[Patient safety as a dimension of the quality of health care--a look at the literature]

Cultura de Seguridad del Paciente en el Servicio de Emergencias Médicas: estudio transversal

Introducción: Los problemas relacionados con la seguridad del paciente en el contexto prehospitalario son poco explorados, pero esenciales, dada la vulnerabilidad a incidentes. Objetivo: analizar el clima de seguridad del paciente desde la perspectiva del equipo multidisciplinario que actúa en la Atención Prehospitalaria Móvil (APS). Materiales y Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado en una Atención Prehospitalaria Móvil. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de Seguridad actitudes Cuestionario (SAQ), con muestreo por conveniencia y tasa de participación del 94,3% de los profesionales elegibles. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva y la prueba de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Entre los 151 profesionales participantes, predominaron los del sexo masculino (54,6%), auxiliares y técnicos de enfermería (42,0%), con 10 o más años de actuación (61,0%), en la atención de adultos y pediátrica (93,4%). El SAQ Total tuvo una mediana de 70, indicando una percepción negativa de los participantes sobre la seguridad del paciente en la APH. Los dominios con percepción negativa fueron: Clima de Seguridad, Reconocimiento del Estrés, Percepción de la Gestión y Condiciones de Trabajo; mientras que los dominios Clima de Trabajo en Equipo y Satisfacción Laboral mostraron una percepción positiva. En el análisis comparativo entre profesionales, se observaron diferencias entre algunas categorías para los dominios de Satisfacción en el Trabajo, Reconocimiento del Estrés y Condiciones de Trabajo. Conclusiones: Este estudio presenta las peculiaridades de los servicios médicos de emergencia y la necesidad de sensibilizar a los profesionales y gestores sobre la seguridad del paciente, con el fin de comprender mejor el escenario actual y las posibilidades de reducción de eventos adversos para mejorar la atención ofrecida. Como citar este artículo: João, Virgilio Malundo; Dias, Bruna Moreno; Oliveira, Marília Pilotto de; Laus, Ana Maria; Bernardes, Andrea; Gabriel, Carmen Silvia.  Cultura de Segurança do Paciente no Serviço Médico de Urgência: estudo transversal. Revista Cuidarte. 2023;14(1):e2531. http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2531

Qualidade do cuidado e segurança do paciente: o papel dos pacientes e familiares

RESUMO Este ensaio procurou discutir o papel dos pacientes e das famílias na qualidade dos cuidados e na segurança do paciente. Tradicionalmente, o papel dos profissionais de saúde – especialmente, dos médicos – tem sido predominante na discussão e na definição do que constitui um cuidado de saúde de alta qualidade. Entretanto, outros atores foram reconhecidos no debate contemporâneo sobre a qualidade do atendimento e, em particular, sobre a segurança do paciente e a centralidade do atendimento. O papel dos pacientes na qualidade do atendimento e até mesmo o seu protagonismo na identificação dos principais problemas presentes na prestação de cuidados e em como contribuir para um atendimento mais seguro são destacados. Inicialmente, discute-se o papel dos pacientes e seus familiares na qualidade do atendimento e na segurança do paciente. Em seguida, são discutidos os fatores que influenciam e dificultam a sua participação. Finalmente, são propostas estratégias para aumentar a participação dos pacientes. Pacientes e familiares podem desempenhar um papel essencial na melhoria da qualidade dos cuidados de saúde e da segurança do paciente. Entretanto, eles devem estar ativamente envolvidos para que isso ocorra, com suas contribuições consideradas em um ambiente favorável a uma cultura de segurança justa.

