1
|
Velasco-Calderón O, Castañeda A, Gutiérrez JP. [Trend in inequities in homicides in Mexico, 2000-2021: longitudinal ecological studyDesigualdades nas taxas de homicídios do México no período de 2000 a 2021: estudo ecológico longitudinal]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e112. [PMID: 37534054 PMCID: PMC10392233 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To document trends in inequity in homicide rates in Mexico for the period 2000-2021, at the state and national levels. Methods An observational, longitudinal ecological study was conducted in which standardized homicide mortality rates were estimated, by municipality and sex. Municipalities were classified in five groups, according to the Social Lag Index. The absolute inequality gap was obtained, as well as differences between groups with very high and very low social lag, for each year of the study period. Results In the 32 states, an increase was observed in the rate of death by homicide, with higher rates among men but a greater relative increase among women (+127.86% vs. +110.03%). The absolute gap between municipalities with very high and very low social lag narrowed in the period, due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with low social lag and a modest reduction in municipalities with very high social lag. Conclusions In Mexico, between 2000 and 2021, the absolute gap in deaths by homicide between municipalities with very high and very low social lag declined due to higher homicide rates in municipalities with lower social lag. It is necessary to strengthen policies and actions aimed at addressing the social determinants of interpersonal violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Velasco-Calderón
- Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Andrés Castañeda
- Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Juan Pablo Gutiérrez
- Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCiudad de MéxicoMéxicoFacultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gender Differences in Suicide and Homicide Rates in Mexico City during 2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148840. [PMID: 35886691 PMCID: PMC9322194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicides and homicides are public health problems around the world. The rates of suicide and homicide have increased in the past years. The objectives of this study are to estimate the rates of suicide and homicide in Mexico City, and to determine the rates of suicide and homicide by sex in the different municipalities of Mexico City during 2019. Data analyzed were obtained from files of governmental organizations in Mexico City. From the general victims-in-research-folders, we choose “victims of crime” or “loss of life by suicide” that happened in 2019. Sex and municipality of residence were obtained. The rate of suicide was of 5.65 cases per 100,000 habitants. Stratified by gender and by municipalities, the highest rates observed were 6.8 suicides per 100,000 males and 29.6 suicides per 100,000 females. The sex ratio was 4.2:1 (males: females). Regarding homicides, the rates were 16.68 homicides per 100,000 females and 67.41 homicides per 100,000 males. The Venustiano Carranza Municipality showed the highest homicide rate in men with 131.72 homicides per 100,000 males. The homicide sex ratio was 7.8:1. The findings of the present study highlight that death by suicide is more common in men with 7.8 more times than in women. The municipalities with higher deaths by suicide have lower rates of homicides and the municipalities with higher deaths by suicide showed lower rates of suicide in men.
Collapse
|
3
|
Testa A, Weiss DB, Santos MR. Opioid mortality, public health care expenditures, and cross-national homicide rates: findings from 25 OECD countries, 2000-2017. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:673-682. [PMID: 34591120 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assesses the relationship between opioid mortality and homicide rates across 25 member countries of the organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD) over time and investigates the role of country-level public health expenditures in this relationship. METHODS Fixed effects linear regression is used to assess the longitudinal association between opioid mortality and cross-national homicide rates in 25 OECD countries between 2000 and 2017. Moderation analyses are conducted to assess the interaction between opioid mortality rates and public health expenditures per capita. RESULTS Study findings revealed a positive bivariate association between opioid mortality and homicide rates. However, this association became null after controlling for public health expenditures. Moderation analyses revealed that there is a strong positive association between opioid mortality and homicide rates when public health expenditures are low, which becomes gradually weaker at higher levels of health expenditures. CONCLUSION This study suggests one consequence of the opioid epidemic may be increased homicide rates, and this association is stronger in countries with lower public health expenditures. These findings highlight the potential role of governments to combat the associated harms of rising opioid use through greater investments in public health care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Testa
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Texas at San Antonio, 501 W. César E. Chávez Blvd, San Antonio, TX, 78207, USA.
