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Colado-Velázquez JI, Mailloux-Salinas P, Arias-Chávez DJ, Ledesma-Aparicio J, Gómez-Viquez NL, Cano-Europa E, Sarabia GN, Bravo G. Lipidic extract of whole tomato reduces hyperplasia, oxidative stress and inflammation on testosterone-induced BPH in obese rats. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:529-539. [PMID: 36464759 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tomato is an important source of lycopene, a carotenoid that has been emerging as a natural preventive agent for prostate disease. Moreover, tomato contains other components with a wide range of physiological properties, but their potential beneficial effects on prostatic hyperplasia (PH) during obesity have not been completely established. In this study, we compared the effect of a lipidic extract of tomato saladette (STE) with Serenoa repens (SR) on obese rats with PH. METHODS Forty-eight Wistar rats were divided in Control (C) and Obese (Ob) treated without (n = 12) and with (n = 36) testosterone enanthate (TE), once a week for 8 weeks to induce PH. After 4 weeks, SR and STE were administered. Biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines production were determined. RESULTS TE increased prostate weight and caused prostatic hyperplasia in C group, and these effects were exacerbated by obesity. SR and STE reverted the increase in prostate weight and hyperplasia caused by TE in C and Ob groups. Obesity increased LDL, TGs, NOx and MAD, but decreased HDLc, GSx, SOD and CAT. SR reverted the effects of obesity, but these were significantly reduced and HDLc increased with STE. Obesity and TE increased TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 levels, but these were partially reverted by STE compared with SR. CONCLUSIONS Excess of fat tissue increases the alterations by PH. STE diminishes these alterations compared with SR, suggesting its beneficial effect to improve prostate function. Whole tomato lipid extract could serve as sole therapy or as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment for PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juventino Iii Colado-Velázquez
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
- Autonomous University of the West, Unidad Regional Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Patrick Mailloux-Salinas
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - David Julian Arias-Chávez
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - Jessica Ledesma-Aparicio
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - Norma Leticia Gómez-Viquez
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico
| | - Edgard Cano-Europa
- Lab. de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología "Dr. Mauricio Russek Berman", Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Bravo
- Depto. Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, Calz. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas Coapa, 14330, México, Mexico.
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Vásquez-Velásquez C, Gasco M, Fano-Sizgorich D, Gonzales GF. Inflammatory pathway employed by Red Maca to treat induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13516. [PMID: 31989657 DOI: 10.1111/and.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a pathology characterised by an increase in prostate size associated with low urinary tract symptoms. Finasteride (F), a 5a-reductase inhibitor, is the standard treatment for BPH reducing prostate weight but also sexual desire. The Peruvian plant known as Red Maca (RM) (Lepidium meyenii) inhibits BPH in rats and mice. The aim of the study was to assess the inflammatory effect of RM and finasteride in rats with testosterone enanthate (TE)-induced BPH. Thirty rats were divided into 5 groups: Control, TE (50 mg/rat), TE + F (0.6 mg/kg), and two groups of TE + RM 40/80 (40 or 80 mg). After treatments, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin 4 (IL4) and interferon gamma (INFg) as well as testosterone and oestradiol were evaluated and inflammatory cells (neutrophils, mast cells and lymphocytes) in prostate were quantified. Red Maca and finasteride treatments decreased inflammatory cells counts in prostate, inhibiting TNFa by different pathways. Finasteride increased IL4 whereas Red Maca increased INFg. In conclusion, data suggest that finasteride acts on Th2 response by increasing IL4 in prostate, while Red Maca acts on Th1 response mediated by INFg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Vásquez-Velásquez
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel Gasco
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Diego Fano-Sizgorich
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo F Gonzales
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproduction, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Altitude Research Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Dietary fatty acid quality affects systemic parameters and promotes prostatitis and pre-neoplastic lesions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19233. [PMID: 31848441 PMCID: PMC6917739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental and nutritional factors, including fatty acids (FA), are associated with prostatitis, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. We hypothesized that different FA in normolipidic diets (7%) affect prostate physiology, increasing the susceptibility to prostate disorders. Thus, we fed male C57/BL6 mice with normolipidic diets based on linseed oil, soybean oil or lard (varying saturated and unsaturated FA contents and ω-3/ω-6 ratios) for 12 or 32 weeks after weaning and examined structural and functional parameters of the ventral prostate (VP) in the systemic metabolic context. Mongolian gerbils were included because they present a metabolic detour for low water consumption (i.e., oxidize FA to produce metabolic water). A linseed oil-based diet (LO, 67.4% PUFAs, ω-3/ω-6 = 3.70) resulted in a thermogenic profile, while a soybean oil-based diet (SO, 52.7% PUFAs, ω-3/ω-6 = 0.11) increased body growth and adiposity. Mice fed lard (PF, 13.1% PUFA, ω-3/ω-6 = 0.07) depicted a biphasic growth, resulting in decreased adiposity in adulthood. SO and PF resulted in hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis, respectively. PF and SO increased prostate epithelial volume, and lard resulted in epithelial hyperplasia. Animals in the LO group had smaller prostates with predominant atrophic epithelia and inflammatory loci. Inflammatory cells were frequent in the VP of PF mice (predominantly stromal) and LO mice (predominantly luminal). RNAseq after 12 weeks revealed good predictors of a later-onset inflammation. The transcriptome unveiled ontologies related to ER stress after 32 weeks on PF diets. In conclusion, different FA qualities result in different metabolic phenotypes and differentially impact prostate size, epithelial volume, inflammation and gene expression.