Quality in healthcare and patient safety: evaluation of the results of a distance learning program

This paper aims to present an analysis of the Quality in Health and Patient Safety Training Program (CQSSP) results of the Sérgio Arouca National School of Public Health. This is a quantitative, qualitative, cross-sectional, and descriptive study based on the Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Model. The findings provide us with a clearer picture of the success of the CQSSP pedagogical intent through a positive assessment for the Reaction, Learning, Behavioral, Results levels. From the analysis of the perception of the graduates, we observed that 82% of them started to fully consider the occurrence of an error in the provision of care, 68% incorporated the acquired knowledge into their professional practice, and 73% started to study and research themes related to Patient Safety (PS). We also conducted a survey on the number of Patient Safety Centers or equivalent bodies established or reformulated during or after the CQSSP. We also evaluated the extent of the contribution of the course in the implementation of Patient Safety protocols and actions in hospitals. The findings point to a significant contribution of the CQSSP to PS and the quality of hospital care.

Patient safety challenges in primary health care: a scoping review

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the patient safety challenges described by health professionals in Primary Health Care. Methods: a scoping review was conducted on the LILACS, MEDLINE, IBECS, BDENF, and CINAHL databases, and on the Cochrane, SciELO, Pubmed, and Web of Science libraries in January 2019. Original articles on patient safety in the context of Primary Health Care by health professionals were included. Results: the review included 26 studies published between 2002 and 2019. Four categories resulted from the analysis: challenges of health professionals, administration challenges of health services, challenges with the patient and family, and the potential enhancing resources for patient safety. Conclusions: patient safety challenges for Primary Care professionals are multiple and complex. This study provides insight into resources to improve patient safety for health care professionals, patients, administrators, policy makers, educators, and researchers.

Barriers to patient safety incident reporting by Brazilian health professionals: an integrative review

An integrative review was performed to identify and analyze national studies on barriers to patient safety incident reporting by health professionals within Brazilian health services. A search in the Virtual Health Library (BVS) Portal, PubMed and Web of Science was performed in January 2017 for papers published in the last ten years. One thousand and seven publications were identified and, following application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight papers were analyzed, five of which were qualitative and three quantitative. All research was conducted in hospitals, exclusively with nursing professionals, and 75% was conducted in Southeast Brazil. Most studies showed an under-reporting of incidents, and the main reasons were fear about reporting, reporting focused on more severe incidents, lack of knowledge about the subject or how to report and, registered nurse-centered reporting. While study of this theme is still incipient in Brazil, this review found important weaknesses in the process and barriers to incident reporting by professionals, revealing a need for encouraging their participation, eliminating or reducing such barriers with a view to strengthening patient safety.

De la sécurité des patients à la résilience des systèmes de soins: un état de l’art

Résumé La sécurité des patients est devenue une priorité des politiques de santé publique. En 30 ans, les systèmes de santé se sont approprié les outils de gestion des risques conçus pour les industries. L’objectif de cette revue de littérature est de décrire les modèles et les démarches de sécurité actuellement déployés dans les systèmes de santé et d’explorer les nouvelles perspectives. La recherche bibliographique a été réalisée à partir de trois bases de données, en français et en anglais. L’analyse thématique du matériel retenu (48 références) a guidé la construction de l’article et l’identification d’une typologie de démarches de prévention. Après une présentation des démarches « classiques », nous exposons les limites de ces démarches dans le contexte spécifique des soins. Puis nous présenterons les perspectives scientifiques actuellement envisagées pour construire de nouvelles approches de prévention en santé. Ces perspectives interrogent, en conclusion, la nécessité d’un changement de paradigme, comme le propose le courant de l’« ingénierie de la résilience ».

Communication as a strategy for hospital accreditation maintenance

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the communication strategies adopted by a General Hospital, which helped the accreditation’s maintenance with excellence. Method: case study of a Private Hospital in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, accredited with excellence. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and through analysis of institutional documents. The interviews were transcribed in full and submitted to content analysis. Results: instigating organizational and behavioral changes that have generated insecurity and resistance in employees. The development of strategies to improve internal communication contributed to the uniformity of information and the greater integration of professionals in their actions, promoting the change in the workers’ attitudes, and engaging and involving them in the process. Conclusion: communication plays a prominent role in the consolidation of hospital care and the development of a priority strategy to reach and maintain it, with an emphasis on quality of care and patient safety.

