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Bdier D, Mahamid F. Energy drinks, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among Palestinian athletes: the mediating role of perceived self-efficacy and resilience. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37982407 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2282570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to test the association between energy drinks, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms, and the mediating role of perceived self-efficacy and resilience among Palestinian athletes. The sample of our study consisted of 480 Palestinian athletes: 160 women and 320 men, all were selected from five Palestinian universities located in the West Bank of Palestine. The findings of our study revealed that energy drinks positively correlated with substance abuse, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. In addition, a negative association was found between perceived self-efficacy, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Moreover, a negative association was found between resilience, substance use, and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results of Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that resilience and perceived self-efficacy mediated the association between energy drinks, substance use and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Our findings underline the importance of enhancing resilience and perceived self-efficacy among athletes to prevent initial substance use/misuse, as several traits found in resilient athletes such as high self-esteem, empathy, help-seeking, and self-awareness are important in deterring athletes from engaging in harmful substances like tobacco, marijuana, and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bdier
- Psychology and Counseling Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- Department of Human Sciences & Education "R. Massa", University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Fayez Mahamid
- Psychology and Counseling Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Sports and Energy Drink Consumption, Oral Health Problems and Performance Impact among Elite Athletes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235089. [PMID: 36501119 PMCID: PMC9738880 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent consumption of sports and energy drinks among athletes is of concern due to its detrimental impact on oral health. The present study aimed to assess sports and energy drink consumption, oral health status and impacts on daily activities and sports performance among elite athletes from Pakistan. Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, sports and energy drink consumption, oral health and hygiene practices, self-reported oral health and psychosocial and performance impact was assessed using a self-administered, structured questionnaire followed by clinical oral examination by a single, experienced dentist. A total of 104 athletes, a majority of whom were male (80.8%), participated in the study. Around two third of the participants reported consumption of sports and energy drinks, energy gels or bars at least once a week, the commonest being Sting. Despite good oral hygiene practices, the athletes generally had poor oral health with high prevalence of dental caries (63.5%), gingivitis (46.1%), irreversible periodontitis (26.9%) and erosive tooth wear (21.2%). More than a quarter (28.8%) of the athletes rated their oral health as fair-very poor. Four in five athletes (80%) also experienced at least one oral problem with negative impacts on daily activities (64.4%) and participation training and sports performance (36.5%). Regression analyses revealed a significant association between periodontal disease and impact on both daily activities and sports performance. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting that high-prevalence sports and energy drink consumption and oral problems among elite athletes from Pakistan has a negative impact on daily activities and sports performance. These findings may have important implications for oral health education programs, and the need to create awareness among the athletes regarding the use of sports and energy drinks, as well as regular oral health screening of athletes to minimize the impact on performance.
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Sefen JAN, Patil JD, Cooper H. The implications of alcohol mixed with energy drinks from medical and socio-legal standpoints. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:968889. [DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.968889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ingestion of energy drinks and alcohol has long been in practice and has been poorly regulated despite a growing body of literature of their potential negative health impacts. Co-ingestion of energy drinks with alcohol has multiple counter-active effects such as reduction of body sway, fatigue and sedative effects induced by alcohol, along with increased subjective feeling of alertness, which may lead to increased binge-drinking, intoxication, decreased perception of intoxication, dehydration, and alcohol poisoning. Adding energy drinks to alcohol may also have synergistic effects in causing alcohol dependency and addiction. The association between caffeine, a common active ingredient in energy drinks, and alcohol is relatively well defined, however association with other active ingredients such as taurine, niacin, and pyridoxine, is less understood, pointing to a gap in our knowledge regarding this practice. Nonetheless, the current associations between AMED (Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drinks) and risky behavior secondary to intoxication and cases of alcohol poisoning have led various national governing bodies to regulate this practice. This review highlights the potential effects of AMED on human physiology based on what is known from human and animal models, and sheds light on specific biochemical interactions between alcohol and active ingredients found in energy drinks; Caffeine, Taurine, and Glucuronolactone. The review also touches on the regulation of this practice around the world, and the impact it has on its users, and points researchers to gaps in our knowledge on the interactions between alcohol and EDs and the full extent of their effects.