| | - Douglas B Weiss
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Mateus R Santos
- Department of Criminology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Souza ERD, Pinto LW, Njaine K, Silva AD. Contributions to the literature on violence and health in 25 years of the Brazilian public health Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:4791-4802. [PMID: 33295501 DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320202512.20322020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors conducted a literature review on the theme of violence and health published in the Brazilian public health journal "Ciência & Saúde Coletiva" (C&SC) from 1996 to 2019. The search also included two other Brazilian journals, "Cadernos de Saúde Pública" (CSP) and "Revista de Saúde Pública" (RSP) and two international journals, the "American Journal of Public Health" (AJPH) and the "Pan American Journal of Public Health" (PAJPH), totaling 1,179 articles. The analysis aggregated each journal's material in eleven themes, based on conceptual affinity. For the articles from C&SC, the authors analyzed variables such as year of publication, area of knowledge, institution's region, study scope, methodology, and target population. The analysis found that C&SC gave visibility to violence and health, standing out from the other journals since 2009. External causes, children and adolescents, quantitative studies, municipal and national scope, and institutions located in the Southeast region of Brazil predominated. There are gaps in topics such as self-mutilation and vulnerable populations, among other areas where more studies and publications should be encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edinilsa Ramos de Souza
- Departamento de Estudos sobre Violência e Saúde Jorge Careli, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fiocruz. Av. Brasil 4036/700, Manguinhos. 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Liana Wernersbach Pinto
- Departamento de Estudos sobre Violência e Saúde Jorge Careli, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fiocruz. Av. Brasil 4036/700, Manguinhos. 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Kathie Njaine
- Departamento de Estudos sobre Violência e Saúde Jorge Careli, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fiocruz. Av. Brasil 4036/700, Manguinhos. 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | - Adriano da Silva
- Departamento de Estudos sobre Violência e Saúde Jorge Careli, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fiocruz. Av. Brasil 4036/700, Manguinhos. 21040-361 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Medina Gómez OS, Villegas Lara B. [Homicides in young people and social inequalities in Mexico, 2017Homicídios em jovens e desigualdades sociais no México, 2017]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2020; 43:e94. [PMID: 31889953 PMCID: PMC6896843 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2019.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo. Conocer la asociación entre las condiciones sociales y económicas y las tasas de homicidios en jóvenes de 10 a 24 años de edad en México en 2017. Métodos. En este estudio ecológico se estudiaron las desigualdades sociales asociadas con los homicidios en la población de 10 a 24 años en 2017 en México a través de fuentes secundarias de información, correspondientes a las defunciones por homicidio por entidad federativa en México. Las desigualdades sociales en salud se estudiaron mediante la medición absoluta y relativa de las brechas de desigualdad y se estimaron razones de prevalencias de mortalidad con modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados. En 2017 se produjeron 8 094 homicidios en la población joven, que fueron más frecuentes en hombres (86,7%). Las brechas de desigualdad entre los estados fueron importantes. La desocupación de la población de mayores de 12 años, los hogares conformados por personas que no son familiares, la baja asistencia escolar y el ingreso por debajo de la línea de bienestar se asociaron de manera significativa con las tasas de homicidios. Conclusiones. La asociación de los determinantes sociales con los homicidios en la población estudiada es fuerte. Deben implementarse políticas y acciones intersectoriales que puedan ayudar a reducir las brechas de desigualdad y lograr mejores condiciones de vida y niveles de bienestar y salud de las personas y sus comunidades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Sinoe Medina Gómez
- Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Ciudad de México México Unidad de Investigación en Epidemiología Clínica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Beatriz Villegas Lara