Comunicação eficaz nas transferências temporárias do cuidado de pacientes hospitalizados

Resumo OBJETIVO Descrever a implantação de um processo padronizado de comunicação eficaz para transferência temporária do cuidado de pacientes hospitalizados. MÉTODO Relato de experiência da implantação de processo de transferência temporária do cuidado entre profissionais1 das unidades de internação e áreas de procedimentos diagnóstico-terapêuticos de um hospital universitário do sul do Brasil. O processo iniciou em 2015 envolvendo unidades de internação adulto e radiologia, sendo expandido para demais áreas do hospital em 2017. A construção do formulário se deu por meio de reuniões e capacitações com os profissionais envolvidos, visando contemplar as especificidades do cuidado. RESULTADO O formulário elaborado contempla aspectos relevantes sobre o paciente, subsidiando os profissionais durante as transições do cuidado, o transporte e realização de procedimentos. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Sua implantação agregou segurança e fortaleceu o processo de comunicação eficaz e estruturada entre profissionais de enfermagem.

CULTURA DE SEGURANÇA DO PACIENTE: AVALIAÇÃO PELOS PROFISSIONAIS DE ENFERMAGEM

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a cultura de segurança do paciente das equipes de enfermagem no contexto hospitalar. Método: sob o ponto de vista da enfermagem foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, tipo survey, transversal. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre junho e julho de 2013. Foi utilizado o questionário Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, respondido por 437 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem, com taxa de resposta de 100%. Resultados: entre as doze dimensões avaliadas, apenas seis apresentaram taxas de respostas positivas maiores que 50%, sendo frequência de relato de eventos (61,4%), aprendizado organizacional - melhoria contínua (60,5%), respostas não punitivas aos erros (58%), trabalho em equipe dentro da unidade (57,1%), passagem de plantão/turnos e transferências (53,1%) e retorno da informação e comunicação sobre erro (51,8%). Conclusão: para o alcance de cultura de segurança positiva são necessárias ações de melhoria que envolvam a gestão e as chefias no que se refere: percepção geral da segurança; expectativas sobre o supervisor/chefe e ações promotoras da segurança; abertura da comunicação; apoio da gestão hospitalar para a segurança do paciente e trabalho em equipe entre as unidades.

Hospital infection control programs: assessment of process and structure indicators

OBJECTIVE

To assess hospital infection control committees in relation to structure and process indicators of hospital infection control programs.

METHOD

Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted with hospital committees registered in the National Registry of Healthcare Facilities. Primary and secondary data collection was conducted through structured interview using validated instruments and verification of documents, respectively.

RESULTS

Fourteen committees participated in the research. Mean values of conformity of 80.58% were evidenced for the technical-operational structure assessment indicator, 60.77% for the infection control and prevention operational guidelines indicator, 81.59% for the epidemiological surveillance system assessment indicator, and 63.44% for hospital infection control and prevention activities assessment indicator.

CONCLUSION

Among the four instruments applied to assess hospital infection control programs, only two presented results with more than 80.0% of conformity: those related to the epidemiological surveillance and technical-operational structure assessments.

Prevalence and characteristics of adverse drug events in Brazil

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and associated factors reported by users of medicines in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional population-based study conducted from September 2013 to February 2014 with data from the Brazilian National Survey on Access, Use, and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM). The study included all individuals that reported the use of medicines and identified, among them, all those reporting at least one problem with the medicine's use. A descriptive analysis was performed to estimate ADE prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) among the target variables. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were calculated using Poisson regression to investigate factors associated with ADEs. Overall ADE prevalence in Brazil was 6.6% (95%CI: 5.89-7.41), and after multivariate analysis, higher prevalence was associated with female gender, residence in the Central and Northeast regions, consumption of more medicines, "bad" self-rated health, and self-medication. The drugs most frequently reported with ADEs were fluoxetine, diclofenac, and amitriptyline. The most frequent ADEs were somnolence, epigastric pain, and nausea. Most reported ADEs were mild, avoidable, and associated with medicines used frequently by the population. The study provided knowledge on the size of the problem with use of medicines in Brazil.