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Costa-Valle MT, Gomes JF, De Oliveira CR, Scherer A, Franco De Oliveira SCWDSE, Menezes RCR, Leal MB, Romão PRT, Dallegrave E. Energy drinks and alcohol in a binge drinking protocol in Wistar rats: Male and female behavioral and reproductive effects. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173487. [PMID: 36341912 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The consumption of energy drinks is common among adolescents and young adults. The possible effects (mainly behavioral and reproductive) of ingestion in this population remain unknown. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the behavioral and reproductive effects of energy drinks and their main constituents (caffeine and taurine), as well as their combinations with alcohol, via a binge drinking protocol in male and female Wistar rats during puberty. In this study, 100 male and 100 female rats were treated with a binge drinking protocol 3 days a week over 4 weeks from postnatal day (PND) 28 to PND 60, which included 10 mL/kg by oral gavage of distilled water, energy drink, caffeine (3.2 mg/kg), taurine (40 mg/kg), and their combinations with alcohol (2 g/kg). The animals were evaluated by behavioral tests from PND 56 to PND 60 (open field, plus maze and object recognition) and reproductive parameters (estrous cycle regularity, weight of sexual organs, oocyte quality, spermatid and sperm count, sperm morphology and testosterone level). Locomotor activity was increased in females in the groups combined with alcohol (except alcohol + caffeine) and in the caffeine group. Long-term memory was increased in males in the caffeine and taurine groups even when combined with alcohol. The combination of energy drinks and alcohol did not have significant effects on the reproductive parameters of either sex of rats during puberty. We concluded that energy drinks (and their main constituents) and alcohol combinations did not cause alterations in reproductive profiles, and locomotor activity and long-term memory were increased in females and males, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuerlinckx Costa-Valle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fank Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rodrigues De Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Andressa Scherer
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaella Câmara Rocha Menezes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mirna Bainy Leal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Neurocomportamental, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eliane Dallegrave
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia (LAPETOX), Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Alafif N, Al-Rashed A, Altowairqi K, Muharraq A. Prevalence of energy drink consumption and association with dietary habits among governmental university students in Riyadh. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4511-4515. [PMID: 34354437 PMCID: PMC8324967 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of Energy Drinks (ED) consumption, and the adverse effects experienced by consumers among governmental university students in Riyadh, and to assess the relationship between ED consumption and dietary habits. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2020 in a random sample of students at government universities in Riyadh (King Saud University (KSU) and Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU). The study was conducted within a time frame of 3 months which included a total of 546 students. The data collection tool was an online self-administered questionnaire that included three sections. The first section addressed the characteristics of the students, the second section addressed ED consumption, and the third section addressed the dietary habits of ED consumers. A SPSS software-based analysis revealed that the percentage of ED consumers in our cohort was 29.3%. Moreover, we found a significant association between ED consumption and consumption of fewer than three meals, skipping breakfast, and fast food intake (χ2 = 0.002, P = 0.364; χ2 = 0.028, P = 0.341; and (χ2 = 0.010, P = 0.369, respectively), with moderate correlation. No association was found between the consumption of EDs and that of fruits, vegetables, and snacks. Moreover, 36% of the consumers experienced jolt-and-crash symptoms and signs after ED consumption, with 84.5% of them exhibiting increased consumption of salty snacks, sweets, and fast food during the episodes. Our findings showed that ED consumption is not a common practice among governmental university students in Riyadh. Furthermore, the consumption of EDs was correlated with unhealthy dietary habits. Creating educational programs for school going students and providing healthy alternative options to the students is highly recommend. Future research should be conducted using a larger sample and including universities from the private sector, to compare the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Alafif
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anfal Al-Rashed
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadija Altowairqi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atheer Muharraq
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Factors Influencing Energy Drink Consumption in Participants and Viewers of Extreme Sports. J Nutr Metab 2020; 2020:9382521. [PMID: 33083056 PMCID: PMC7563047 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9382521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify energy drink consumption and influences affecting consumption in those who participate in or watch extreme sports. Methods An online survey, informed by focus groups, was administered via Quadrics®. Advertisement was via social media, emailing extreme sport clubs, flyers at extreme sport locations, and word of mouth. Participation was limited to those >18 y who watched and/or participated in extreme sports. The study was conducted in New Zealand, with international online availability. Variables measured comprised age, sex, energy drink consumption, reasons for their use, extreme sport viewing, advertising, and sponsorship. Logistic regression models were utilised. Results Amongst participants who completed the questionnaire (n = 247), the mean (SD) age was 26.2 (8.2) y, 40.5% were female, 57.9% consumed energy drinks, and 25.5% consumed >one per week. For every year older, odds of consuming energy drinks were 3.1% lower (p=0.04). A 31% increase in energy drink consumption for every single increase of viewing extreme sport per week was observed (p=0.009); however, reported viewing of advertising was not associated with increased consumption. Conclusions A large proportion of extreme sport enthusiasts regularly consume energy drinks, especially younger adults. Extreme sport viewing, where energy drink sponsorship is common, appears to increase their consumption, even if not considered advertising by the viewers themselves.
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Ghozayel M, Ghaddar A, Farhat G, Nasreddine L, Kara J, Jomaa L. Energy drinks consumption and perceptions among University Students in Beirut, Lebanon: A mixed methods approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232199. [PMID: 32353017 PMCID: PMC7192412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Energy drinks (ED) are caffeine- and sugar-rich beverages with other ingredients that are marketed for their energy-boosting and performance-enhancing effects. The consumption of these drinks, with and without alcohol, is dramatically increasing worldwide, despite the reported side effects and potential harms to consumers. Few studies, to date, have explored the perceptions and experiences of young adults towards these beverages. Objective The present study aimed to explore the consumption patterns and correlates of ED consumption, as well as the perceptions and experiences of university students in Lebanon towards these beverages. Methods A sequential explanatory mixed-methods approach was adopted. Data collection was conducted in two private universities in Beirut, Lebanon. A self-administered 36-item quantitative survey was first used to explore the prevalence and correlates of ED consumption among a convenience sample of university students (n = 226). The survey included questions related to socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, and other lifestyle behaviors, including physical activity of university students. The subsequent qualitative phase consisted of focus group discussions (FGD) conducted to further examine the perceptions and experiences of university students towards ED. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were conducted using survey data, whereas the transcribed FGD were analyzed thematically. Results A total of 226 university students completed the survey. Results showed that 45% of survey respondents consumed ED at least once in their life (ever consumers), among which 30% reported consumption of ED mixed with alcohol (AmED). Adjusting for socio-demographic and anthropometric characteristics, coffee and sports drinks consumption were significantly associated with ED (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.20, 5.00, and OR = 4.88, 95%CI = 2.41, 9.88, respectively). In addition, physically active participants were 1.89 times (95%CI = 1.01, 3.51) more likely to consume ED compared to their inactive counterparts. During the qualitative phase, a total of six FGD were conducted with 29 university students, who reported consuming ED at least once per month. Three main themes were derived reflecting individual-, interpersonal/social- and environmental-level factors affecting ED consumption among university students. These themes were further supported by eight subthemes, including: perceived benefits of ED, experienced side effects, misinformation about content of ED, peer pressure and social image, as well as affordability and accessibility of ED. Conclusion Findings highlight the need for public health policies and programs to curb the growing public health phenomenon of ED consumption amongst university students. Such programs should consider the multi-level factors affecting ED consumption at the individual, interpersonal/social, and environmental levels, including educational campaigns on ED potential harms, regulating ED content and labeling, as well as restricting sales and marketing of these beverages, especially among young consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malake Ghozayel
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Ghaddar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghada Farhat
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lara Nasreddine
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Janine Kara
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Department, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lamis Jomaa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail:
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An experimental study on perceptions of energy drink ads among youth and young adults in Canada. Appetite 2019; 146:104505. [PMID: 31682876 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current regulations in Canada prohibit the marketing of caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs) for use during sports, with alcohol, and by children. The study examined perceptions of CED ads in association with sports and alcohol use, as well as target age groups. An online survey was conducted in 2015 with youth and young adults aged 12-24 years (n = 2010). Participants completed three experiments in which they were randomized to view CED advertisements: 1) sports/party-themed ads, 2) sports-themed ad, and 3) party-themed ad, vs. control 'product information' ads. For each ad, participants were asked about perceived target age group, and if the ad promoted using CEDs during sports and with alcohol. Logistic regression models were fitted to test differences in outcomes between conditions. The majority of respondents reported that the ads, across all themes, targeted people their age. In experiment 1, both sports/party-themed ads were more likely to be perceived as promoting use of CEDs during sports (AOR = 13.32; 95% CI 9.90, 17.91, and AOR = 9.73; 95% CI 7.38, 12.81, respectively), and with alcohol (AOR = 8.55; 95% CI 6.37, 11.48, and AOR = 2.81; 95% CI 2.08, 3.78, respectively), compared to the control ad. In experiment 2, the sports-themed ad was more likely to be perceived as promoting use of CEDs during sports (AOR = 15.02; 95% CI 11.83, 19.08), but not with alcohol, compared to the control ad. In experiment 3, the party-themed ad was more likely to be perceived as promoting use of CEDs with alcohol (AOR = 13.79; 95% CI 10.69, 17.78), but not during sports, compared to the control ad. Ads from leading energy drink brands are perceived as targeting young people and encouraging energy drink use during sports and with alcohol, despite Canadian regulations prohibiting these marketing practices.
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Partial Replacement of Maltodextrin by Sweet Potato Flour (Ipomoea Batatas L. Lamarck) in the Development of a Shake Beverage. BEVERAGES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sweet potato flour contains low-glycemic complex carbohydrates and, when it is ingested, prevents insulin spikes and prolongs the feeling of satiety. The aim of this study was to elaborate and to verify the acceptability of the shake with the total or partial substitution of maltodextrin for sweet potato flour. To elaborate the shake beverage, we used a 22 factorial design, with three central points, thus generating seven formulations. For the taste, color, texture, appearance, acceptance and attitude of purchase properties, sensory tests were conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale and panelists (n = 50). The highest acceptability formulations, formulations 3 (10% sweet potato flour; 25% maltodextrin) and 7 (0% sweet potato flour; 25% maltodextrin), were submitted to pH, moisture, ash, protein, lipid, crude fiber and total carbohydrate analyses. The statistical difference between the formulations from the T test (p < 0.05) was verified for the moisture, ash and lipid parameters. Formulation 3 presented higher values of moisture (93.26 ± 0.57) and lipids (1.91 ± 0.01), and formulation 7 had higher values of ash (0.39 ± 0.01). The results of the sensorial and physicochemical analyses of the shake indicate that sweet potato flour shows potential for the elaboration of this drink.
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Fajardo-Bonilla E, Méndez-Martínez C, Ibatá-Bernal L. [Consumption of energy drinks among students of Bogotá, Colombia]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 20:579-583. [PMID: 33111890 DOI: 10.15446/rsap.v20n5.67430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the pattern of energy drinks consumption in a sample of students from two public and two private schools of Bogotá. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study in a population of 671 students aged 10 to 20 years. Anthropometric measurements and a food consumption frequency survey were analyzed through a self-applied questionnaire. RESULTS 80% had normal Body Mass Index (BMI), 12.4% were overweight and 3.6% were obese. No association between BMI and energy drinks consumption was observed (p=0.514). Energy drinks consumed by students is associated with physical activity (p=0.01) and alcohol intake (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS The consumption of energy drinks is associated to physical exercise and alcohol intake. The findings show the importance of establishing educational campaigns to inform about the dangers of ingesting energy drinks and mixing them with ethyl alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Fajardo-Bonilla
- EF: Nutricionista Dietista. M. Sc. Salud Pública. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Carolina Méndez-Martínez
- CM: Nutricionista Dietista. M. Sc. Epidemiología Clínica. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Linda Ibatá-Bernal