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Oliveira EC, Leonelli C, Pereira OCM, Bittencourt JC, Carvalho HF. Estrogen imprinting compromises male sexual behavior and affects the number of androgen-receptor-expressing hypothalamic neurons†. Biol Reprod 2019; 100:737-744. [PMID: 30295750 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal exposure to high-dose 17β-estradiol (E2) affects the morphology and physiology of sex and accessory sex organs in the long term. In this study, we examined the effects of E2 imprinting on male sexual behavior, fertility, and the number of androgen receptor (AR)-expressing cells in the hypothalamus. E2-treated males showed copulatory behavior represented by mounts and/or intromissions, demonstrating the preservation of aspects of male behavior. They had slightly increased latency for first intromission and a reduced number of ejaculations, associated with a 50% reduction in the fertility index. AR expression in the hypothalamus was assessed by RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Treated rats had a significantly lower ventral prostate (VP) weight, demonstrating the efficacy of the treatment. The AR mRNA and protein content in the hypothalamus of E2-treated animals was reduced to the levels of females. AR-expressing cell counts in the ventromedial, anterior medial preoptic, paraventricular nuclei, and preoptic areas were different from control males, and similar to those of females. In conclusion, E2 imprinting resulted not only in ill-developed sexual organs, but also affected sexual behavior, resulting in a female-type hypothalamus, at least with respect to the abundance of AR mRNA and protein and the number of AR-expressing cells in important regions/tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elusa Cristina Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Leonelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oduvaldo C M Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Silva JAF, Bruni-Cardoso A, Augusto TM, Damas-Souza DM, Barbosa GO, Felisbino SL, Stach-Machado DR, Carvalho HF. Macrophage roles in the clearance of apoptotic cells and control of inflammation in the prostate gland after castration. Prostate 2018; 78:95-103. [PMID: 29134671 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation results in massive apoptosis in the prostate gland. Macrophages are actively engaged in phagocytosing epithelial cell corpses. However, it is unknown whether microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (LC3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is involved and contribute to prevent inflammation. METHODS Flow cytometry, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize the macrophage subpopulation residing in the epithelial layer of the rat ventral prostate (VP) after castration. Stereology was employed to determine variations in the number of ED1 and ED2. Mice were treated with either chloroquine or L-asparagine to block autophagy. RESULTS M1 (iNOS-positive) and M2 macrophages (MRC1+ and ARG1+) were not found in the epithelium at day 5 after castration. The percentage of CD68+ (ED1) and CD163+ (ED2) phenotypes increased after castration but only CD68+ cells were present in the epithelium. RT-PCR showed increased content of the autophagy markers Bcl1 and LC3 after castration. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed the presence of LC3+ and ATG5+ cells in the epithelium. Double immunohistochemistry showed these cells to be CD68+ /LC3+ , compatible with the LAP phenotype. LC3+ cells accumulate significantly after castration. Chloroquine and L-asparagine administration caused inflammation of the glands at day 5 after castration. CONCLUSIONS CD68+ macrophages phagocytose apoptotic cell corpses and activate the LAP pathway, thereby contributing to the preservation of a non-inflammed microenvironment. Marked inflammation was detected when autophagy blockers were administered to castrated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliete A F Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Taize M Augusto
- Jundiai Medical School, Jundiai, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Damas-Souza
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme O Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sérgio L Felisbino
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dagmar R Stach-Machado
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Garcia T, Schreiber E, Kumar V, Prasad R, Sirvent JJ, Domingo JL, Gómez M. Effects on the reproductive system of young male rats of subcutaneous exposure to n-butylparaben. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Carvalho HF, Taboga SR, Felisbino SL, Biancardi MF. Prostate epithelium basement membrane and prostate cell biology: 20 years. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1170-1173. [PMID: 28755475 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- IBILCE, Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Luis Felisbino
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Universidade Estadual Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel F Biancardi
- Department of Histology, Embryology, and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, GO, Brazil
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Antoniassi JQ, Fochi RA, Góes RM, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Corticosterone influences gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) prostatic morphophysiology and alters its proliferation and apoptosis rates. Int J Exp Pathol 2017; 98:134-146. [PMID: 28664583 PMCID: PMC5573771 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are hormones that are widely used in medicine; but although side effects are generally recognised, little is known about the precise mechanisms that is implicated in many of these side effects. Furthermore, GCs are highly correlated with stress and behaviour disorders. This study evaluated the effects of the glucocorticoid corticosterone on the ventral prostate of the Mongolian gerbil. Male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) (n = 5) received intraperitoneal injections of saline or corticosterone in doses of 0.5 mg/kg/day and 1.5 mg/kg/day for 5 days; while some of the animals were killed immediately after the treatment, the others were killed 5 days after the treatment period. The data show that corticosterone influences the structure and functionality of this organ. This hormone has anti-proliferative and anti-apoptotic properties in the prostate. In addition, the frequencies of the androgen (AR), oestrogen (ERα, ERβ) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors changed. The frequencies of AR, GR and ERβ decreased in the Ct1/5 group; in the groups with rest period, the frequencies of GR increased and ERβ decreased in the epithelium. Changes in the proliferative index, apoptotic index and receptor activity may have contributed to the emergence of prostatic morphological alterations, such as the presence of cellular debris and inflammatory cells. Different doses of corticosterone had variable effects on the prostate, with a higher dose showing subtler effects and a lower dose showing more striking effects. The corticosterone effects on nuclear receptors were reverted or attenuated after a rest period, which was not observed for proliferation and apoptosis. In summary, we have demonstrated that corticosterone might influence the prostatic morphophysiology and that these changes may be linked in some way to the altered receptor distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Quilles Antoniassi