Patient safety and nursing: interface with stress and Burnout Syndrome

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze studies on stress, Burnout Syndrome, and patient safety in the scope of nursing care in the hospital environment. Method: This was an integrative literature review. Data collection was performed in February 2016 in the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online - PubMed/MEDLINE, Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences - LILACS. Results: Ten scientific productions were selected, which listed that factors contributing to stress and Burnout Syndrome of nursing professionals are the work environment as a source of stress, and excessive workload as a source of failures. Conclusion: The analysis found that the stress and Burnout Syndrome experienced by these professionals lead to greater vulnerability and development of unsafe care, and factors such as lack of organizational support can contribute to prevent these failures.

Patient safety: characterization of YouTube videos

OBJECTIVE

To describe how patient safety is addressed in YouTube videos.

METHODS

descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Data was collected in May 2015, at YouTube's search field, with descriptor "patient safety". The sample included 92 videos, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

The videos showed a positive concept of patient safety, based on a systemic vision that attempts to eliminate the traditional punitive culture by promoting a culture of safety.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of videos containing high quality information may improve the training process of health students and professionals, as well as raise the individuals' awareness of the importance of their participation in safety issues.

NURSE MANAGER PERCEPTIONS OF PATIENT SAFETY STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the patient safety strategy implantation process through the perspective of nurse managers. Method: a qualitative descriptive-exploratory approach, performed with 72 nurse managers from four public university hospitals in Paraná. The data were collected through a recorded interview, guided by the question: “Tell me about your experience regarding the process of implantation of patient safety strategies?” and was submitted for content, thematic and modality analysis. Results: categories resulting from the analysis: Understanding the trajectory of patient safety strategy implantation; Multiple phases of patient safety strategy implantation; and Ambiguous feelings related to patient safety strategy implantation. Conclusion: in the investigated institutions, despite the process of patient safety strategy implantation being perceived in a contradictory way by the participants, they expressed feelings of satisfaction.

VIOLATIONS OF NURSES IN THE USE OF EQUIPMENT IN INTENSIVE CARE

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify situations of violation in the use of equipment by nurses in the intensive care unit and analyze their implications on patient safety. Method: a descriptive field study with qualitative approach was carried out from March to December 2014, with the use of James Reason's violation concept. The participants were nurses from the day shift, working in direct care at an intensive care unit of a federal hospital. Data production was carried out through systematic observation and interviews, and were analyzed based on thick description of scenes and content of responses. Results: violations in planning care regarding the checking of the equipment functioning before its use and alarms were found, when nurses disconnect them to reduce the effects caused by the overload of noise on the team. Conclusion: the situations reported compromise safety and cause serious risks to patients. Therefore, implementation of strategies to promote a safety culture is required.

Patient safety culture in hospitals within the nursing perspective

Objective

Evaluate the atmosphere regarding patient safety from the perspective of active nurses in hospitals in a country town of Rio Grande do Sul State.

Methods

Cross-sectional study with 637 nursing professionals from two hospitals. Data collection through Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, in the second half of 2014. Cutoff for positive assessment was ≥75 points.

Results

The scores for domains in the overall assessment were: 76 (team work atmosphere), 73 (safety atmosphere), 88 (job satisfaction), 59 (perceived stress), 66 (perception of unit management), 65 (perception of hospital management) and 80 (work conditions). When comparing averages between institutions, the private institution showed better working conditions.

Conclusions

Results can be used to plan and organize actions, given the low scores in relation to the safety atmosphere, management and stress perception.