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco Ciudad de México México Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dávila CA, Pardo-Montaño AM. [Socioeconomic factors associated with the death rate by homicide in Colombia, 2000-2014]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2019; 24:2793-2804. [PMID: 31389528 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018248.29142017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of this paper was to analyze the trends, impact on life expectancy and effect of the main associated socioeconomic factors with the death rate by homicide in Colombia between 2000 and 2014 at the state level, by gender and age groups. Standardized mortality rates and years of life lost among those under 85 years of age were calculated and multivariate regression analysis was performed using negative binomial fixed effects regression models with panel data to analyze the associated socioeconomic factors with the incidence of homicide. The reduction of the death rate by homicide in Colombia was corroborated, which was generalized at state level, though it did not occur homogenously. A higher mortality risk was found among males, particularly between 15 and 49 years of age. Economic growth and inequality were negatively associated with death rates by homicide; unemployment was positively associated; and poverty had no effect on the mortality rate. Investigating the main associated factors with homicidal violence is complex, but is indispensable due to its impact on economic and social development, given that it mainly affects the population of productive age, with broad public health consequences and at a high cost to healthcare services.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alberto Dávila
- Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales. Carr. Picacho-Ajusco 377, Héroes de Padierna. 14200 Ciudad de México CDMX México.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dávila-Cervantes CA, Agudelo-Botero M, Gómez-Dantés H. Trends and differences in homicide mortality in Colombia and Mexico, 1990-2016: Two Realities, One Problem. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2019; 36:7962-7977. [PMID: 31072172 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519847775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Colombia and Mexico are among the countries in the region with the highest rates of homicide mortality and are also the drug traffickers in the world. The objective of this study was to analyze the trends and differences in homicide mortality in Colombia and Mexico between 1990 and 2016. Using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study, we report mortality rates and trends in years of life lost to homicides. This study looked at injuries occurring because of interpersonal violence, which was divided into three types (firearm, sharp object, and others). The homicide mortality rate steadily decreased since 1992 in Colombia, while in Mexico, it varied over time. This rate in Colombia has not been reduced to Mexico's level, and in turn, Mexico has not had a mortality rate as high as Colombia's. Throughout the period, in both countries, the years of life lost rate decreased (52% in Colombia and 18.6% in Mexico); however, between 2002 and 2016, the years of life lost rate from homicides was reduced in all age groups in Colombia, and in Mexico, they increased notably, mainly between 15 and 54 years of age. Public health plays a central role in abating interpersonal violence through the prevention of risk factors, and through making information available so that decision-makers can create public policies using evidence-based arguments. The Global Burden of Disease Study is a crucial resource that can be used to define, describe, and evaluate the consequences of homicides and help direct efforts and resources to the most vulnerable groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Agudelo-Botero
- National Autonomous University of Mexico, School of Medicine, Politics, Population and Health Research Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Gómez-Dantés
- National Institute of Public Health, Health Systems Research Center, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
González-Pérez GJ, Vega-López MG. Youth homicide in Mexico and its impact in male life expectancy: geographical variations and associated factors. Salud Colect 2019; 15:e1712. [PMID: 31141091 DOI: 10.18294/sc.2019.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of youth homicide (between 15 and 29 years of age) on male life expectancy in Mexico and its 32 states in the periods 2004-2006 and 2014-2016, and identifies the factors that best explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost (YMLEL) due to youth homicide at the state level in 2014-2016. Based on official data, male temporary life expectancy (MTLE) between 0 to 85 years of age and years of male life expectancy lost, in total and due to youth homicide, were calculated in each three-year period. Through a linear regression analysis, factors associated with the variations of the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide among states were identified. The male temporary life expectancy decreased between the three-year periods in the country and in 25 states; years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide increased in 31 states, in eight of them with a figure higher than 0.5 years in the 2014-2016 period. Factors such as the presence of drug trafficking, illegal firearms and the perception of insecurity explain the variations in the years of male life expectancy lost due to youth homicide within the Mexican states in the 2014-2016 period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Julián González-Pérez
- Doctor en Ciencias de la Salud. Profesor-Investigador Titular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, México.
