1
|
Lavoie L, Tremblay J. Ingestion of maple-based and other carbohydrate sports drinks: effect on sensory perceptions during prolonged exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:63. [PMID: 33298104 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00384-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taste and appreciation of sports drinks can affect perceived exertion during exercise. Anecdotal evidence shows that maple products are regularly consumed by recreational and professional athletes but very few studies have reported on their effects during exercise. The purpose of the current study is to report the taste, appreciation and perceived exertion following the ingestion of maple-based sports drinks and other carbohydrate drinks during prolonged exercise. Methods Recreationally and competitively active male subjects (n = 76, mass = 73.7 ± 10.3 kg, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) = 4.4 ± 0.5 L/min, maximal aerobic power (MAP) = 309 ± 42 W) ingested one of four carbohydrate solutions (all at 60 g CHO/L): concentrated maple sap (MW), diluted maple syrup (MS), glucose (G), a commercial sports drink (CSD), or a placebo (P; water sweetened with stevia) at every 30 min during 120 min of steady-state exercise (SSE) on a cycle ergometer at 66% MAP. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, Borg CR-10) were recorded at each 30 min throughout SSE. A questionnaire was administered to assess sensory characteristics (sweetness, acidity, refreshing, and overall taste on a visual analogue scale, converted to decimals from 0 to 1) and appreciation (sweet, acid and overall on a 9-point hedonic scale) 30 min before (immediately after the first ingestion) and immediately after SSE. Results Sweetness was perceived to be higher for MW than G and P (pre: 0.60 ± 0.19, 0.51 ± 0.17 and 0.50 ± 0.17 and post: 0.69 ± 0.19, 0.34 ± 0.18 and 0.48 ± 0.22; p < 0.05, respectively) and MS was rated higher than MW for the appreciation of the sweet taste (pre: 6.5 ± 1.5 vs. 4.6 ± 1.8 and post: 6.8 ± 1.8 and 4.1 ± 1.8; p < 0.05, respectively). Furthermore, subjects that had ingested MW, reported a significantly lower RPE than those with P at 120 min (14.1 ± 2.2 vs. 16.0 ± 2.0, respectively). Conclusions A sports drink containing maple syrup is well appreciated during prolonged exercise and appears to be a viable alternatives to more common sources of carbohydrates. Trial registration NCT02880124. Registered on 26 August 2016.
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaput JP, Tremblay MS, Katzmarzyk PT, Fogelholm M, Hu G, Maher C, Maia J, Olds T, Onywera V, Sarmiento OL, Standage M, Tudor-Locke C, Sampasa-Kanyinga H; ISCOLE Research Group. Sleep patterns and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among children from around the world. Public Health Nutr 2018; 21:2385-93. [PMID: 29681250 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980018000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationships between objectively measured sleep patterns (sleep duration, sleep efficiency and bedtime) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption (regular soft drinks, energy drinks, sports drinks and fruit juice) among children from all inhabited continents of the world. DESIGN Multinational, cross-sectional study. SETTING The International Study of Childhood Obesity, Lifestyle and the Environment (ISCOLE). SUBJECTS Children (n 5873) 9-11 years of age. RESULTS Sleep duration was 12 min per night shorter in children who reported consuming regular soft drinks 'at least once a day' compared with those who reported consuming 'never' or 'less than once a week'. Children were more likely to sleep the recommended 9-11 h/night if they reported lower regular soft drink consumption or higher sports drinks consumption. Children who reported consuming energy drinks 'once a week or more' reported a 25-min earlier bedtime than those who reported never consuming energy drinks. Children who reported consuming sports drinks '2-4 d a week or more' also reported a 25-min earlier bedtime compared with those who reported never consuming sports drinks. The associations between sleep efficiency and SSB consumption were not significant. Similar associations between sleep patterns and SSB consumption were observed across all twelve study sites. CONCLUSIONS Shorter sleep duration was associated with higher intake of regular soft drinks, while earlier bedtimes were associated with lower intake of regular soft drinks and higher intake of energy drinks and sports drinks in this international study of children. Future work is needed to establish causality and to investigate underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
