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Ghrelin proteolysis increases in plasma of men, but not women, with obesity. Life Sci 2023; 313:121305. [PMID: 36543283 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Since plasma ghrelin can undergo des-acylation and proteolysis, the aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which an enhancement of these reactions is associated to the decrease of ghrelin in plasma after food intake or in individuals with obesity. MAIN METHODS we performed an intervention cross-sectional study, in which levels of ghrelin, desacyl-ghrelin (DAG), glucose, insulin, ghrelin des-acylation and ghrelin proteolysis were assessed in plasma before and after a test meal in 40 people (n = 21 males) with normal weight (NW, n = 20) or overweight/obesity (OW/OB, n = 20). KEY FINDINGS Preprandial ghrelin and DAG levels were lower, whereas preprandial ghrelin proteolysis was ∼4.6-fold higher in plasma of males with OW/OB. In males, ghrelin proteolysis positively correlated with glycemia. Ghrelin and DAG levels were also lower in females with OW/OB, but preprandial ghrelin proteolysis was not different between females with NW or OW/OB. Ghrelin and DAG levels decreased postprandially in males and females, independently of BMI, and ghrelin proteolysis increased postprandially ∼2 folds only in individuals with NW. Ghrelin des-acylation remained unaffected by BMI or feeding status in both sexes. SIGNIFICANCE Current study shows that ghrelin proteolysis increases in males with obesity as well as after meal in lean individuals. Therefore, ghrelin proteolysis may be an important checkpoint and, consequently, a putative pharmacological target to control circulating ghrelin levels in humans.
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Prodan A, Dzubanovsky I, Kamyshnyi O, Melnyk N, Grytsenko S, Voloshyn S. Effect of the GHRL gene (rs696217) polymorphism on the metabolic disorders in patients with obesity in the Ukrainian population. Endocr Regul 2023; 57:173-182. [PMID: 37715984 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2023-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective. Over the past four decades, the prevalence of obesity has tripled and limited genetic studies with specific SNPs have been conducted, but no investigations using ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide (GHRL) gene have been reported in the Ukrainians population. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the level of metabolic hormones in the blood of obese patients in relation to the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism. Methods. The study involved 53 obesity cases and 48 non-obesity subjects (controls). The GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism was genotyped using a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Blood hormones were determined with commercially available kits using a Multi-skan FC analyzer. Results. Carriers of the T allele of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism were statistically significantly more in patients diagnosed with obesity compared to controls indicating a genetically determined cause of obesity. We also established a significant effect of the presence of the T allele of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism on the decrease in the adiponectin level and the increase of resistin level in obese patients. The study of the effect of genotypes (TT, GT, GG) of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism on the metabolic hormone levels in the blood of obese patients did not show reliably significant differences. Conclusions. The presence of the T allele of the GHRL (rs696217) polymorphism in Ukrainian population indicates an increased risk of the obesity development regardless on the homozygous or heterozygous genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrii Prodan
- 1Department of Surgery of Postgraduate Faculty, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Dzubanovsky
- 1Department of Surgery of Postgraduate Faculty, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- 2Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Melnyk
- 3Department of General Hygiene and Ecology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Stepan Grytsenko
- 4Department of Surgery No1, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Stanislava Voloshyn
- 5Department of Pediatrics No2, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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Bonfanti-Azzolin G, Capelleti CP, Rodrigues KS, Abdallah SDR, Frielink AP, Rupphental G, Kuhn BB, Cattaneo R, Wolkmer P, Bortolotto JW, Parisi MM. Accelerated apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cholinergic inflammation in blood of metalworkers. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:752-762. [PMID: 34794353 DOI: 10.1177/07482337211053164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Metalworkers are exposed to numerous chemicals in their workplace environment, such as solvents, heavy metals, and metalworking fluids, that have a negative impact on their health. Furthermore, there is an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases among metalworkers; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this increased predisposition to chronic diseases are unclear. Considering that occupational exposure represents a potential risk for metalworkers, the aim of this study was to measure biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cytotoxicity in the peripheral blood of metalworkers from Southern Brazil. The study included 40 metalworkers and 20 individuals who did not perform activities with any recognized exposure to chemical substances, such as those working in administration, commerce, and