| | - María Guadalupe Vega-López
- Doctora en Ciencias de la Salud. Profesora-Investigadora Titular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, México.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Camacho D, Estrada E, Lagomasino IT, Aranda MP, Green J. Descriptions of depression and depression treatment in older Hispanic immigrants in a geriatric collaborative care program. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:1050-1056. [PMID: 28553893 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2017.1332159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore experiences with depression and depression treatment among older Hispanic immigrants participating in a collaborative care program of psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. METHOD Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 older Spanish-speaking Hispanic immigrants with major depression who participated in a collaborative care program within a public sector specialty geriatric clinic in Los Angeles, CA. RESULTS Findings revealed that participants used various idioms to describe their experiences with depression, and that depression had a strong impact on functioning. Other findings indicated that depression was caused by various psychosocial problems, antidepressants were helpful in reducing depression, and that bilingual psychotherapists provided a welcoming and safe environment to express emotions and find solutions to problems. CONCLUSION Results revealed participants' experiences with depression and the impact of participating in a collaborative care intervention for depression. Findings from this project should be used to inform future geriatric interventions for older Hispanic immigrants in the USA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Camacho
- a Columbia School of Social Work , Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Elena Estrada
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Isabel T Lagomasino
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Maria P Aranda
- c Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Jennifer Green
- b Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Violence in Colombia and Mexico: trend and impact on life expectancy of homicide mortality between 1998 and 2015. Public Health 2018; 163:1-8. [PMID: 30005276 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Colombia is considered one of the most violent countries in the world even though homicide mortality has decreased since 2002. Mexico's homicide rate has tripled since 2008, after a period of decreasing mortality; this fact has been compared with Colombia in the 1990s and defined as a 'Colombianization' of violence in Mexico. We analyzed and compared the trend and impact of homicide mortality in Colombia and Mexico between 1998 and 2015. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. METHODS We calculated the standardized mortality rates and the years of life lost using data from the National Institute of Statistics and Geography in Mexico and the National Management Department of Statistics in Colombia. We used the joinpoint regression analysis to identify significant changes in the mortality trend. RESULTS During the 1990s, Colombia reached the highest homicide mortality rates in the world, but these rates have since decreased significantly. In Mexico, homicide mortality had a decreasing trend from 1998 to 2007; however, since 2008, the rate grew significantly, and although mortality tended to decrease after reaching its peak in 2011, a slight upturn was observed in 2015. CONCLUSIONS We found that the trend in mortality in both countries has had certain similarities, such as the increase in mortality after the implementation of antidrug policies and the subsequent decrease; however, the political processes, the level of mortality reached, its impact on life expectancy, and its distribution by gender are dissimilar. We consider speaking of a 'Colombianization' of violence in Mexico to be inaccurate.
Collapse
|
11
|
González-Pérez GJ, Vega-López MG, Flores-Villavicencio ME. The increase of firearm mortality and its relationship with the stagnation of life expectancy in Mexico. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 22:2861-2872. [PMID: 28954137 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232017229.21902016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzes firearms mortality (FA) and their impact on life expectancy in Mexico -compared to other causes of deaths- during the three-year periods 2000-2002 and 2010-2012 and the weight of the different age groups in years of life expectancy lost (YLEL) due to this cause. Based on official death and population data, abridged life tables in Mexico were constructed for the three-year periods studied. Temporary life expectancy and YLEL for aged 15 to 75 by selected causes and age groups were calculated in each three-year period. Among men, FA mortality went from being the cause less YLEL caused in 2000-2002 to be the main cause of YLEL between 15 and 75 years in 2010-2012. Among women, YLEL for FA mortality had a higher relative growth. In both sexes, the greatest increase in YLEL by FA mortality was between 20 and 34 years. Findings indicate that the increase in FA mortality, especially among young people, has substantially contributed to the stagnation of life expectancy in recent years, and even his decline in the case of men. This reflects that violence linked to the FA is not only a security problem but also a collective health problem that must be copied in an interdisciplinary and intersectoral form if it is to increase the life expectancy of the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Julián González-Pérez
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Población y Desarrollo Humano, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Sierra Mojada 950 Col, Independencia. 44340 Guadalajara México.
| | - María Guadalupe Vega-López
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Población y Desarrollo Humano, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Sierra Mojada 950 Col, Independencia. 44340 Guadalajara México.