- Department of Structural and Functional BiologyInstitute of BiologyState University of Campinas (UNICAMP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Ricardo Alexandre Fochi
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Structural and Functional BiologyInstitute of BiologyState University of Campinas (UNICAMP)São PauloBrazil
- Department of BiologyInstitute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE)University Estadual Paulista (UNESP)São PauloBrazil
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Barbosa GO, Cervigne NK, Carvalho HF, Augusto TM. Heparanase 1 involvement in prostate physiopathology. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1194-1202. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme O. Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Nilva K. Cervigne
- Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology; Jundiai Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; State University of Campinas; Campinas Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Taize M. Augusto
- Faculty of Medicine of Jundiai; Department of Morphology and Basic Pathology; Jundiai Sao Paulo Brazil
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Dias JP, Melvin D, Shardell M, Ferrucci L, Chia CW, Gharib M, Egan JM, Basaria S. Effects of Transdermal Testosterone Gel or an Aromatase Inhibitor on Prostate Volume in Older Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:1865-71. [PMID: 26950683 PMCID: PMC4880169 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT T replacement is being increasingly offered to older men with age-related low T; hence, monitoring prostate health is important during T therapy. Data suggest that estrogens have an independent effect on the prostate and some effects of T on the prostate might be mediated via its aromatization to estradiol. Although some studies have assessed the effects of T replacement on prostate volume, the differential effects of T and estradiol have not been delineated. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate the relative effects of T and estradiol on prostate volume in older men with low T. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-one men, 65 years old or older with total T less than 350 ng/dL (measured by mass spectrometry) participated in the study. INTERVENTION The intervention included randomization to 5 g transdermal T gel (TT), 1 mg oral aromatase inhibitor (AI), or placebo daily for 12 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was prostate volume measured by transrectal ultrasound at baseline and 12 months. Secondary outcomes included prostate-specific antigen levels and lower urinary tract symptoms score. RESULTS Serum T levels increased in both intervention groups; estradiol levels increased in the TT group, whereas it decreased in the AI group. At 12 months, prostate volume significantly increased (4.5 ± 1.76 cc, P < .05) only in the TT group. Increase in prostate-specific antigen levels were seen in both intervention groups at 6 months (P < .01 and P < .001). The lower urinary tract symptoms score increased only in the TT group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The tropic effects of T on the prostate are mediated via its aromatization to estradiol. Administration of AI for 12 months to older men was not detrimental to the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Pena Dias
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Denise Melvin
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michelle Shardell
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Chee W Chia
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mohsen Gharib
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (J.P.D., D.M., J.M.E.) and Translational Gerontology Branch (M.S., L.F., C.W.C.), National Institute on Aging, and Imaging Section (M.G.), Medstar Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21225; and Section on Men's Health, Aging, and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Calmasini FB, Silva FH, Alexandre EC, Rodrigues RL, Barbosa APL, Ferrucci DL, Carvalho HF, Anhê GF, Pupo AS, Antunes E. Implication of Rho-kinase and soluble guanylyl cyclase enzymes in prostate smooth muscle dysfunction in middle-aged rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2016; 36:589-596. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano B. Calmasini
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Fabio H. Silva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo C. Alexandre
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Renata L. Rodrigues
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Ana Paula L. Barbosa
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Danilo L. Ferrucci
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gabriel F. Anhê
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology; University of Campinas-UNICAMP; Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Andre S. Pupo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences; University of São Paulo State (UNESP); Botucatu São Paulo Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology; University of Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Kim SK, Chung JH, Park HC, Kim JH, Ann JH, Park HK, Lee SH, Yoo KH, Lee BC, Kim YO. Association between polymorphisms of estrogen receptor 2 and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:1990-1994. [PMID: 26640585 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens and estrogen receptors (ESRs) have been implicated in the stimulation of aberrant prostate growth and the development of prostate diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the ESR2 gene in order to examine whether ESR2 is a susceptibility gene for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In order to evaluate whether an association exists between ESR2 and BPH risk, four polymorphisms [rs4986938 (intron), rs17766755 (intron), rs12435857 (intron) and rs1256049 (Val328Val)] of the ESR2 gene were genotyped by direct sequencing. A total of 94 patients with BPH and 79 control subjects were examined. SNPStats and Haploview version 4.2 we used for the genetic analysis. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant1, codominant2, dominant, recessive and log-additive) were produced in order to obtain the odds ratio, 95% confidence interval and P-value. Three SNPs (rs4986938, rs17766755 and rs12435857) showed significant associations with BPH (rs4986938, P=0.015 in log-additive model; rs17766755, P=0.033 in codominant1 model, P=0.019 in dominant model and P=0.020 in log-additive model; rs12435857, P=0.023 in dominant model and P=0.011 in log-additive model). The minor alleles of these SNPs increased the risk of BPH, and the AAC haplotype showed significant association with BPH (χ2=6.34, P=0.0118). These data suggest that the ESR2 gene may be associated with susceptibility to BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kang Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Chung