|
3
|
Claghorn GC, Thompson Z, Wi K, Van L, Garland T. Caffeine stimulates voluntary wheel running in mice without increasing aerobic capacity. Physiol Behav 2016; 170:133-140. [PMID: 28039074 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The "energy drink" Red Bull and the "sports drink" Gatorade are often marketed to athletes, with claims that they cause performance gains. However, both are high in sugars, and also consumed by non-athletes. Few studies have addressed the effects of these drinks or their biologically active components in rodent exercise models. We used three experiments to test effects on both voluntary exercise behavior and maximal aerobic capacity in lines of mice known to differ in "athletic" traits. Mice from four replicate High Runner (HR) lines have been selectively bred for voluntary running on wheels, and run approximately three times as many revolutions per day as do mice from four non-selected Control (C) lines. HR mice also have higher endurance and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) during forced treadmill exercise. In Experiment 1, we tested the hypothesis that Gatorade or Red Bull might cause or allow mice to increase their voluntary wheel running. On days 5 and 6 of 6days of wheel access, as is used to select breeders, HR mice ran 3.3-fold more than C, and females ran 1.2-fold more than males, with no linetype by sex interaction. On day 7, mice were administered Gatorade, Red Bull or tap water. During the subsequent 19-hour period, Gatorade had no statistical effect on running, but Red Bull significantly increased distance run by both sexes and in both HR and C lines. The increase in distance run caused by Red Bull was attributable to time spent running, not an increase in mean (or maximum) speed. As previous studies have found that sucrose alone does not generally increase wheel running, we tested two other active ingredients in Red Bull, caffeine and taurine, in Experiment 2. With a similar testing protocol, caffeine alone and caffeine+taurine increased running by about half the magnitude of Red Bull. In Experiment 3, we tested the hypothesis that Red Bull or caffeine alone can increase physiological performance ability during aerobic exercise, measured as VO2max. In a repeated-measures design spanning 6days, females were housed with water bottles containing Red Bull, caffeine or water in a randomized order, and tested for VO2max twice while receiving each fluid (6 total trials). Neither Red Bull nor caffeine significantly affected either VO2max or a measure of trial cooperativity (rated on a scale of 1-5), but both treatments significantly reduced tiredness (rated on a scale of 1-3) scored at the end of trials for both HR and C lines. Taken together, our results suggest that caffeine increases voluntary exercise levels of mice by delaying fatigue, rather than increasing aerobic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Claghorn
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zoe Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kristianna Wi
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lindsay Van
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Colakoglu FF, Cayci B, Yaman M, Karacan S, Gonulateş S, Ipekoglu G, Er F. The effects of the intake of an isotonic sports drink before orienteering competitions on skeletal muscle damage. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:3200-3204. [PMID: 27942149 PMCID: PMC5140829 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the intake of an
isotonic sports drink (500 ml water, 32 gr carbonhydrate, 120 mg calcium, 248 mg chloride,
230 mg sodium) the level of the skeletal muscle damage of orienteering athletes. [Subjects
and Methods] The study was carried out on 21 male elite orienteering athletes. The
athletes were divided into two groups by randomized double-blind selection. The
experimental group (n=11) was given the isotonic sports drink, while the placebo group
(n=10) was given 500 ml pure water. Blood samples were taken pre-competition,
post-competition, 2 hours post-competition and 24 hours post-competition. [Results] The
pre-c troponin, myoglobin and creatinine kinase serum levels of the placebo group were
significantly lower than the post-competition and 2 hours post-competition values. The 24
hours post-competition levels of the same analyses were also significantly lower than the
post-c and 2 hours post-competition. The pre-competition troponin, myoglobin and
creatinine kinase levels of the experimental group were found to be significantly lower
than the post-competition, 2 hours post-competition 24 hours post-competition values. In