| | - María Elena Flores-Villavicencio
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Población y Desarrollo Humano, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Sierra Mojada 950 Col, Independencia. 44340 Guadalajara México.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee EH, Bruckner TA. Threats to security and ischaemic heart disease deaths: the case of homicides in Mexico. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:173-179. [PMID: 27286761 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischaemic heart disease (IHD) ranks as the leading cause of death worldwide. Whereas much attention focuses on behavioural and lifestyle factors, less research examines the role of acute, ambient stressors. An unprecedented rise in homicides in Mexico over the past decade and the attendant media coverage and publicity have raised international concern regarding its potential health sequelae. We hypothesize that the rise in homicides in Mexico acts as an ecological threat to security and elevates the risk of both transient ischaemic events and myocardial infarctions, thereby increasing IHD deaths. Methods We applied time-series methods to monthly counts of IHD deaths and homicides in Mexico for 156 months spanning January 2000 to December 2012. Methods controlled for strong temporal patterns in IHD deaths, the unemployment rate and changes in the population size at risk. Results After controlling for trend and seasonality in IHD deaths, a 1-unit increase in the logged count of homicides coincides with a 7% increase in the odds of IHD death in that same month (95% confidence interval: 0.04 - 0.10). Inference remains robust to additional sensitivity checks, including a state-level fixed effects analysis. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the elevated level of homicides in Mexico serves as a population-level stressor that acutely increases the risk of IHD death. This research adds to the growing literature documenting the role of ambient threats, or perceived threats, to security on cardiovascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim A Bruckner
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Malta DC, Minayo MCDS, Soares Filho AM, Silva MMAD, Montenegro MDMS, Ladeira RM, Morais Neto OLD, Melo AP, Mooney M, Naghavi M. Mortalidade e anos de vida perdidos por violências interpessoais e autoprovocadas no Brasil e Estados: análise das estimativas do Estudo Carga Global de Doença, 1990 e 2015. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2017; 20Suppl 01:142-156. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5497201700050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a mortalidade e os anos de vida perdidos por morte ou incapacidade (Disability-Adjusted Life Years - DALYs) por violências interpessoais e autoprovocadas, comparando 1990 e 2015, no Brasil e nas Unidades Federadas, utilizando estimativas produzidas pelo estudo Carga Global de Doença 2015 (GBD 2015). Métodos: Análise de dados secundários das estimativas do GBD 2015, com produção de taxas padronizadas de mortes e DALYs. A principal fonte de dados de óbitos foi o Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade, submetido à correção do sub-registro de óbitos e redistribuição de códigos garbage. Resultados: De 1990 a 2015, observou-se estabilidade das taxas de mortalidade por homicídios, com variação percentual de -0,9%, passando de 28,3/100 mil habitantes (II 95% 26,9-32,1), em 1990, para 27,8/100 mil (II 95% 24,3-29,8), em 2015. As taxas de homicídio foram mais altas em Alagoas e Pernambuco, e ocorreu redução em São Paulo (-40,9%). As taxas de suicídio variaram em -19%, saindo de 8,1/100 mil (II 95% 7,5-8,6), em 1990, para 6,6/100 mil (II 95% 6,1-7,9), em 2015. Taxas mais elevadas ocorreram no Rio Grande do Sul. No ranking de causas externas por Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), predominaram as agressões por arma de fogo, seguidas de acidentes de transporte e em sexto lugar lesões autoprovocadas. Conclusões: O estudo aponta a importância das causas externas entre jovens e homens na morte prematura e em incapacidades, constituindo um problema prioritário no país. O estudo Carga Global de Doença poderá apoiar políticas públicas de prevenção de violência.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meghan Mooney
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Estados Unidos
| | - Mohsen Naghavi
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Estados Unidos
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
García-Peña, C, Sánchez-Garrido N, Wynne-Bannister EG, Moreno-Peniche B, Pérez-Zepeda MU. Collective violence and the health of the elderly: a cross-sectional analysis of a population-based national survey in Mexico. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2017; 41:e29. [PMID: 31363352 PMCID: PMC6612744 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2017.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the association between collective violence and the health of older adults in Mexico. METHODS The data analyzed were taken from a Mexican population-based national survey of health and nutrition that included a representative sample of adults over 60 years of age and from an index of violence for each of the states of Mexico that was compiled by a major research center. Five of the most common geriatric ailments (weight loss, depressive symptoms, falls, positive affectivity, and disability) were crossed with the violence index score assigned to each state. RESULTS A total of 7 108 older adults were included in the analysis. Among the five geriatric health problems, weight loss had the strongest association with violence, even when an adjusted model was used. For weight loss, that association increased as the level of collective violence rose. With the adjusted model, there was also an association of severe collective violence with disability and with low positive affectivity. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that there is an association of collective violence with weight loss and other geriatric problems. Collective violence could indirectly affect individuals' health, especially older persons and other vulnerable groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen García-Peña,