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Park
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Ann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Industry Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kuk Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Healthcare Industry Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyup Lee
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Koo Han Yoo
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Herbal Crop Utilization Research Team, Department of Medicinal Crop Research, Rural Administration, Soi-myeon, Eumseong-gun 369-873, Republic of Korea
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Rosa-Ribeiro R, Nishan U, Vidal RO, Barbosa GO, Reis LO, Cesar CL, Carvalho HF. Transcription factors involved in prostate gland adaptation to androgen deprivation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97080. [PMID: 24886974 PMCID: PMC4041569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens regulate prostate physiology, and exert their effects through the androgen receptor. We hypothesized that androgen deprivation needs additional transcription factors to orchestrate the changes taking place in the gland after castration and for the adaptation of the epithelial cells to the androgen-deprived environment, ultimately contributing to the origin of castration-resistant prostate cancer. This study was undertaken to identify transcription factors that regulate gene expression after androgen deprivation by castration (Cas). For the sake of comparison, we extended the analysis to the effects of administration of a high dose of 17β-estradiol (E2) and a combination of both (Cas+E2). We approached this by (i) identifying gene expression profiles and enrichment terms, and by searching for transcription factors in the derived regulatory pathways; and (ii) by determining the density of putative transcription factor binding sites in the proximal promoter of the 10 most up- or down-regulated genes in each experimental group in comparison to the controls Gapdh and Tbp7. Filtering and validation confirmed the expression and localized EVI1 (Mecom), NFY, ELK1, GATA2, MYBL1, MYBL2, and NFkB family members (NFkB1, NFkB2, REL, RELA and RELB) in the epithelial and/or stromal cells. These transcription factors represent major regulators of epithelial cell survival and immaturity as well as an adaptation of the gland as an immune barrier in the absence of functional stimulation by androgens. Elk1 was expressed in smooth muscle cells and was up-regulated after day 4. Evi1 and Nfy genes are expressed in both epithelium and stroma, but were apparently not affected by androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rosa-Ribeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Umar Nishan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Oliveira Vidal
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, National Center for Research on Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Oliveira Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Lenz Cesar
- Department of Quantum Physics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology (INFABiC), State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Rosa-Ribeiro R, Barbosa GO, Kühne F, Carvalho HF. Desquamation is a novel phenomenon for collective prostate epithelial cell deletion after castration. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:213-20. [PMID: 24105629 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying castration-induced prostate regression, which is a classical physiological concept translated into the therapeutic treatment of advanced prostate cancer, involves epithelial cell apoptosis. In searching for events and mechanisms contributing to prostate regression in response to androgen modulation, we have frequently observed the collective deletion of epithelial cells. This work was undertaken to characterize this phenomenon hereafter named desquamation and to verify its presence after 17β-estradiol (E2) administration. Electron microscopy revealed that the desquamating cells had preserved cell-cell junctions and collapsed nuclear contents. The TUNEL reaction was negative for these cells, which were also negative for cleaved caspases-8, -9, -3 and nuclear apoptosis-inducing factor. Detailed analyses revealed that the condensed chromatin was first affected detaching from the nuclear lamina, which was observable after lamin A immunohistochemistry, suggesting the lack of lamin A degradation. A search in animals treated with supraphysiological E2 employed as an alternative anti-androgen treatment revealed no desquamation. The combined treatment (Cas + E2 group) caused changes particular to each treatment, including desquamation. In conclusion, desquamation appeared as a novel phenomenon contributing to collective prostate epithelial cell deletion, distinct from the classical castration-induced apoptosis and particular to the androgen deprivation resulting from surgical castration, and should be considered as part of the mechanisms promoting organ regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Rosa-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Charles Darwin Street, Bld N, Rooms 10/11, Campinas, SP, 13083-863, Brazil
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Histomorphological Studies on the Prostate Gland of Donkey Equus Asinus during Different Seasons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/643287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the histological and histochemical structures of the prostate gland during different seasons of the year. The experiment was carried out on the prostate gland of 24 sexually mature apparently healthy male donkeys (5 to 7 years) distributed over the four seasons of the year. The prostate gland was enveloped externally by a thick fibromuscular capsule. Fibromuscular septa arose from the deep aspect of the capsule dividing the prostate into variable numbers of lobules of different sizes and shapes. Each prostatic lobe was made up of compound tubuloalveolar glands and duct system. The secretory end pieces were lined with principal secretory cells with occasional few basal ones. The principal cells varied from columnar to cuboidal in shape, depending upon the studied season. The principal cells showed PAS-positive reactivity. Seasonal variations were observed in the height of the principal cell lining the secretory end pieces, in the interstitial tissue/glandular tissue ratio, and in the PAS reactivity in the principal cells. In conclusion, the prostate gland of donkey appeared more active during spring. This reactivity decreased during other seasons of the year. Minimal reactivity was recorded during winter.