Stress among nursing undergraduate students of a Brazilian public university

OBJECTIVES

To determine the level of stress among students of an undergraduate course in nursing of a Brazilian public university.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study involving 111 students who responded to the 30 item questionnaire of Costa and Polak for the Assessment of Stress among Nursing Students, with Likert type response options of 0-3 (0 = I have not experienced the situation; 1 = I do not feel stressed with the situation; 2 = I feel a little stressed with the situation, and 3 = I feel very stressed with the situation).

RESULTS

Participants were predominantly single (82.9%), female (83.8%), young adults (mean 23.3 years) and performing some kind of paid work (76.6%). The main stressors were related to the lack of time for: leisure activities (2.6); spending time with family members (2.5) and; completion of extracurricular activities (2.3). The highest levels of stress among students were found in the domains of professional training (52.2%), professional communication (33.3%) and time management (32.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of the students presented low levels of stress in the general activities of the course, however, the activities related to time management, especially time for academic activities and social and family life, were identified as permanent stress factors during the graduation course.

A study of cases reported as incidents in a public hospital from 2011 to 2014

Abstract OBJECTIVE Analyzing incidents reported in a public hospital in the Federal District, Brasilia, according to the characteristics and outcomes involving patients. METHOD A descriptive and retrospective study of incidents reported between January 2011 and September 2014. RESULTS 209 reported incidents were categorized as reportable occurrences (n = 22, 10.5%), near misses (n = 16, 7.7%); incident without injury (n = 4, 1.9%) and incident with injury (adverse events) (n = 167, 79.9%). The average age of patients was 44 years and the hospitalization time until the moment of the incident was on average 38.5 days. Nurses were the healthcare professionals who most reported the incidents (n = 55, 67%). No outcomes resulted in death. CONCLUSION Incidents related to blood/hemoderivatives, medical devices/equipment, patient injuries and intravenous medication/fluids were the most frequent. Standardizing the reporting processes and enhancing participation by professionals in managing incidents is recommended.

[Neonatal adverse events and near misses reported in Brazil from 2007 to 2013]

This study aimed to analyze adverse events and near misses in newborns up to 28 days of life, reported to the Brazilian National Notification System for Sanitary Surveillance (NOTIVISA) system from 2007 to 2013. This was a quantitative, descriptive, retrospective study with analysis of secondary data. A total of 355 incidents were reported: 118 (33.3%) related to medical devices, 4 (1.1%) medical equipment, and 233 (65.6%) medicines. Silver nitrate and antibiotics were the most frequently reported medicines, and among medical devices and equipment, phlebitis associated with IV lines was the most frequently reported adverse event. The study unveils the reporting of adverse events and near misses, fostering discussion on what actually constitutes harm according to the person that reports the event. The challenge for NOTIVISA is to improve the system, and as with other information systems, this results from its use, critical analysis, and interaction with users - incident reporters and interested parties like teaching and research institutions.

Patient safety in organizational culture as perceived by leaderships of hospital institutions with different types of administration

OBJECTIVE

To identify the perceptions of leaderships toward patient safety culture dimensions in the routine of hospitals with different administrative profiles: government, social and private organizations, and make correlations among participating institutions regarding dimensions of patient safety culture used.

METHOD

A quantitative cross-sectional study that used the Self Assessment Questionnaire 30 translated into Portuguese. The data were processed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) in addition to descriptive statistics, with statistical significance set at p-value ≤ 0.05.

RESULTS

According to the participants' perceptions, the significant dimensions of patient safety culture were 'patient safety climate' and 'organizational learning', with 81% explanatory power. Mean scores showed that among private organizations, higher values were attributed to statements; however, the correlation between dimensions was stronger among government hospitals.

CONCLUSION

Different hospital organizations present distinct values for each dimension of patient safety culture and their investigation enables professionals to identify which dimensions need to be introduced or improved to increase patient safety.

OBJETIVO

Identificar percepções das lideranças sobre as dimensões da cultura de segurança do paciente no cotidiano de hospitais de diferentes perfis administrativos: públicos, organizações sociais e privados, e realizar correlação entre as instituições participantes, de acordo com as dimensões da cultura de segurança do paciente utilizadas.