- Research OfficeNational Institute of GeriatricsMexico CityMexicoResearch Office, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Natalia Sánchez-Garrido
- Department of Geriatric and Epidemiologic ResearchNational Institute of GeriatricsMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Emma Grace Wynne-Bannister
- School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Bernardo Moreno-Peniche
- School of MedicineNational Autonomous University of MexicoMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mario Ulises Pérez-Zepeda
- Department of Geriatric and Epidemiologic ResearchNational Institute of GeriatricsMexico CityMexicoDepartment of Geriatric and Epidemiologic Research, National Institute of Geriatrics, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
González-Pier E, Barraza-Lloréns M, Beyeler N, Jamison D, Knaul F, Lozano R, Yamey G, Sepúlveda J. Mexico's path towards the Sustainable Development Goal for health: an assessment of the feasibility of reducing premature mortality by 40% by 2030. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2016; 4:e714-25. [PMID: 27596038 PMCID: PMC5024342 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(16)30181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal for health (SDG3) poses complex challenges for signatory countries that will require clear roadmaps to set priorities over the next 15 years. Building upon the work of the Commission on Investing in Health and published estimates of feasible global mortality SDG3 targets, we analysed Mexico's mortality to assess the feasibility of reducing premature (0–69 years) mortality and propose a path to meet SDG3. Methods We developed a baseline scenario applying 2010 age-specific and cause-specific mortality rates from the Mexican National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) to the 2030 UN Population Division (UNPD) population projections. In a second scenario, INEGI age-specific and cause-specific trends in death rates from 2000 to 2014 were projected to 2030 and adjusted to match the UNPD 2030 mortality projections. A third scenario assumed a 40% reduction in premature deaths across all ages and causes. By comparing these scenarios we quantified shortfalls in mortality reductions by age group and cause, and forecasted life expectancy pathways for Mexico to converge to better performing countries. Findings UNPD-projected death rates yield a 25·9% reduction of premature mortality for Mexico. Accelerated reductions in adult mortality are necessary to reach a 40% reduction by 2030. Mortality declines aggregated across all age groups mask uneven gains across health disorders. Injuries, particularly road traffic accidents and homicides, are the main health challenge for young adults (aged 20–49 years) whereas unabated diabetes mortality is the single most important health concern for older adults (aged 50–69 years). Interpretation Urgent action is now required to control non-communicable diseases and reduce fatal injuries in Mexico, making a 40% reduction in premature mortality by 2030 feasible and putting Mexico back on a track of substantial life expectancy convergence with better performing countries. Our study provides a roadmap for setting national health priorities. Further analysis of the equity implications of following the suggested pathway remains a subject of future research. Funding Mexico's Ministry of Health, University of California, San Francisco, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naomi Beyeler
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dean Jamison
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felicia Knaul
- Miami Institute for the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Mexican Health Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Gavin Yamey
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jaime Sepúlveda
- Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tavares R, Catalan VDB, Romano PMDM, Melo EM. Homicídios e vulnerabilidade social. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2016; 21:923-34. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232015213.12362015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a distribuição espacial das taxas de homicídios (H) segundo os índices de vulnerabilidade social (IVS) e de qualidade de vida urbana (IQVU), em Betim/MG, de 2006 a 2011. Foram feitas análise descritiva, análise de correlação espacial utilizando o índice de Moran e análise espacial de H, IVS e IQVU. Ocorreram no período, 1.383 óbitos, com predomínio de homens (91,9%), de 15 a 24 anos (46,9%), pardos/pretos (76,9%), com ensino médio (51,1%) e solteiros (83,9%). Não se verificou autocorrelação espacial, indicando que a distribuição das taxas de homicídio é aleatória, o mesmo ocorrendo com o IVS e com o IQVU. Em conjunto, no entanto, houve sobreposição de H, IVS, IQV, o que foi analisado à luz de diferentes teorias explicativas do crime, desde as que abordam a desigualdade social, passando pelas que pautam o tráfico de armas e drogas até chegar às teorias de Durkheim e Habermas, respectivamente, anomia e colonização do mundo da vida. Conclusão: tanto do ponto de vista empírico como teórico, vulnerabilidade social e homicídio se mostram associados.