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Freitas KM, Monteiro JC, Gomes MLM, Taboga SR, Dolder H. Heteropterys tomentosa (A. Juss.) infusion counteracts Cyclosporin a side effects on the ventral prostate. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:30. [PMID: 23406403 PMCID: PMC3606839 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in treatment of auto-immune diseases or after organ transplants. However, several side effects are commonly associated with CsA long term intake, some regarding to loss of reproductive organ function due to oxidative damage. Considering that phytotherapy is an important tool often used against oxidative stress, we would like to describe the beneficial effects of Heteropterys tomentosa intake to minimize the damage caused by CsA to the ventral prostate tissue of Wistar rats under laboratorial conditions. METHODS Thirty adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were divided into: control group (water); CsA group (Cyclosporin A); Ht group (H. tomentosa infusion) and CsA + Ht group (CsA and H. tomentosa infusion). Plasmic levels of hepatotoxicity markers, triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were quantified. The ventral prostate tissue was analyzed under light microscopy, using stereological, morphometrical and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS H. tomentosa did not cause any alterations either of the plasmic parameters or of the ventral prostate structure. CsA caused alterations of GOT, total and indirect bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose levels in the plasma; CsA-treated rats showed alterations of the ventral prostate tissue. There were no alterations regarding the plasma levels of GOT, triglycerides and glucose of CsA + Ht animals. The same group also showed normalization of most of the parameters analyzed on the ventral prostate tissue when compared to the CsA group. The treatments did not alter the pattern of AR expression or the apoptotic index of the ventral prostate epithelium. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a protective action of the H. tomentosa infusion against the side effects of CsA on the ventral prostate tissue, which could also be observed with plasmic biochemical parameters.
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Luo Y, Waladali W, Li S, Zheng X, Hu L, Zheng H, Hu W, Chen C. 17β-Estradiol affects proliferation and apoptosis of rat prostatic smooth muscle cells by modulating cell cycle transition and related proteins. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:899-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Freitas KM, Monteiro JC, Gomes MLM, Taboga SR, Dolder H. Cyclosporin A causes impairment of the ventral prostate tissue structure of Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:1262-70. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327112444937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in medicine to reduce the immune system activity and, therefore, the risk of organ rejection after transplantation. However, many side effects can be related to its use, such as, reduction in serum testosterone levels due to damage of the testis structure and, consequently, male infertility. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of chronic CsA administration on the ventral prostate tissue (15 mg/kg per d, for 56 days). Stereological, morphometrical, morphological and ultrastructural observations were employed. The plasmatic testosterone and glucose levels were measured. An androgen receptor (AR) immunohistochemical method was applied on ventral prostate sections. Apoptosis was detected with the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling technique. CsA treatment caused reduction in plasmatic testosterone levels and an increase in glycemia. The volume of all ventral prostate tissue components (lumen, epithelium and muscular and nonmuscular stroma) and ventral prostate weight were reduced in the CsA-treated group. Light and transmission electron microscopy confirmed epithelium atrophy of treated animals. There was no alteration of AR expression or apoptotic index. CsA chronic treatment in the therapeutic doses caused damage to prostate tissue of adult Wistar rats, probably due to increase in the glucose levels and reduction in the plasmatic testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- KM Freitas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (IB/UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - JC Monteiro
- Department of Agronomical and Biological Sciences, CEUNES, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
| | - MLM Gomes
- Department of Health Sciences, CEUNES, Federal University of Espírito Santo, São Mateus, Brazil
| | - SR Taboga
- Department of Biology, IBILCE/State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - H Dolder
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (IB/UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Fernandes SAF, Gomes GRO, Siu ER, Damas-Souza DM, Bruni-Cardoso A, Augusto TM, Lazari MFM, Carvalho HF, Porto CS. The anti-oestrogen fulvestrant (ICI 182,780) reduces the androgen receptor expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell proliferation in the rat ventral prostate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 34:486-500. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Bruni-Cardoso A, Augusto TM, Pravatta H, Damas-Souza DM, Carvalho HF. Stromal remodelling is required for progressive involution of the rat ventral prostate after castration: Identification of a matrix metalloproteinase-dependent apoptotic wave. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 33:686-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Bruni-Cardoso A, Lynch CC, Rosa-Ribeiro R, Matrisian LM, Carvalho HF. MMP-2 contributes to the development of the mouse ventral prostate by impacting epithelial growth and morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2386-92. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Pinto LC, Fávaro WJ, Cagnon VHA. Proliferative, structural and molecular features of the Mdx mouse prostate. Int J Exp Pathol 2010; 91:408-19. [PMID: 20618884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2010.