- LI: MD. Esp. Epidemiología, M. Sc. Salud Pública. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Champlin SE, Pasch KE, Perry CL. Is the Consumption of Energy Drinks Associated With Academic Achievement Among College Students? J Prim Prev 2018; 37:345-59. [PMID: 27236788 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-016-0437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite widely reported side effects, use of energy drinks has increased among college students, who report that they consume energy drinks to help them complete schoolwork. However, little is known about the association between energy drink use and academic performance. We explored the relationship between energy drink consumption and current academic grade point average (GPA) among first-year undergraduate students. Participants included 844 first-year undergraduates (58.1 % female; 50.7 % White). Students reported their health behaviors via an online survey. We measured energy drink consumption with two measures: past month consumption by number of drinks usually consumed in 1 month and number consumed during the last occasion of consumption. We used multiple linear regression modeling with energy drink consumption and current GPA, controlling for gender, race, weekend and weekday sleep duration, perceived stress, perceived stress management, media use, and past month alcohol use. We found that past month energy drink consumption quantity by frequency (p < 0.001), and energy drinks consumed during the last occasion (p < 0.001), were associated with a lower GPA. Energy drinks consumed during the last occasion of consumption (p = 0.01) remained significantly associated with a lower GPA when controlling for alcohol use. While students report using energy drinks for school-related reasons, our findings suggest that greater energy drink consumption is associated with a lower GPA, even after controlling for potential confounding variables. Longitudinal research is needed that addresses whether GPA declines after continued use of energy drinks or if students struggling academically turn to energy drinks to manage their schoolwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Champlin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, 2109 San Jacinto, D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Frank W. and Sue Mayborn School of Journalism, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA
| | - Keryn E Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, 2109 San Jacinto, D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Cheryl L Perry
- UT Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Austin Campus, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
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MAJORI S, PILATI S, GAZZANI D, PAIANO J, FERRARI S, SANNINO A, CHECCHIN E. Energy drink and ginseng consumption by Italian university students: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2018; 59:E63-E74. [PMID: 29938240 PMCID: PMC6009075 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2018.59.1.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The consumption of energy drinks (ED) and ginseng by young people to enhance their mental and physical performance has become widespread. Reported side-effects of ED have raised doubts regarding their safety. This cross-sectional study investigates the phenomenon. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a representative sample of Verona university students. The resulting data were analyzed with Excel 2013, STATA 13 software. RESULTS ED and ginseng consumption was reported by 38.6% and 37.4% of the students, respectively. More than 70% of ED and ginseng users were 18 to 22 years old. Excluding non-responders, ED consumers were mostly males (51.8% vs 33.0%), contrary to ginseng consumers (females 40.4% vs 30.9%). Being a working student was significantly positively associated both to EDs (OR 1.5) and ginseng use (OR 1.4). The most frequently reported academic and other reasons for ED use were: "to study longer" (47.5%), and "to socialize" (29.1%). The most often used combinations were ED containing alcohol (65.6%) and ginseng-coffee beverages (71.8%). CONCLUSIONS The diffusion of ED and ginseng consumption warrants prevention and monitoring measures, and deserves further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. MAJORI
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Hygiene and Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Verona University, Postgraduate Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Verona University, Italy
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Olatona FA, Aderibigbe IO, Aderibigbe SA, Ladi-Akinyemi T‘W. Energy drinks consumption among football players in Lagos, Nigeria. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/16070658.2017.1406083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Foluke Adenike Olatona
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma Olumide Aderibigbe
- Department of Community Health and Primary Care, College of Medicine, University of Lagos , Lagos, Nigeria
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Rahamathulla MP. Prevalence, side effects and awareness about energy drinks among the female university students in Saudi Arabia. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33:347-352. [PMID: 28523035 PMCID: PMC5432702 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.332.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the consumption, prevalence, side effects and awareness of energy drinks among female university students in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A quantitative research design was implied with sample size of 358 female students, recruited from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. The data, gathered through self-administered questionnaire, was analyzed through SPSS version 20.0 with p value <0.005 deemed statistically significant. Results: From the sample of 358 female students, 337 attempted the questionnaire from which 274 students were identified as energy drink consumers. The reasons for increased consumption of energy drinks mainly include giving company to friends (59.4%), better performance in exams (41.2%), and better concentration in studies (39.4%). The most common side effect was headache (32.3%), and the least was identified as allergy (2%). Only 39.4% and 29.9% of students acquired awareness regarding the harmful effects of energy drink consumption during pregnancy and breast feeding respectively. Conclusion: A significant proportion of female students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz have reported to consume energy drinks regularly with several adverse effects. The government of Saudi Arabia should take serious initiatives towards organizing effective awareness programs specifically in universities and colleges to control the consumption of energy drinks and educate on the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamudha Parveen Rahamathulla
- Dr. Mohamudha Parveen Rahamathulla, PhD, Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al Dawaser-11991, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Erdemir U, Yildiz E, Saygi G, Altay NI, Eren MM, Yucel T. Effects of energy and sports drinks on tooth structures and restorative materials. World J Stomatol 2016; 5:1-7. [DOI: 10.5321/wjs.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports and energy drinks are consumed by more people than ever. Sports and energy drinks may enhance physical resistance, stimulate metabolism, prevent rehydration and replace electrolytes during high activity efforts. However, these drinks often have a low pH and are acidic, which can erode enamel and dentin, and increase dentine hypersensitivity. In addition to the adverse effects of sports and energy drinks on tooth structures, they often have the potential to damage restorative materials. These drinks often contain artificial colors which have potential to discolor resin composite materials and glass ionomers. The acidic nature of these drinks could also lead to a degradation, increase in wear, and roughening of the surface of the restorative materials. Many of the negative consequences of sport and energy drinks can be related to their over-consumption among children and teenagers. Patients should be advised to have a healthy diet, and consume soft and energy drinks in moderation, to avoid any negative dental or health consequences. The over-consumption of sports and energy drinks which are high in sugar and have the lowest pH are most likely to cause avoidable dental problems.
