important extracellular crosslinking enzyme involved in matrix turnover and in bone differentiation. Here we report a novel cell adhesion/survival mechanism in human osteoblasts (HOB) which requires association of FN bound TG2 with the cell surface heparan sulphates in a transamidase independent manner. This novel pathway not only enhances cell adhesion on FN but also mediates cell adhesion and survival in the presence of integrin competing RGD peptides. We investigate the involvement of cell surface receptors and their intracellular signalling molecules to further explore the pathway mediated by this novel TG-FN heterocomplex. We demonstrate by siRNA silencing the crucial importance of the cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans syndecan-2 and syndecan-4 in regulating the compensatory effect of TG-FN on osteoblast cell adhesion and actin cytoskeletal formation in the presence of RGD peptides. By use of immunoprecipitation and inhibitory peptides we show that syndecan-4 interacts with TG2 and demonstrate that syndecan-2 and the α5β1 integrins, but not α4β1 function as downstream modulators in this pathway. Using function blocking antibodies, we show activation of α5β1 occurs by an inside out signalling mechanism involving activation and binding of protein kinase PKCα and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at Tyr(861) and activation of ERK1/2.
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Wang Z, Collighan RJ, Gross SR, Danen EHJ, Orend G, Telci D, Griffin M. RGD-independent cell adhesion via a tissue transglutaminase-fibronectin matrix promotes fibronectin fibril deposition and requires syndecan-4/2 α5β1 integrin co-signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40212-29. [PMID: 20929862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) deposition mediated by fibroblasts is an important process in matrix remodeling and wound healing. By monitoring the deposition of soluble biotinylated FN, we show that the stress-induced TG-FN matrix, a matrix complex of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) with its high affinity binding partner FN, can increase both exogenous and cellular FN deposition and also restore it when cell adhesion is interrupted via the presence of RGD-containing peptides. This mechanism does not require the transamidase activity of TG2 but is activated through an RGD-independent adhesion process requiring a heterocomplex of TG2 and FN and is mediated by a syndecan-4 and β1 integrin co-signaling pathway. By using α5 null cells, β1 integrin functional blocking antibody, and a α5β1 integrin targeting peptide A5-1, we demonstrate that the α5 and β1 integrins are essential for TG-FN to compensate RGD-induced loss of cell adhesion and FN deposition. The importance of syndecan-2 in this process was shown using targeting siRNAs, which abolished the compensation effect of TG-FN on the RGD-induced loss of cell adhesion, resulting in disruption of actin skeleton formation and FN deposition. Unlike syndecan-4, syndecan-2 does not interact directly with TG2 but acts as a downstream effector in regulating actin cytoskeleton organization through the ROCK pathway. We demonstrate that PKCα is likely to be the important link between syndecan-4 and syndecan-2 signaling and that TG2 is the functional component of the TG-FN heterocomplex in mediating cell adhesion via its direct interaction with heparan sulfate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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Jourdan-LeSaux C, Zhang J, Lindsey ML. Extracellular matrix roles during cardiac repair. Life Sci 2010; 87:391-400. [PMID: 20670633 PMCID: PMC2946433 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) provides a platform for cells to maintain structure and function, which in turn maintains tissue function. In response to injury, the ECM undergoes remodeling that involves synthesis, incorporation, and degradation of matrix proteins, with the net outcome determined by the balance of these processes. The major goals of this review are a) to serve as an initial resource for students and investigators new to the cardiac ECM remodeling field, and b) to highlight a few of the key exciting avenues and methodologies that have recently been explored. While we focus on cardiac injury and responses of the left ventricle (LV), the mechanisms reviewed here have pathways in common with other wound healing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Jourdan-LeSaux
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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Sun J, Wang D, Jin T. Insulin alters the expression of components of the Wnt signaling pathway including TCF-4 in the intestinal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:344-51. [PMID: 20056134 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological and experimental evidence that support the correlation between Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and increased risks of colorectal cancer formation have led us to hypothesize the existence of molecular crosstalk between insulin and canonical Wnt signaling pathways. Insulin was shown to stimulate Wnt target gene expression, utilizing the effector of the Wnt signaling pathway. Whether insulin affects expression of components of Wnt pathway has not been extensively examined. METHODS cDNA microarray was utilized to assess the effect of insulin on gene expression profile in the rat intestinal non-cancer IEC-6 cell line, followed by real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting and reporter gene analyses in intestinal cancer and non-cancer cells. RESULTS Insulin was shown to alter the expression of a dozen of Wnt pathway related genes including TCF-4 (=TCF7L2) and frizzled- (Fzd-4). The stimulatory effect of insulin on TCF-4 expression was then confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting and luciferase reporter analyses, while the activation on Fzd-4 was confirmed by real-time PCR. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our observations suggest that insulin may crosstalk with the Wnt signaling pathway in a multi-level fashion, involving insulin regulation of the expression of Wnt target genes, a Wnt receptor, as well as mediators of the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Canada; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, University Health Network, Canada
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Arnold S, Mira E, Muneer S, Korpanty G, Beck AW, Holloway SE, Mañes S, Brekken RA. Forced expression of MMP9 rescues the loss of angiogenesis and abrogates metastasis of pancreatic tumors triggered by the absence of host SPARC. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:860-73. [PMID: 18445772 DOI: 10.3181/0801-rm-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is characterized by desmoplasia, local invasion, and metastasis. These features are regulated in part by MMP9 and SPARC. To explore the interaction of SPARC and MMP9 in cancer, we first established orthotopic pancreatic tumors in SPARC-null and wild-type mice with the murine pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line, PAN02. MMP9 expression was higher in tumors from wild-type compared to SPARC-null mice. Coincident with lower MMP9 expression, tumors grown in SPARC-null mice were significantly larger, had decreased ECM deposition and reduced microvessel density compared to wild-type controls. In addition, metastasis was enhanced in the absence of host SPARC. Therefore, we next analyzed the orthotopic tumor growth of PAN02 cells transduced with MMP9 or a control empty vector. Forced expression of MMP9 by the PAN02 cells resulted in larger tumors in both wild-type and SPARC-null animals compared to empty vector controls and further diminished ECM deposition. Importantly, forced expression of MMP9 within the tumor reversed the decrease in angiogenesis and abrogated the metastatic potential displayed by control tumors grown in SPARC-null mice. Finally, contrary to the in vivo results, MMP9 increased cell migration in vitro, which was blocked by the addition of SPARC. These results suggest that SPARC and MMP9 interact to regulate many stages of tumor progression including ECM deposition, angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Arnold
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT-Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
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Prezas P, Scorilas A, Yfanti C, Viktorov P, Agnanti N, Diamandis E, Talieri M. The role of human tissue kallikreins 7 and 8 in intracranial malignancies. Biol Chem 2007; 387:1607-12. [PMID: 17132107 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2006.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that many tissue kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis. Kallikrein 8 (KLK8) plays a role in the physiology of the central nervous system. Kallikrein 7 (KLK7) takes part in skin desquamation. Both show altered expression in ovarian and breast cancer. In this study, we examined the level of mRNA expression of the KLK7 and KLK8 genes in 73 intracranial tumors using qualitative RT-PCR. The results were correlated with clinical and histomorphological variables and patient outcome. The expression of both genes was also examined in the brain cancer cell lines U-251 MG, D54 and SH-SY5Y and the invasive capacity of glioblastoma cells U-251 MG overexpressing hK7 or hK8 was also investigated in an in vitro Matrigel assay. Follow-up analysis revealed that expression of KLK7 mRNA was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) compared to patients with no KLK7 expression, as determined by Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. Overexpression of hK7 protein by cultivated brain tumor cells significantly enhanced the invasive potential in the Matrigel invasion assay, in contrast to cells overexpressing hK8 protein. Our data suggest that hK7 protein overexpression is associated with a more aggressive phenotype in brain cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Prezas
- G. Papanicolaou Research Center of Oncology, Saint Savas Hospital, 171 Alexandras Avenue, GR-11522 Athens, Greece