MÉTODO

Estudo transversal de aspecto quantitativo obtido por meio da aplicação do instrumento Self Assessment Questionnaire 30, traduzido para a língua portuguesa. Os dados foram tratados com análise de variância (ANOVA), além das estatísticas descritivas, considerando como de significância estatística valores de p-valor ≤ 0,05.

RESULTADOS

Segundo a percepção dos participantes do estudo, as dimensões significativas para a cultura de segurança do paciente foram Ambiente de Segurança do Paciente e Aprendizado Organizacional, com poder explicativo de 81%. A média de respostas obtidas evidenciou que nas organizações privadas houve maiores valores atribuídos às questões, porém a correlação entre as dimensões foi mais forte nas organizações públicas.

CONCLUSÃO

As dimensões da cultura de segurança do paciente têm valores distintos nas diferentes organizações hospitalares e a sua investigação possibilita identificar quais necessitam ser introduzidas ou aprimoradas para maior segurança do paciente.

DAILY CARE OF FAMILIES IN HOSPITAL: WHAT ABOUT PATIENT SAFETY?

ABSTRACT Qualitative study, with worth comprehensive approach aimed at understanding the actions of companions that can affect the safety of hospitalized patients. The study was conducted in a public hospital in Bahia, from May to July 2014 with 16 families of patients dependent for self-care. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The content was analyzed and discussed using a comprehensive approach. The results showed that the companions care for their relatives and are knowledgeable on infection prevention, the safe use of medication and materials, adopt measures to prevent pressure ulcers and seek to establish an assertive interaction with the nursing team. It was concluded that the actions taken by the companions are aimed at patient safety and established through the emotional environment based on open rationality.

Brazilian version of the Quality of Care Scale: the perspective of people with disabilities

OBJECTIVE

To analyze evidence of the validity and reliability of a Brazilian Portuguese version of the Quality of Care Scale from the perspective of people with physical and intellectual disabilities.

METHODS

There were 162 people with physical disabilities and 156 with intellectual disabilities from Porto Alegre and metropolitan region, who participated in the study in 2008. Classical psychometrics was used to independently analyze the two samples. Hypotheses for evidence of criterion validity (concurrent type) were tested with the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal distributions. Principal components analysis was used to explore factorial models. Evidence of reliability was calculated with Cronbach alpha for the scales and subscales. Test-retest reliability was analyzed for individuals with intellectual disabilities through intra-class correlation coefficient and the Willcoxon test.

RESULTS

The principal components in the group with physical disabilities replicated the original model presented as a solution to the international project data. Evidence of discriminant validity and test-retest reliability was found.

CONCLUSIONS

The transcultural factor model found within the international sample project seems appropriate for the samples investigated in this study, especially the physical disabilities group. Depression, pain, satisfaction with life and disability may play a mediating role in the evaluation of quality of care. Additional research is needed to add to evidence of the validity of the instruments.

Adverse events and other incidents in neonatal intensive care units

The occurrence of avoidable adverse events (AEs) represents a problem of quality of care that is responsible for the increase in monetary and social costs, causing suffering to the patient, their family members and the professional involved. This situation is aggravated when it involves newborns (NBs) with very low birth weights and shorter gestational ages, admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU). The scope of this study is to understand more about these incidents and adverse events in NICUs. The article aims to identify the occurrence of incidents, with and without injury that have occurred in NICUs in the literature and correlate this with the gestational age group of the NBs most affected. This is a systematic review of the available literature on incidents, particularly AEs as witnessed in NICUs. This study reveals that the types of incidents that occur in NICUs, with or without injury to the patient, are related to errors or failures in medication use, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), skin injuries, mechanical ventilation and intravascular catheters. The cause of incidents and adverse events in NICUs are associated with human factors and the outcomes that are most damaging are due to HAIs. Furthermore, the study points out ways to mitigate these occurrences.