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Bulut B, Beyhun NE, Topbaş M, Çan G. Energy drink use in university students and associated factors. J Community Health 2015; 39:1004-11. [PMID: 24610561 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-014-9849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of energy drinks is common among adolescents and young age groups. The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink consumption status in students at the Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey and the factors affecting this. The research was performed at the Karadeniz Technical University among a total of 2001 students attending the Administration Department, the Physical Education Department, the Psychological Counseling and Guidance Department and the Faculty of Medicine. The research data were collected using the supervised questionnaire method. The 53.5 % (n = 1070) of students had never tried energy drinks, 22.5 % (n = 450) had tried them once only, 1.5 % (n = 30) had used them for a time and then gave up, 21.1 % (n = 422) consumed occasionally and 1.4 % (n = 29) regularly. The risks of regular energy drink consuming were male gender [2.4 (1.8-3.2)] [OR (95 %CI)], studying at night [1.6 (1.2-2.2)], having friends consuming energy drinks [3.6 (2.6-5.0)], regular physical activity [1.9 (1.4-2.5)], being an alcohol drinker [2.4 (1.7-3.2)]. This study revealed that almost half of university students had experience of energy drinks and that approximately one-fourth still used them. It will be useful for these factors listed above to be borne in mind in the development of policies aimed at protecting young people from the health impacts of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Bulut
- Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey,
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Evren C, Evren B. Energy-drink consumption and its relationship with substance use and sensation seeking among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Asian J Psychiatr 2015; 15:44-50. [PMID: 26006774 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and correlates of energy-drink (ED) consumption among 10th grade students in Istanbul/Turkey. Cross-sectional online self-report survey conducted in 45 schools from the 15 districts in Istanbul. The questionnaire included sections about demographic data, self-destructive behavior and use of substances including tobacco, alcohol and drugs. Also Psychological Screening Test for Adolescents (PSTA) was used. The analyses were conducted based on the 4957 subjects. Rate of those reported a ED consumption once within last year was 62.0% (n=3072), whereas rate of those reported ED consumption at least once in a month was 31.1%. There were consistent, statistically significant associations between genders, lifetime substance use (tobacco, alcohol and drug use), measures of sensation seeking, psychological problems (depression, anxiety, anger, impulsivity) and self-destructive behavior (self-harming behavior and suicidal thoughts) with ED consumption. In logistic regression models male gender, sensation seeking, life-time tobacco, alcohol and drug use predicted all frequencies of ED consumption. In addition to these predictors, anger and self-harming behavior also predicted ED consumption at least once in a month. There were no interactions between the associations of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use with ED consumption. The findings suggest that the ED consumption of male students is related with three clusters of substances (tobacco, alcohol and drug) through sensation seeking and these relationships do not interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Evren
- Research, Treatment and Training Center for Alcohol and Substance Dependence (AMATEM), Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Evren
- Baltalimani State Hospital for Muskuloskeletal Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
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Poulos NS, Pasch KE. Energy drink consumption is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours among college youth. Perspect Public Health 2015; 135:316-21. [PMID: 25667166 DOI: 10.1177/1757913914565388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Energy drink consumption has been associated with a variety of health risk behaviours, yet little research has explored the relationship between energy drinks and dietary behaviours of emerging adults. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviours among energy drink users and non-users within a sample of college youth. METHODS College freshmen (n = 585, m age = 18.7 years; 47% non-Hispanic White, 20.9% Hispanic, 25.5% Asian, 2.7% non-Hispanic Black and 4.4% other; 56% female), at a large, southwest university self-reported their energy drink consumption in the past week and a variety of dietary behaviours, including past week soda, diet soda, pre-packaged salty snacks, pre-packaged sweet snacks, fast food, restaurant food, frozen food, fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast consumption. Linear regression analyses were run to determine associations between energy drink consumption and dietary behaviour among users and non-users of energy drinks. Analyses controlled for gender, race/ethnicity and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Overall, 17.5% of students had consumed energy drinks in the past week. Energy drink users were more likely to be male, White and have a greater BMI. Students also reported low past week intake of fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast. Past week energy drink consumption was associated with increased soda and frozen meal consumption. CONCLUSION Given a rapidly expanding energy drink market, future dietary interventions among college youth may want to consider the implications of energy drinks, as results of this study suggest consumption of these beverages is associated with unhealthy dietary behaviours and a greater BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Poulos
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keryn E Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Itany M, Diab B, Rachidi S, Awada S, Al Hajje A, Bawab W, Salameh P. Consumption of energy drinks among lebanese youth: a pilot study on the prevalence and side effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 3:e18857. [PMID: 25632383 PMCID: PMC4295127 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.18857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new millennium has been together with a variety of synthetic and caffeinated high-energy drinks targeting the youth market. Energy drinks raise the level of energy and their consumption has been increased significantly worldwide. OBJECTIVES This research aimed to determine patterns of energy drink consumption and to assess the prevalence of adverse side effects among energy drink users. PATIENTS AND METHODS A pilot cross-sectional study survey was undertaken on students aged between 13 and 30 years in private and public schools and universities in Lebanon over 5 months. A self-administered questionnaire was used inquiring about sociodemographic characteristics, consumption patterns, attitudes and beliefs about energy drinks. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17. RESULTS We studied 1500 students (mean age: 18.92 ± 1.85; 51.3% were males). The overall prevalence of energy drinks consumption was 63.6% (60.5% were males), among which 50.5% used alcoholic energy drinks. Respondents indicated that most consumed energy drinks were "Red Bull" and "Boom Boom" (70.9% and 51.5% respectively). In total, 64.5% of participants believed the effect of these drinks in energizing the body, and 72.7% believed that they can stimulate intellectual capacities. In addition, 29.6% of consumers experienced at least one adverse effect, where tachycardia was reported in 21.1% of cases. On the other hand, desired effects felt after consumption were mostly pleasure (33.8%). Males had a 3-time more risk of consuming such drinks compared to females (OR: 0.381, P < 0.001; 95% CI: 0.300-0.484). Additionally, this analysis demonstrated a significant association between energy drinks consumption and regions outside Beirut (OR: 1.401, P: 0.006; 95% CI: 1.103-1.781), medical field of work (OR: 0.376, P: 0.010; 95% CI: 0.179-0.790) and higher personal income (OR: 1.317, P < 0.001; 95% CI: 1.117-1.553). CONCLUSIONS This study showed a high prevalence of energy drinks consumption among youth. The current results highlight the importance of education to prevent the consumption of energy drinks in excessive quantities and modifying some wrong perceptions regarding the benefits of energy drinks in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Itany