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Shellman YG, Makela M, Norris DA. Induction of secreted matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity in human melanoma cells by extracellular matrix proteins and cytokines. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:207-11. [PMID: 16718267 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000215033.92693.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of matrix proteins that constitute the dermal-epidermal junction and dermis by proteolytic enzymes is an essential step of melanoma invasion and metastasis, and this is primarily achieved by the matrix metalloproteinases. In this report, using zymography, we compared the basal secretion levels of active matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 to levels in response to various extracellular matrix proteins, cytokines, and growth factors in normal human melanocyte cells and melanoma cell lines from different stages of neoplastic progression. Basal matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity was only detected in vertical growth phase and metastatic melanoma cell lines, suggesting that matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a candidate biomarker for identifying vertical growth phase and metastatic melanomas. Most melanoma cell lines and cultured normal melanocytes produced high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2. In addition, both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta are strong inducers of active matrix metalloproteinase-9 in vertical growth phase melanoma cell lines, indicating a possible role of these cytokines in the switch from radial growth phase to vertical growth phase. We propose that these proinflammatory cytokines promote melanoma invasion in part through upregulating matrix metalloproteinase-9. Both these cytokines are released from keratinocytes in the epidermis by ultraviolet radiation. Thus, our study suggests that the microenvironment of melanoma cells is an important feature in melanoma progression, and ultraviolet-radiation-induced cytokines might promote the progression of melanoma through the release or activation of matrix metalloproteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun G Shellman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Science Center at Fitzsimons, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Abstract
The demonstration that zinc-finger transcriptional repressors can control E-cadherin expression in epithelial cells has provided a new avenue of research in the field of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). One of these zinc-finger molecules is the transcription factor Snail, which controls gastrulation and neural crest EMT in different species. Additionally, Snail is involved in the development of malignant melanoma where a dramatic change in E-cadherin expression is an important early step for melanoma progression. For this study, a human cancer cDNA array was used which includes genes involved in cancer development and progression. Using the array we compared the gene expression pattern of the melanoma cell line Mel Im with a Mel Im cell clone stable transfected with antisense (as) SNAIL cDNA. We validated the significant differences of the expression of genes on mRNA level. Primarily, we observed changes in the expression of genes involved in EMT. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed a down-regulation of MMP-2, EMMPRIN, SPARC, TIMP-1, t-PA, RhoA and Notch4 expression and a re-induction of E-cadherin expression in the as Snail cell clones. Furthermore, we measured the expression of integrin beta3, NM23b and RhoB. Additionally, we investigated whether the selected genes are influenced only through Snail or if E-cadherin can influence the expression of these genes. In summary, all examined genes which are influenced through Snail have a regulatory function in EMT processes as does Snail itself. The Snail target gene E-cadherin has no regulatory function with respect to the selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kuphal
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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18
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Lugassy C, Haroun RI, Brem H, Tyler BM, Jones RV, Fernandez PM, Patierno SR, Kleinman HK, Barnhill RL. Pericytic-like angiotropism of glioma and melanoma cells. Am J Dermatopathol 2002; 24:473-8. [PMID: 12454598 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200212000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have identified in malignant melanoma an angiotumoral complex in which tumor cells occupy a pericytic location along the endothelium of microvessels without evidence of intravasation. We have suggested that this pericytic-like angiotropism could be a marker of an extravascular migration of tumor cells along the abluminal surface of vessels. The extravascular migratory metastasis proposed for melanoma has close analogies with glioma migration. To compare our hypothesis of extravascular migration by melanoma with the migration of glioma cells, we have used the B16 murine melanoma cell line and the GL26 murine glioma cell line in an in vivo murine brain tumor model and in vitro using endothelial cells that have formed capillary-like structures and have been cocultivated with tumor cells. In the brain tumors, a clear progression of glioma and melanoma cells was observed along the abluminal surface of vessels, where they occupied a pericytic location along the periendothelial laminin. In vitro, time-lapse videomicroscopy recorded the migration of tumor cells toward endothelial tubules. After 24 hours, both the melanoma cells and the glioma cells were localized along the external surfaces of the vascular tubules, occupying a pericytic-like location. These similarities between glioma and melanoma support the hypothesis of an extravascular migration of melanoma cells, particularly along the abluminal surface of vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lugassy