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate is fundamental to the male reproductive process, and the stroma-epithelium interaction has an important role in prostate maintenance. Studies suggest that dystroglycan (DG) plays a role in cancer development in various organs. Thus, the aims of this work were to characterize morphological and proliferative features of the prostatic stroma and epithelium of mdx mice; to verify the immunolocalization of the α and β DG, IGF-1 and laminin α3 receptors; and to relate those structural and molecular events to prostate pathogenesis and to verify the viability of this experimental model in prostate studies. Thirty male mice (mdx and C57BL10/Uni) were divided into control and mdx groups. Samples from the ventral prostate were collected for immunological, Western Blotting, transmission electron microscopy and morphometric analyses. Oestradiol and testosterone measurements were verified. The results showed diminished testosterone and increased oestradiol levels in the mdx group. Atrophied cells and hypertrophied stroma were seen in the mdx mice. Weak α and β DG and laminin α3 immunolocalization was demonstrated in the mdx group. Intense insulin-like growth factor receptor α-1 (IGFRα-1) localization was identified in the mdx animals. Thus, mdx animals showed changes in molecular and structural integrity and proliferation signals, leading to glandular homoeostasis imbalance, and compromise of prostate function. Also, the steroid hormone imbalance and the increased IGF-1 receptor level detected in mdx mice could be considered as a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of prostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Pinto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysic, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Augusto TM, Bruni-Cardoso A, Damas-Souza DM, Zambuzzi WF, Kühne F, Lourenço LB, Ferreira CV, Carvalho HF. Oestrogen imprinting causes nuclear changes in epithelial cells and overall inhibition of gene transcription and protein synthesis in rat ventral prostate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:675-85. [PMID: 19925618 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.01008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oestrogen exposure during the early post-natal period affects male growth, physiology, and susceptibility to disease in adult life. The prostate gland is susceptible to this oestrogen imprinting, showing a reduced expression of the androgen receptor and inability to respond to androgen stimulus. In this context, we decided to study key signalling regulators of ventral prostate (VP) functioning after early postnatal exposure to high-dose oestrogen. Our results showed a decrease of mTOR phosphorylation and its direct downstream target 4EBP. It is known that mTOR-induced signalling is a pivotal pathway of cell metabolism, which is able to control gene transcription and protein synthesis. We then decided to investigate other indicators of a reduced metabolism in the oestrogenized prostate, and found that the luminal epithelial cells were shorter, less polarized and had smaller nuclei containing more compacted chromatin, suggesting that a general mechanism of regulating gene expression and protein synthesis could be installed in the epithelium of the oestrogenized VP. To evaluate this idea, we analysed nucleolar morphology, and measured the amount of ribosomes and the level of methylation of the 45S ribosomal RNA promoter region. These data indicated that the nucleolus was dismantled and that the methylation at the 45S promoter was increased ( approximately five-fold). Taken together, the results support the idea that the oestrogenized prostate maintains a very low transcriptional level and protein turnover by affecting canonical signalling pathways and promoting nuclear and nucleolar changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Augusto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Gómez V, Ingelmo I, Martín R, Codesal J, Rodríguez R, Pozuelo JM, Santamaría L. Effect of Prolactin on the Population of Epithelial Cells From Ventral Prostate of Intact and Cyproterone Acetate-Treated Peripubertal Rats: Stereological and Immunohistochemical Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:746-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Escobar ELO, Gomes-Marcondes MCC, Carvalho HF. Dietary fatty acid quality affects AR and PPARgamma levels and prostate growth. Prostate 2009; 69:548-58. [PMID: 19143008 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids are among the most important nutritional factors associated with the ethiopathogenesis of prostate cancer, therefore the main objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of quality of fatty acid on the rat ventral prostate growth, tissue organization, and expression of androgen receptor (AR) and peroxisome proliferation activator receptor gamma (PPARgamma). METHODS Wistar rats were distributed into five groups, which were fed isocaloric normolipidic diets containing soybean oil (7% Control), linseed (7% or 3.5% linseed plus 3.5% soybean oil) and rendered pork fat (7% or 3.5% lard plus 3.5% soybean oil) for 10 weeks after weaning. RESULTS At the end of treatment, the experiments demonstrated that lard and linseed oil caused opposite effects on prostatic growth. While the lard promoted an increase in prostatic weight associated to epithelial hyperplasia (confirmed by stereology); the linseed resulted in a significantly lighter organ. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting demonstrated increased expression of AR and PPARgamma in groups fed with lard diet, while linseed oil promoted a decrease. CONCLUSIONS Prostatic growth is influenced by dietary fatty acids with concurrent variation in the expression of AR and PPARgamma. PPARgamma might represent the link between diet and prostate growth and AR expression and function. Since the levels of testosterone were altered it is also possible that prostatic changes are secondary to systemic effects of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esdras L O Escobar
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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26