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Batoul Diab
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samar Rachidi
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sanaa Awada
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amal Al Hajje
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wafaa Bawab
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Corresponding author: Pascale Salameh, Clinical and Epidemiological Research Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon. Tel: +96-13385542, Fax: +96-11696600, E-mail:
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Petit A, Karila L, Lejoyeux M. [Abuse of energy drinks: does it pose a risk?]. Presse Med 2015; 44:261-70. [PMID: 25622514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks designate "any product in the form of a drink or concentrated liquid containing a mixture of ingredients having the property to raise the level of energy and liveliness". Their introduction has raised many reluctance and reserves after numerous cardiovascular and neurological injuries among regular consumers. OBJECTIVE This article attempts to synthesize the existing literature on energy drinks. The review focuses to show that excessive energy drinks consumption cause many complications. METHODS The literature review was conducted from 2001 to 2014, using PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PsycInfo, using the following keywords alone or combined: energy drinks, caffeine, taurine, toxicity, dependence, complications. RESULTS Occasional or moderate consumption of these cans seem to present little risk to healthy adults. However, their repeated consumption in proportions that far exceed the recommendations for recommended use by the manufacturers, combined with the use of alcohol or illicit drugs consumption increases the risk of occurrence of somatic and psychiatric complications, especially among underage, and subjects with cardiovascular and neurological history. CONCLUSION Repeated consumption of energy drinks increases the risk of somatic and psychiatric complications. Further studies must be controlled to improve our understanding of other possible negative consequences on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Petit
- Cabinet médical Carnot, 26, avenue Carnot, 75017 Paris, France; AP-HP, hôpital Bichat, service de psychiatrie, addictologie, et tabacologie, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Karila
- AP-HP, hôpital Paul-Brousse, centre d'enseignement, de recherche et de traitement des addictions, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Michel Lejoyeux
- AP-HP, hôpital Bichat, service de psychiatrie, addictologie, et tabacologie, 75018 Paris, France
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Babwah TJ, Maharaj RG, Nunes P. Energy drinks and other dietary supplement use among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad and Tobago. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:2156-65. [PMID: 24477085 PMCID: PMC10282625 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980013003339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to determine the knowledge and practices among Trinidad and Tobago school-attending adolescents towards energy drinks (ED), alcohol combined with energy drinks (AwED), weight-altering supplements (WAS) and vitamin/mineral supplements (VMS) and their experience of adverse effects associated with such use. DESIGN A cross-sectional, proportionate, stratified sampling strategy was adopted using a self-administered, de novo questionnaire. SETTING Secondary schools throughout Trinidad and Tobago. SUBJECTS Students aged 15-19 years. RESULTS Five hundred and sixty-one students participated, an 84% response rate; 43·0% were male, 40·5% East Indian and 34·1% mixed race. VMS, ED, WAS and anabolic steroids were used by 52·4%, 44·0%, 8·9% and 1·4% of students, respectively, with 51·6% of ED users using AwED. Predictors of use of AwED were males and students who played sport for their school (OR = 1·9; 95% CI 1·2, 3·2 and OR = 2·6; 95% CI 1·4, 4·7, respectively). Predictors of ED use were males and attendees of government secondary schools (OR = 1·7; 95% CI 1·1, 2·4 and OR = 1·7; 95% CI 1·2, 2·4, respectively). Side-effects, mainly palpitations, headaches and sleep disturbances, were reported in 20·7% of dietary supplement users. CONCLUSIONS Many adolescent students in Trinidad and Tobago use dietary supplements, including ED and AwED, and about one-fifth of users experience side-effects. Identification of students at risk for ED, AwED and WAS use and education of students about the dangers of using dietary supplements need to be instituted to prevent potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence J Babwah
- Princes Town District Health Facility, Circular Street, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rohan G Maharaj
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Paula Nunes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Reid SD, Ramsarran J, Brathwaite R, Lyman S, Baker A, Cornish DC, Ganga S, Mohammed Z, Sookdeo AT, Thapelo CK. Energy drink usage among university students in a Caribbean country: Patterns of use and adverse effects. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2014; 5:103-16. [PMID: 25922319 PMCID: PMC7320484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jegh.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: There has been little inquiry addressing whether or not concerns about adverse effects of energy drink usage are relevant in the Caribbean. This survey investigated energy drink usage and adverse consequences among tertiary level students in Trinidad and Tobago. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1994 students from eight institutions was conducted using a de novo questionnaire based on findings from a focus group of students. Chi-squared analyses and logistic regression were used to assess relationships between energy drink usage, adverse effects and other factors affecting energy drink use, and to verify predictors of energy drink use. Results: Prevalence of use was 86%; 38% were current users. Males were more likely to use, used more frequently and at an earlier age. Energy drinks were used most commonly to increase energy (50%), combat sleepiness (45%) and enhance academic performance (40%), and occurred during sports (23%) and mixed with alcohol (22.2%). The majority (79.6%) consumed one energy drink per sitting; 62.2% experienced adverse effects, most commonly restlessness (22%), jolt and crash (17.1%) and tachycardia (16.6%). Awareness of adverse effects was associated with no use (p = 0.004), but adverse effects were not a deterrent to continued use. Conclusion: Energy drink usage is prevalent among students. The use is not excessive, but associated with high rates of adverse effects and occurs in potentially dangerous situations like during exercise and with alcohol. There is a need to educate students about the potential adverse effects of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D Reid
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Jonathan Ramsarran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Rachel Brathwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sarika Lyman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Ariane Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - D'Andra C Cornish
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Stefan Ganga
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Zahrid Mohammed
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Avinash T Sookdeo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Cathrine K Thapelo