education, as controls. Cellular and molecular biomarkers as leukocyte viability, intracellular production of reactive species, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential and plasma lipid peroxidation, sulfhydryl groups, total antioxidant capacity, and butyrylcholinesterase activity were evaluated in the blood of metalworkers and controls. Metalworkers were found to have higher rates of apoptosis, increased production of reactive species, and increased mitochondrial potential and mass in leukocytes associated with decreased antioxidant defenses and increased activity of the butyrylcholinesterase enzyme in their plasma. It can be concluded that cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are involved in the multiplicity of health outcomes related to chemical exposure in the metalworking industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Bonfanti-Azzolin
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS), 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Health Research Group, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Camila P Capelleti
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Kelly S Rodrigues
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Suellen Da R Abdallah
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Ana P Frielink
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Giovana Rupphental
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Bianca B Kuhn
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cattaneo
- Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS), 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Health Research Group, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Patricia Wolkmer
- Group of Animal Health, Centre for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Josiane W Bortolotto
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Parisi
- Group of Integral Attention to Health, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Integral Attention to Health (PPGAIS), 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil.,Interdisciplinary Health Research Group, Center for Health and Rural Sciences, 248852University of Cruz Alta, Brazil
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Abizaid A, Hougland JL. Ghrelin Signaling: GOAT and GHS-R1a Take a LEAP in Complexity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:107-117. [PMID: 31636018 PMCID: PMC7299083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) are important targets for disorders related to energy balance and metabolic regulation. Pharmacological control of ghrelin signaling is a promising avenue to address health issues involving appetite, weight gain, obesity, and related metabolic disorders, and may be an option for patients suffering from wasting conditions like cachexia. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the biochemistry of ghrelin and GHS-R1a signaling. These include unravelling the enzymatic transformations that generate active ghrelin and the discovery of multiple proteins that interact with ghrelin and GHS-R1a to regulate signaling. Furthermore, we propose that harnessing these processes will lead to highly selective treatments to address obesity, diabetes, and other metabolism-linked disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James L Hougland
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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Cleverdon ER, McGovern-Gooch KR, Hougland JL. The octanoylated energy regulating hormone ghrelin: An expanded view of ghrelin's biological interactions and avenues for controlling ghrelin signaling. Mol Membr Biol 2017; 33:111-124. [PMID: 29143554 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2017.1388930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a small peptide hormone that requires a unique post-translational modification, serine octanoylation, to bind and activate the GHS-R1a receptor. Initially demonstrated to stimulate hunger and appetite, ghrelin-dependent signaling is implicated in a variety of neurological and physiological processes influencing diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and Prader-Willi syndrome. In addition to its cognate receptor, recent studies have revealed ghrelin interacts with a range of binding partners within the bloodstream. Defining the scope of ghrelin's interactions within the body, understanding how these interactions work in concert to modulate ghrelin signaling, and developing molecular tools for controlling ghrelin signaling are essential for exploiting ghrelin for therapeutic effect. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the biological effects of ghrelin signaling, outline binding partners that control ghrelin trafficking and stability in circulation, and summarize the current landscape of inhibitors targeting ghrelin octanoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James L Hougland
- a Department of Chemistry , Syracuse University , Syracuse , NY , USA