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fernández-Niño JA, Astudillo-García CI, Bojorquez-Chapela I, Morales-Carmona E, Montoya-Rodriguez AA, Palacio-Mejia LS. The Mexican Cycle of Suicide: A National Analysis of Seasonality, 2000-2013. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146495. [PMID: 26752641 PMCID: PMC4709116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon with growing importance to public health. An increase in its occurrence has been observed in Mexico over the past 10 years. The present article analyzes the secular trend in suicide at the national level between the years 2000 and 2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS All suicides during the study period (n = 64,298, of which 82.11% were men) were characterized using a spectral decomposition of the time series and a wavelet analysis to evaluate the effect of seasonal changes, type of area (urban versus rural) and sex. RESULTS A seasonal pattern was observed with statistically significant cycles every 12 months, where peaks were identified in May but only for men in urban zones as of the year 2007. In addition, specific days of the year were found to have a higher frequency of suicides, which coincided with holidays (New Year, Mother's Day, Mexican Independence Day and Christmas). CONCLUSION A wavelet analysis can be used to decompose complex time series. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of this technique to the study of suicides in developing countries. This analysis enabled identifying a seasonal pattern among urban men in Mexico. The identification of seasonal patterns can help to create primary prevention strategies, increase the dissemination of crisis intervention strategies and promote mental health. These strategies could be emphasized during specific periods of the year and directed towards profiles with a higher risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián Alfredo Fernández-Niño
- Information Center for Decisions in Public Health (CENIDSP), National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Evangelina Morales-Carmona
- Information Center for Decisions in Public Health (CENIDSP), National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Lina Sofia Palacio-Mejia
- Information Center for Decisions in Public Health (CENIDSP), National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fleischer NL, Lozano P, Santillán EA, Shigematsu LMR, Thrasher JF. The impact of neighbourhood violence and social cohesion on smoking behaviours among a cohort of smokers in Mexico. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:1083-90. [PMID: 26043898 PMCID: PMC5062743 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent increases in violent crime may impact a variety of health outcomes in Mexico. We examined relationships between neighbourhood-level violence and smoking behaviours in a cohort of Mexican smokers from 2011 to 2012, and whether neighbourhood-level social cohesion modified these relationships. METHODS Data were analysed from adult smokers and recent ex-smokers who participated in waves 5 and 6 of the International Tobacco Control Mexico survey. Self-reported neighbourhood violence and social cohesion were asked of wave 6 survey participants (n=2129 current and former smokers, n=150 neighbourhoods). Neighbourhood-level averages for violence and social cohesion (ranges 4-14 and 10-25, respectively) were assigned to individuals. We used generalised estimating equations to determine associations between neighbourhood indicators and individual-level smoking intensity, quit behaviours and relapse. RESULTS Higher neighbourhood violence was associated with higher smoking intensity (risk ratio (RR)=1.17, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.33), and fewer quit attempts (RR=0.72, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.85). Neighbourhood violence was not associated with successful quitting or relapse. Higher neighbourhood social cohesion was associated with more quit attempts and more successful quitting. Neighbourhood social cohesion modified the association between neighbourhood violence and smoking intensity: in neighbourhoods with higher social cohesion, as violence increased, smoking intensity decreased and in neighbourhoods with lower social cohesion, as violence increased, so did smoking intensity. CONCLUSIONS In the context of recent increased violence in Mexico, smokers living in neighbourhoods with more violence may smoke more cigarettes per day and make fewer quit attempts than their counterparts in less violent neighbourhoods. Neighbourhood social cohesion may buffer the impact of violence on smoking intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Paula Lozano
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Edna Arillo Santillán
- Departamento de Investigación sobre Tabaco, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | | | - James F. Thrasher
- Departamento de Investigación sobre Tabaco, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Gamlin
- University College London, Institute for Global Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|