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Friis K, Lyng JI, Lasgaard M, Larsen FB. Energy drink consumption and the relation to socio-demographic factors and health behaviour among young adults in Denmark. A population-based study. Eur J Public Health 2014; 24:840-4. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Aslam HM, Mughal A, Edhi MM, Saleem S, Rao MH, Aftab A, Hanif M, Ahmed A, Khan AMH. Assessment of pattern for consumption and awareness regarding energy drinks among medical students. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 71:31. [PMID: 24351105 PMCID: PMC3976099 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3258-71-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drink is a type of beverage which contains stimulant drugs chiefly caffeine and marketed as mental and physical stimulator. Coffee, tea, soft drinks and other caffeinated beverages are not considered as energy drinks. Purpose of our study was to evaluate the awareness of medical students regarding energy drinks and their pattern and reason of energy drinks consumption. METHODS This was a cross sectional and observational study conducted during the period of January - December 2012 at four Medical Colleges (Dow Medical College, Sindh Medical College, Jinnah Medical College and Liaquat National Medical College) of Karachi, Pakistan. Over all 900 M.B.B.S students were invited to participate after taking written consent but viable questionnaire was submitted by 866 students, estimated response rate of 96%. All data was entered and analyzed through SPSS version 19. RESULT Out of 866 participants, majority were females 614 (70.9%) and only 252 (28.5%) were males, with a mean age of 21.43 ± 1.51 years. Energy drinks users were 350 (42.89%) and non users were 516 (59.58%). Only 102 (29.3%) users and 159 (30.7%) non users know the correct definition of Energy drinks. Regarding awareness, mostly user and non users thought that usage of energy drinks had been on rise due to its usefulness in reducing sleep hours [users193 (43.9%), nonusers 247 (56.1%) (p < 0.05)], for studying or completing major projects [users184 (45.0%), nonusers 225 (55.0%) (p < 0.05)] and for refreshment purposes [users179 (44.9%), nonusers 220 (55.1%) (p < 0.05)]. Two main reasons of not using energy drinks by non-users were "awareness from its side effects" 247 (47.8%) and "have no specific reason" 265 (51.3%). Most common side effects reported by users were fatigue 111 (31.7%) and weight gain 102 (29.4%). CONCLUSION In sum, the fact that despite serious side effects of weight gaining and fatigue, practice of consuming energy drinks is highly prevalent among medical students, particularly because they are ever ready to boost their energy level and reduce sleep hours due to stress of exams and projects. This warrants the creation of continued public health awareness about the appropriate use of caffeinated beverages, their potential benefits, side effects and correction of wrong perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anum Mughal
- Dow Medical College, Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Shafaq Saleem
- Dow Medical College, Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Anum Aftab
- Dow Medical College, Dow University Of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Alina Ahmed
- Sindh Medical College, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Pinto SCS, Bandeca MC, Silva CN, Cavassim R, Borges AH, Sampaio JEC. Erosive potential of energy drinks on the dentine surface. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:67. [PMID: 23422044 PMCID: PMC3599422 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the current high consumption of energy drinks, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the influence of energy drinks in removing the smear layer and exposing dentinal tubules on root surface. Methods Dentine root surfaces were exposed using a diamond bur. Forty movements of scaling were performed in the area prepared in order to create a smear layer. One hundred and thirty specimens were obtained from 35 teeth. Specimens were randomly distributed into 12 groups (n = 10) and divided into subgroups according to the application: topical (n = 5) and friction (n = 5). Twelve energy drinks were evaluated: RedBull™, Burn™, TNT™, Flash Power™, Flying Horse™, Sports Drink™, Ionic™, Hot Power™, Army Power™, Gladiator™ and Bug™. Distilled water was used as a control group. The specimens were analysed by scanning electron microscopy. Results Topical application: a significant influence of energy drinks on smear layer removal was found for FlyingHorse™ and Bug™ when compared with the control group. Friction application: significant smear layer removal was found for Burn™, FlyingHorse™, Gladiator™, SportsDrinks™, when compared with the control group. Comparing the different application forms, a statistically significant difference was found for Army Power™. Conclusion Considering the significant smear layer removal, energy drinks can be an important etiological factor for cervical dentine hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelon C S Pinto
- Department of Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, University of Sao Paulo State, Araraquara, Brazil
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Buxton C, Hagan JE. A survey of energy drinks consumption practices among student -athletes in Ghana: lessons for developing health education intervention programmes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:9. [PMID: 22444601 PMCID: PMC3331813 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, young adults and college athletes are primary targets of the marketing campaigns of energy drink companies. Consequently, it is reported that young adults and college athletes consume energy drinks frequently. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of energy drink consumption among student-athletes selected from seven public universities in Ghana. The study assessed the energy drink consumption patterns, types usually consumed, frequency of consumption and reasons why athletes consumed energy drinks. METHODS A total number of 180 student-athletes gave their consent to participate in the study and completed a questionnaire which was administered during an inter-university sports competition. RESULTS Most of the participants (62.2%) reported consuming at least one can of energy drink in a week. A high proportion (53.6%) of the respondents who drink energy drinks indicated that they did so to replenish lost energy after training or a competition. Other reasons given as to why energy drinks were consumed by the study participants included to provide energy and fluids to the body (25.9%), to improve performance (9.8%) and to reduce fatigue (5.4%). CONCLUSION These results suggest the need to plan health education programmes to particularly correct some wrong perceptions that athletes have regarding the benefits of energy drinks and also create awareness among student-athletes about the side effects of excessive intake of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Buxton
- Department of Science and Mathematics Education (Health Sciences Programme), University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
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Marczinski CA. Alcohol mixed with energy drinks: consumption patterns and motivations for use in U.S. college students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:3232-45. [PMID: 21909303 PMCID: PMC3166739 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8083232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Binge drinking in college students is widespread and known to cause significant harms and health hazards for the drinker. One factor that may be exacerbating hazardous drinking in young people is the new popular trend of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED). However, rates of AmED use and motivations for AmED consumption in college students have not been well established. In this study, 706 undergraduate college students from a university in the United States participated in a web-based survey that queried self-reported alcohol, energy drink, and AmED use. In addition, motivations for using AmEDs were assessed. The results indicated that for all participants, 81% reported that they have tried at least one energy drink in the past and 36% reported consumption of at least one energy drink in the past 2 weeks. Alcohol consumption patterns were similar to findings from U.S. national surveys of college drinking, as 37% of respondents were classified as binge drinkers and 23% abstained from drinking. In the whole sample (including the alcohol abstainers), 44% reported trying AmED at least once and 9% reported AmED consumption at least once in the past 2 weeks. 78% of respondents agreed with the statement that AmEDs appeal to underage drinkers. When AmED users were asked about various motivations for consuming AmEDs, users reported that they consumed these beverages to get drunk and reduce sedation compared to alcohol alone. In conclusion, the consumption of AmEDs is common in U.S. college students. Motivations for using AmEDs include the reduction of the sedative effects of alcohol, an important interoceptive cue that one should stop drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile A Marczinski
- Department of Psychological Science, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41042, USA.