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University Medical Center, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20037, USA
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19
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Bonucci E. Physiopathology of cancer metastases in bone and of the changes they induce in bone remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02904492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Vejda S, Posovszky C, Zelzer S, Peter B, Bayer E, Gelbmann D, Schulte-Hermann R, Gerner C. Plasma from cancer patients featuring a characteristic protein composition mediates protection against apoptosis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2002; 1:387-93. [PMID: 12118080 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m200004-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By comparative proteome analysis we searched for characteristic alterations of human plasma accompanying neoplastic disease. We identified protein alterations in plasma of prostate-, lung-, and breast-cancer patients in comparison to controls, comprising elevated levels of fibrinogen gamma-chain dimer, degradation products of antiplasmin and laminin gamma-chain, and elevated levels of acute phase proteins. The latter proteins and laminin fragments have been described as anti-apoptotic factors. We raised the question whether these alterations may have any relevance for the regulation of apoptosis. In contrast to plasma derived from healthy donors, samples from prostate-, lung-, and breast-cancer patients selectively inhibited Fas- and staurosporine-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells but remained ineffective upon UV light-induced apoptosis. These data suggested that inhibition occurred by extracellular interference with apoptosis induction. Supporting this hypothesis, we found that formation of the CD95 death-inducing signal complex was strongly inhibited in the presence of plasma from cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Vejda
- Institute of Cancer Research, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Sasaki T, Amizuka N, Irie K, Ejiri S, Ozawa H. Localization of alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin during matrix mineralization in the developing cartilage of coccygeal vertebrae. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2000; 63:271-84. [PMID: 10989939 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.63.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We observed the manner in which alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) and osteopontin were localized in the cartilage and intramembranous bone of coccygeal vertebrae during matrix mineralization, shedding considerable light on the manner in which they develop. In the cartilage matrix of coccygeal vertebrae, we observed the localization of ALPase activity in the boundary of the proliferative and the hypertrophic zones. Granular nodules of mineralization were consistently found in the boundary of both zones, and increased in size when close to the hypertrophic zone. While osteopontin was rarely present in the early stages of mineralization, its localization along the margins of mineralized matrices in the hypertrophic zone was prominent. In contrast to cartilage, mineralized nodules in the intramembranous bone in the mid-portion of the vertebra displayed osteopontin-immunoreactivity, indicating its early synthesis and subsequent accumulation to early-stage mineralized nodules. When blood vessels, accompanied by osteoblastic and osteoclastic cell populations, invaded the cartilage, osteopontin was localized in the lower region of the hypertrophic zone, despite its maintaining the localization of ALPase and early-stage mineralization. Thus, our investigation demonstrated ALPase activity consistent with early-stage mineralization in the cartilage matrix. However, the fact that osteopontin-localization could not be pinpointed might account for its multifunctionality as concerns both the regulation of mineralization and the attachment of migrating osteogenic and osteoclastic cells to the mineralized matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Niigata University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan
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Abstract
Research during the past few years has contributed vastly to a better understanding of fibrosis and angiogenesis. Although studies to understand the molecular processes associated with fibrosis and angiogenesis were performed independently of each other, some common parallels have emerged. Translation of these observations into potential therapeutic possibilities needs further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kalluri
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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