conclusion, the present results suggest that the intake of supportive sports drinks before
exercising significantly prevents the observed muscle damage. The study showed that serum
myoglobin levels between the experimental and the placebo group is significantly different
during the 2 hours post-competition period. [Conclusion] The level of serum creatinine
kinase and myoglobin accurately shows the extent of the muscle damage. However, further
studies on the effect of isotonic sports drink in different training programs on the cell
membrane and the muscle damage are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Banu Cayci
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Turkey
| | - Metin Yaman
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gazi University, Turkey
| | - Selma Karacan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Selcuk University, Turkey
| | | | | | - Fatmanur Er
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Gazi University, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Erdemir U, Yildiz E, Saygi G, Altay NI, Eren MM, Yucel T. Effects of energy and sports drinks on tooth structures and restorative materials. World J Stomatol 2016; 5:1-7. [DOI: 10.5321/wjs.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports and energy drinks are consumed by more people than ever. Sports and energy drinks may enhance physical resistance, stimulate metabolism, prevent rehydration and replace electrolytes during high activity efforts. However, these drinks often have a low pH and are acidic, which can erode enamel and dentin, and increase dentine hypersensitivity. In addition to the adverse effects of sports and energy drinks on tooth structures, they often have the potential to damage restorative materials. These drinks often contain artificial colors which have potential to discolor resin composite materials and glass ionomers. The acidic nature of these drinks could also lead to a degradation, increase in wear, and roughening of the surface of the restorative materials. Many of the negative consequences of sport and energy drinks can be related to their over-consumption among children and teenagers. Patients should be advised to have a healthy diet, and consume soft and energy drinks in moderation, to avoid any negative dental or health consequences. The over-consumption of sports and energy drinks which are high in sugar and have the lowest pH are most likely to cause avoidable dental problems.
Collapse
|
6
|
Larson N, Laska MN, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D. Sports and energy drink consumption are linked to health-risk behaviours among young adults. Public Health Nutr 2015; 18:2794-803. [PMID: 25683863 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE National data for the USA show increases in sports and energy drink consumption over the past decade with the largest increases among young adults aged 20-34 years. The present study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors and health-risk behaviours associated with sports and energy drink consumption among young adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of survey data from the third wave of a cohort study (Project EAT-III: Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults). Regression models stratified on gender and adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to examine associations of sports and energy drink consumption with eating behaviours, physical activity, media use, weight-control behaviours, sleep patterns and substance use. SETTING Participants completed baseline surveys in 1998-1999 as students at public secondary schools in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota, USA and the EAT-III surveys online or by mail in 2008-2009. SUBJECTS The sample consisted of 2287 participants (55% female, mean age 25·3 years). RESULTS Results showed 31·0% of young adults consumed sports drinks and 18·8% consumed energy drinks at least weekly. Among men and women, sports drink consumption was associated with higher sugar-sweetened soda and fruit juice intake, video game use and use of muscle-enhancing substances like creatine (P≤0·01). Energy drink consumption was associated with lower breakfast frequency and higher sugar-sweetened soda intake, video game use, use of unhealthy weight-control behaviours, trouble sleeping and substance use among men and women (P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS Health professionals should consider the clustering of sports and energy drink consumption with other unhealthy behaviours in the design of programmes and services for young adults.