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Fávaro W, Padovani C, Cagnon V. Ultrastructural and proliferative features of the ventral lobe of the prostate in non-obese diabetic mice (NOD) following androgen and estrogen replacement associated to insulin therapy. Tissue Cell 2009; 41:119-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Augusto TM, Felisbino SL, Carvalho HF. Remodeling of rat ventral prostate after castration involves heparanase-1. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 332:307-15. [PMID: 18278514 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation causes the rat ventral prostate to reduce to 10% of its original size by 21 days after castration. The regressive changes result from the loss of epithelial cells by apoptosis and marked reorganization of the stroma. We have investigated whether these changes are accompanied by variations in heparanase expression. The ventral prostate of castrated rats was collected and processed for the quantification of heparan sulfate (HS), for the measurement of heparanase expression and its localization by reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry, and for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Absolute HS content decreased significantly as early as day 7 after surgery. Heparanase mRNA peaked 7 days after castration. The heparanase proenzyme (65 kDa) and the active form (50 kDa) were identified and peaked on day 7 after castration; this coincided with maximum HS-degrading activity. Heparanase was located to the basolateral surface of epithelial cells and in the adjacent stroma. After castration, staining for heparanase was reduced in the epithelium and increased in the stroma. TEM revealed that the peak of heparanase expression at day 7 after castration was associated with extensive changes in the basement membrane of the epithelium, endothelium and smooth muscle cells involving cell shrinkage and/or deletion by apoptosis. These results suggest that heparanase expression increases after castration and correlates with a decreased amount of HS. This variation in heparanase expression is involved in tissue remodeling and in the control of the regressive pattern after 1 week of androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taize M Augusto
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, CP6109, 13083-863 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Wu Q, Shi J, Chen L, Wang CY, Park I, Lee C, Zhang J. Regulation of proliferation and differentiation of prostatic stromal cells by oestradiol through prostatic epithelial cells in a paracrine manner. BJU Int 2008; 101:497-502. [PMID: 18190643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize a paracrine effect of prostatic epithelial cells in the presence or absence of oestradiol on the differentiation and proliferation of prostatic stromal cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conditioned media (CM) collected from a prostatic epithelial cell line (BPH-1), which was pre-treated with different concentration of oestradiol, were added to cultures of primary prostatic stromal cells. The proliferation rates of stromal cells were determined using a tetrazolium assay. The mRNA level was analysed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the protein level of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), fibronectin and collagen IV were determined with Western blotting, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay, respectively. The expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF beta 1) in the BPH-1 cell line was analysed. RESULTS The rate of proliferation of stromal cells increased when they were cultured with CM harvested from oestradiol-treated BPH-1 cells, but there was no remarkable change when they were cultured with CM from untreated cells. The level of smoothelin mRNA and SM-MHC protein increased after treatment with CM from BPH-1. The CM from BPH-1 with oestradiol stimulation was more effective in stimulating smoothelin mRNA and SM-MHC protein level. The protein level of collagen type IV, but not fibronectin, was up-regulated in the supernatants and cell extracts of CM-treated stromal cells. Oestradiol enhanced the expression and secretion of TGF beta 1 in BPH-1 cells. TGF beta 1-neutralizing antibody abrogated the effect of BPH-1 CM on the synthesis of collagen IV and SM-MHC in stromal cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that oestradiol-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of prostatic stromal cells could be regulated by factors secreted from prostatic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wu
- Bioactive Materials Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Institute for Molecular Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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Bruni-Cardoso A, Carvalho HF. Dynamics of the epithelium during canalization of the rat ventral prostate. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1223-32. [PMID: 17847055 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Outgrowth and branching of solid cords are the initial events in postnatal prostatic morphogenesis. These processes involve cell proliferation and their projection into the stroma and precede epithelial canalization. The purpose of the present study was to examine the dynamics of the prostate epithelium during canalization of the rat ventral prostate in the first week of postnatal development using histological, stereological, and ultrastructural analyses. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase [TdT]-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling assay was used to investigate the occurrence of DNA fragmentation. Our results demonstrate that canalization of the prostate epithelium starts as early as on day 1 (24 hr after birth) and progresses thereafter. By the end of the first week (day 6), luminal volume density reached approximately 3% (P < 0.05) of the organ. Canalization was the result of epithelial cell differentiation and apoptosis. The former involved organization of the epithelial cells into a single layer sitting on the basement membrane, polarization, enlargement of secretory organelles and accumulation of secretory vesicles, microvilli formation, and establishment of the adult pattern of cell junctions. The latter was observed to occur mostly to epithelial cells not in contact with the basement membrane. Structures of variable electron density were observed in the developing lumen. In conclusion, different phenomena seem to be involved in the canalization of the rat ventral prostate. However, it was evident from the present results that complex epithelial cell fate decisions take place during this process.