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Dingova D, Fazekas T, Okuliarova P, Strbova J, Kucera M, Hrabovska A. Low Plasma Cholinesterase Activities are Associated with Deficits in Spatial Orientation, Reduced Ability to Perform Basic Activities of Daily Living, and Low Body Mass Index in Patients with Progressed Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:801-13. [PMID: 26890780 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a central cholinergic deficit. Non-neuronal cholinergic changes are, however, described as well. Here we focused on possible changes in the activity of the plasma cholinesterases, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), in hospitalized AD patients. We analyzed plasma AChE and BChE activities with regards to age, gender, body mass index (BMI), cognitive functions, and ability to perform activities of daily living in AD patients in comparison to healthy subjects. We observed lower AChE activity and trend toward lower BChE activity in AD patients, which both correlated with low BMI. AD patients unable to perform basic activities of daily living (feeding, bathing, dressing, and grooming) showed reduced plasma AChE activities, while worse spatial orientation was linked to lower BChE activities. Three out of four AD patients with the lowest BChE activities died within one year. In conclusion, progressed AD was accompanied by lower plasma AChE activity and trend toward lower BChE activity, which correlated with BMI and deficits in different components of the AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Dingova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Fazekas
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Okuliarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Matej Kucera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Meydan C, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Soreq H. MicroRNA Regulators of Anxiety and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:798-812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chen VP, Gao Y, Geng L, Stout MB, Jensen MD, Brimijoin S. Butyrylcholinesterase Deficiency Promotes Adipose Tissue Growth and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Male Mice on High-Fat Diet. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3086-95. [PMID: 27300766 PMCID: PMC4967128 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous reports of relationships between weight gain and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), this enzyme's role in the genesis of obesity remains unclear, but recent research points to strong links with ghrelin, the "hunger hormone." The availability of BChE knockout (KO) mice provides an opportunity to clarify the causal relationship between BChE and obesity onset. We now find that young KO mice have abnormally high plasma ghrelin levels that slowly decline during long-term high-fat feeding and ultimately drop below those in wild-type mice. On such a diet, the KO mice gained notably more weight, more white fat, and more hepatic fat than wild-type animals. In addition to a greater burden of hepatic triglycerides, the livers of these KO mice show distinctly higher levels of inflammatory markers. Finally, their energy expenditure proved to be lower than in wild-type mice despite similar activity levels and increased caloric intake. A gene transfer of mouse BChE with adeno-associated virus vector restored nearly all aspects of the normal phenotype. Our results indicate that BChE strongly affects fat metabolism, has an important impact on fat accumulation, and may be a promising tool for combating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Ping Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, and Minnesota Nutrition and Obesity Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, and Minnesota Nutrition and Obesity Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Liyi Geng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, and Minnesota Nutrition and Obesity Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael B Stout
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, and Minnesota Nutrition and Obesity Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Michael D Jensen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, and Minnesota Nutrition and Obesity Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, and Minnesota Nutrition and Obesity Center, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Jasiecki J, Jońca J, Żuk M, Szczoczarz A, Janaszak-Jasiecka A, Lewandowski K, Waleron K, Wasąg B. Activity and polymorphisms of butyrylcholinesterase in a Polish population. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:70-77. [PMID: 27109752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity assay and inhibitor phenotyping can help to identify individuals at risk of prolonged paralysis following the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents, like succinylcholine, pesticides and nerve agents. In this study, the activity of BChE and its sensitivity to inhibition by dibucaine and fluoride was evaluated in 1200 Polish healthy individuals. In addition, molecular analysis of all exons, exon-intron boundaries and the 3'UTR sequence of the BCHE gene was performed in a group of 72 subjects with abnormal BChE activity (<2000 U/L and >5745 U/L) or with DN (Dibucaine Number) or FN (Fluoride-Number) values outside the reference range (DN < 78 and FN < lower than wild type). In a studied group, BChE activity range was similar to those observed in other populations. BChE activity screening allowed to detect UA and UF phenotypes in 26 (2.2%) and 15 (1.2%) individuals, respectively. Observed UA or UF phenotypes were confirmed by direct sequencing and heterozygous c.293A > G or c.1253G > T substitutions were identified in all cases. Nine out of 18 (50%) individuals with BChE activity below 2000 U/L had a mutation in 5'UTR (32G/A), intron 2 (c.1518-121T/C) or exon 4 (c.1699G/A; the K variant mutation). Majority of the individuals with BChE activity ≥6000 U/L were wild type. To summarize, the range of BChE activity in a Polish population is similar to those observed in other countries. We conclude that the BChE phenotyping assay is a reliable method for identification of individuals with the UA and UF genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Monika Żuk
- Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Oda E. Associations between serum cholinesterase and incident hyper-LDL cholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypo-HDL cholesterolemia as well as changes in lipid levels in a health screening population. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Oda E. Serum Cholinesterase Is Inversely Associated with Body Weight Change in Men Undergoing Routine Health Screening. Intern Med 2015; 54:2427-32. [PMID: 26424297 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between serum cholinesterase and body weight change, in addition to incident obesity defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m(2) or greater. METHODS A retrospective 5-year follow-up study was conducted. The crude incidence and hazard ratios (HRs) of obesity adjusted for the BMI and other confounders were calculated for cholinesterase quartiles in 1,412 men and 921 women. Partial correlation coefficients (PCCs) were calculated between cholinesterase and changes in the BMI during the 5-year follow-up period adjusted for age and other confounders and the change in the BMI were compared among cholinesterase quartiles in 1,223 men and 681 women. RESULTS During the 5-year follow-up period, 149 men (10.6%) and 65 women (7.1%) developed obesity. The adjusted HRs of obesity decreased, although the crude incidence of obesity increased along the quartiles of cholinesterase in men. The adjusted HRs of obesity for the first (lowest), second and third quartiles of cholinesterase were 2.02 (p=0.006), 1.45 (p=0.122), and 1.28 (p=0.265), respectively compared with the highest quartile in men. The PCC between the baseline level of cholinesterase and change in the BMI was -0.16 (p<0.001) in men. The mean changes in BMI for 5 years were 0.31 kg/m(2), 0.17 kg/m(2), 0.01 kg/m(2) and -0.04 kg/m(2), respectively in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles of cholinesterase in men (p=0.005). Neither incident obesity nor weight gain was significantly associated with cholinesterase in women. CONCLUSION The serum cholinesterase level was inversely associated with body weight change, as well as incident obesity, after adjusted for the BMI in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Oda
- Medical Check-up Center, Tachikawa Medical Center, Japan
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Azevedo FRD, Brito BC. Influence of nutritional variables and obesity on health and metabolism. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2013; 58:714-23. [PMID: 23250102 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302012000600018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a recurring theme in current scientific literature. This can easily be explained by its exponential increase in all layers of society. The popularity of this subject has also given rise to associated questions, which have achieved greater prominence in health-related publications. In order to assess what has been studied in the field of obesity and nutrition, an overview of all articles published on these subjects in some of the main Brazilian scientific journals over the past two years was performed. Among the subthemes selected for this study, those related to childhood obesity attracted attention due to their greater frequency. These were subdivided into: prevalence, intrauterine and breastfeeding influences that may lead to the development of this condition, impact on quality of life, cardiovascular system and metabolism, and possible prevention strategies. Furthermore, issues related to obesity in adults were explored, such as risk factors and new strategies for prevention, with special attention given to the many studies evaluating different aspects of bariatric surgery. Finally, the subject of malnutrition and the impact of the deficiency of specific micronutrients such as selenium, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 were assessed. Based on the results, it was possible to assess the actual importance of obesity and nutrition in health maintenance, and also the several lines of research regarding these issues. Thus, it is essential to create new methods, which must be quick and efficient, to update health professionals involved in the treatment of obesity.
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de Azevedo FR, Cristina Brito B. Influência das variáveis nutricionais e da obesidade sobre a saúde e o metabolismo. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0104-4230(12)70277-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
Like other posttranslational modifications, fatty acid modification of amino acid residues in peptide chains is a critical determinant of their functional properties. A unique feature of ghrelin is the attachment of an acyl moiety at the third serine residue. Ghrelin is a hormone present in the circulation with roles in the release of growth hormone, control of behaviors related to appetite, and diverse cellular functions. Although lipid modification of ghrelin is essential for its binding to the ghrelin receptor, several lines of evidence suggest that deacylated ghrelin has physiological activity or activities similar to and distinct from the activities of the acylated form. Therefore, the understanding of deacylating process of ghrelin in vivo is key to accepting the physiological importance of ghrelin. In this review, we summarize results and methodology relevant to our recent efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms involved in ghrelin processing, including (1) immunological and mass spectrometry-based detection of ghrelin, (2) quantification of ghrelin deacylase activity, and (3) characterization of ghrelin deacylation enzymes isolated from biological fluids and using heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Satou
- Department of Biochemistry, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan
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