Collapse
|
7
|
Brink-Elfegoun T, Ratel S, Leprêtre PM, Metz L, Ennequin G, Doré E, Martin V, Bishop D, Aubineau N, Lescuyer JF, Duclos M, Sirvent P, Peltier SL. Effects of sports drinks on the maintenance of physical performance during 3 tennis matches: a randomized controlled study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:46. [PMID: 25302057 PMCID: PMC4190931 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tennis tournaments often involve playing several consecutive matches interspersed with short periods of recovery. Objective The objective of this study was firstly to assess the impact of several successive tennis matches on the physical performance of competitive players and secondly to evaluate the potential of sports drinks to minimize the fatigue induced by repeated matches. Methods This was a crossover, randomized controlled study. Eight male regionally-ranked tennis players participated in this study. Players underwent a series of physical tests to assess their strength, speed, power and endurance following the completion of three tennis matches each of two hours duration played over three consecutive half-days (1.5 day period for each condition). In the first condition the players consumed a sports drink before, during and after each match; in the second, they drank an identical volume of placebo water. The results obtained were compared with the third ‘rest’ condition in which the subjects did not play any tennis. Main outcomes measured were maximal isometric strength and fatigability of knee and elbow extensors, 20-m sprint speed, jumping height, specific repeated sprint ability test and hand grip strength. Results The physical test results for the lower limbs showed no significant differences between the three conditions. Conversely, on the upper limbs the EMG data showed greater fatigue of the triceps brachii in the placebo condition compared to the rest condition, while the ingestion of sports drinks attenuated this fatigue. Conclusions This study has demonstrated for the first time that, when tennis players are adequately hydrated and ingest balanced meals between matches, then no large drop in physical performance is observed even during consecutive competitive matches. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01353872.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Brink-Elfegoun
- Division of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, University of Athens Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Antistasis 41, Athens, 17237, Dafni, Greece
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Bâtiment Biologie B, 24 avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex, F-63171, France ; CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Leprêtre
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, EA-3300, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Lore Metz
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Bâtiment Biologie B, 24 avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex, F-63171, France ; CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | - Gael Ennequin
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Bâtiment Biologie B, 24 avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex, F-63171, France ; CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | - Eric Doré
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Bâtiment Biologie B, 24 avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex, F-63171, France ; CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Bâtiment Biologie B, 24 avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex, F-63171, France ; CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia ; College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas Aubineau
- Department of Research, Laboratoire Lescuyer, Nutratletic, Aytré, France
| | | | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University-Hospital (CHU), G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand F-63003, France ; INRA, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France ; University Clermont 1, UFR Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France ; CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | - Pascal Sirvent
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, EA 3533, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques à l'Exercice en conditions Physiologiques et Pathologiques (AME2P), Bâtiment Biologie B, 24 avenue des Landais, Aubière Cedex, F-63171, France ; CRNH-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63001, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ishihara K, Kato Y, Usami A, Yamada M, Yamamura A, Fushiki T, Seyama Y. Electrolyte-free milk protein solution influences sodium and fluid retention in rats. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e8. [PMID: 25191594 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is an effective post-exercise rehydration drink that maintains the net positive
fluid balance. However, it is unclear which components are responsible for this effect. We
assessed the effect of milk protein solution (MPS) obtained by dialysis on body fluid
retention. Milk, MPS, milk electrolyte solution (MES), sports drink and water were
administered to male Wistar rats at a dose of 6 ml/rat after treadmill exercise. Total
body fluid retention was assessed by urine volume 4 h after administration of hydrating
liquids. The rate of gastric emptying was evaluated by a tracer method using
13C-labelled acetate. Plasma osmolality, Na and K levels, and urinary Na and K
were measured by HPLC and osmometry, respectively. The gastric emptying rate was not
delayed by MPS. During 4 h of rehydration, cumulative urine volumes differed significantly
between treatment groups (P < 0·05) with 4·9, 2·2 and 3·4 ml from
water-, milk- and MPS-fed rats, respectively. Thus, MPS elicited 50 % of the total body
fluid retention of milk. Plasma aldosterone levels were significantly higher in MPS- and
milk-fed rats compared with water-fed rats. Plasma osmolality was maintained at higher
levels in MPS-fed rats than in water- and MES-fed rats (P < 0·05).
Cumulative urine Na excretion was also suppressed in the milk- and MPS-fed groups compared
with the MES-fed group. Our results demonstrate that MPS obtained by dialysis clearly
affects net body water balance without affecting gastric emptying after exercise. This
effect was attributed to retention of Na and water, and maintenance of plasma
osmolality.
Collapse
|