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Short communication: In vitro assessment of erosive potential of energy drinks. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2011; 11:253-5. [PMID: 20932401 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM This in vitro study was to evaluate the endogenous pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids content (TSSC) and nonreducing sugars of energy drinks. METHODS Nine energy drinks (Bad Boy Power Drink, Red Bull, Red Bull Sugar Free, Flying Horse, Burn, Night Power, Flash Power, Flying Horse Light and 220V) were evaluated by a randomised experiment with 3 repetitions on each sample. pH analysis performed by potentiometry and buffering capacity was assessed by dilution of each drink. Increments of 0.1 N KOH were titrated until neutrality reached. TSSC readings were performed by Brix refractometry using an Abbé refractometer. RESULTS pH values ranged from 1.52 (Flash Power) to 3.20 (Red Bull) and all drinks showed pH 5.5. Titratable acidity values ranged from 0.56 (220V) to 1.04 (Bad Boy Power Drink). Flying Horse Light presented the lowest TSSC content (1.66%) and Flying Horse presented the highest (12.58%). Non-reducing sugars values ranged from 0.00% (Red Bull Sugar Free and Flying Horse Light) to 54.33% (Flying Horse). CONCLUSION The energy drinks evaluated have a high erosive potential, as they present low pH and a high non-reducing sugar content.
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Attila S, Çakir B. Energy-drink consumption in college students and associated factors. Nutrition 2010; 27:316-22. [PMID: 20579846 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency of energy-drink consumption and associated factors in a group of college students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in Hacettepe University (Ankara, Turkey) and included 439 students pursuing a career in medicine, sports, and arts. Only fourth-year students were approached. Data were collected using a self-administered standard questionnaire. RESULTS In bivariate analyses, frequency of energy-drink consumption was higher in students of arts and sports and in those who did not have breakfast on a regular basis, ever smoked cigarettes, drank alcoholic beverages, and regularly engaged in sports compared with their counterparts. Many students who had "ever" tried an energy drink did so the first time because they wondered about its taste. Of regular users of energy drinks, reasons for using such drinks varied across the three selected groups of students and included obtaining getting energy, staying awake, boosting performance while doing sports, or mixing with alcoholic beverages. About 40% of all current users of energy drinks reported that they mixed those with alcoholic beverages. In multivariate analyses, statistically significant predictors of energy-drink consumption were faculty type, presence of any health insurance, use of alcoholic beverages, and monthly income, controlling for gender. Most students could not correctly define the ingredients of energy drinks or their potential hazardous health effects, and they could not distinguish energy and sports drinks when they were requested to select them from a list of commercial names of various drinks. CONCLUSION Consumption of energy drinks, despite the variation in the reason for choosing such drinks, is quite common in college students. Awareness of university students of the ingredients and potential health hazards of energy drinks, in particular in mixing with alcoholic beverages, should be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Attila
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ballard SL, Wellborn-Kim JJ, Clauson KA. Effects of commercial energy drink consumption on athletic performance and body composition. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2010; 38:107-17. [PMID: 20424408 DOI: 10.3810/psm.2010.04.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Energy drinks are frequently marketed to individuals interested in athletics and an active lifestyle. From 2001 to 2008, estimates of energy drink use in adolescent to middle-aged populations ranged from 24% to 56%. Most energy drinks feature caffeine and a combination of other components, including taurine, sucrose, guarana, ginseng, niacin, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin. This article examines the evidence for 2 commonly purported uses of energy drinks: athletic performance enhancement and weight loss. Observed ergogenic benefits of energy drinks are likely attributable to caffeine and glucose content. There is conflicting evidence regarding the impact of energy drinks on weight loss, although some data suggest that combining energy drink use with exercise may enhance body fat reduction. As with any pharmacologically active substance, energy drinks are associated with adverse effects. Combining energy drinks with alcohol exacerbates safety concerns and is an increasingly common practice contributing to toxic jock identity among college-aged male athletes. Practitioners should monitor identified populations likely to consume these loosely regulated beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Ballard
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, West Palm Beach, FL 33328, USA
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