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Antonioli E, Cardoso AB, Carvalho HF. Effects of long-term castration on the smooth muscle cell phenotype of the rat ventral prostate. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2007; 28:777-83. [PMID: 17522419 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.107.002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Smooth muscle (SM) is an important component of the prostatic stroma. We previously showed that, despite extensive morphologic changes, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the rat ventral prostate preserve some differentiation markers 21 days after castration. In the present study, we investigated whether the expression of SMC markers is preserved in the rat ventral prostate after long-term castration. Adult Wistar rats were castrated and sacrificed 100 days after surgery. The ventral prostates were processed for histology, stereology, immunocytochemistry (SM alpha-actin and SM-myosin heavy chain [MHC]), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (smoothelin, sm22, and calponin). The prostates of castrated rats showed significant weight reduction, corresponding to only 5.6% of the control. Stereology showed that SMCs occupied the same proportion of the prostate volume but suffered a significant reduction in absolute volume (5.5% of control). The SMCs were retracted and showed spinous outlines. TEM revealed the presence of an abundant myofibrillar component, dense plaques, and an external lamina in these cells. SMCs were reactive to antibodies against SM alpha-actin and SM-MHC and expressed mRNA for smoothelin, sm22, and calponin. The results confirmed that rat prostatic SMCs are affected by androgen deprivation. Although showing marked phenotypic changes, these cells expressed SMC markers at the protein (SM alpha-actin and SM-MHC) and mRNA (smoothelin, sm22, and calponin) levels. These observations support the idea that SMCs may modulate their phenotypes (contractile vs synthetic) without changing their differentiation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Antonioli
- Department of Cell Biology, UNICAMP, CP6109, 13083-863 Campinas SP, Brazil
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Santos FCA, Leite RP, Custódio AMG, Carvalho KP, Monteiro-Leal LH, Santos AB, Góes RM, Carvalho HF, Taboga SR. Testosterone Stimulates Growth and Secretory Activity of the Female Prostate in the Adult Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)1. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:370-9. [PMID: 16707769 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.051789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate of the female gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) is similar to the human female prostate (Skene gland) and, despite its reduced size, it is functional and shows secretory activity. However, virtually nothing is known about its physiological regulation. This study was thus undertaken to evaluate the behavior of the gerbil female prostate in a hyperandrogenic condition. Adult females received subcutaneous injections of testosterone cypionate (1 mg/kg body weight every 48 h) up to 21 days. Circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol were monitored, and the prostate and ovaries subjected to structural and immunocytochemical analyses. The treatment resulted in sustained high levels of circulating testosterone, and caused a transient increase in estradiol. There was an increase in epithelial cell proliferation accompanied by significant reorganization of the epithelium and an apparent reduction in secretory activity, followed by a progressive increase in luminal volume density and accumulation of secretory products. Immunocytochemistry identified the expression of androgen receptor and a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-related antigen in prostatic epithelial cells. A circulating PSA-related antigen was also found, and its concentration showed strong negative correlation with circulating estrogen. Epithelial dysplasia was detected in the prostate of treated females. Analysis of the ovaries showed the occurrence of a polycystic condition and stromal cell hyperplasia. The results indicate that testosterone has a stimulatory effect on the female prostate, inducing epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, secretory activity, and dysplasia. The results also suggest that prostatic growth and activity, polycystic ovaries, and ovarian stromal cell hyperplasia are related to a hyperandrogenic condition in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C A Santos
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, 13083-863 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR, Carvalho HF. Postnatal growth of the ventral prostate in Wistar rats: A stereological and morphometrical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:885-92. [PMID: 16835923 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and stereological analyses were used to characterize the growth kinetics of the Wistar rat ventral prostate (VP). Volume density and absolute volume of the epithelium, lumen, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and nonmuscular stroma were determined by stereology and paired with plasma testosterone levels and different morphometric measurements. The VP shows an initial growth within the first 3 weeks, a resting phase, and the puberal growth. The puberal growth was coincident with the raise in plasma testosterone. Lumen formation occurred within the 3 postnatal weeks. After an expected increase during puberty, the lumen showed a further increase at the 12th week. The volume density of the nonmuscular stroma and of the SMCs decreased slowly postnatally. Absolute volume of the luminal compartment showed three phases of growth (weeks 1-3, 6-9, and 11-12). On the other hand, the increase in the absolute volume of the epithelium was steady up to the 8th week and then showed a marked increase up the 10th week. The increase in epithelial volume was characterized morphologically by the presence of epithelial infoldings and sprouts. The growth of the epithelium showed a 2-week delay as compared to the lumen and occurred only until the 10th week. The epithelial height was variable but could be related to the synthetic activity of the epithelium. In conclusion, the postnatal growth of the VP results from a combination of epithelial proliferation/differentiation and synthesis/accumulation of the secretory products in the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S L Vilamaior
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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