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DeBenedictis JN, Baars E, Ochoteco-Asensio J, van Breda SG, de Kok TM. Genetic Variability Impacts Genotoxic and Transcriptome Responses in the Human Colon after the Consumption of Processed Red Meat Products and Those with Added Phytochemical Extracts. Nutrients 2024; 16:425. [PMID: 38337709 PMCID: PMC10857093 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The PHYTOME study investigated the effect of consuming processed meat products on outcomes related to colorectal cancer risk without testing the impact of genetic variability on these responses. This research aims to elucidate the genetic impact on apparent total N-nitroso compound (ATNC) excretion, colonic DNA adduct formation, ex vivo-induced DNA damage, and gene expression changes in colon biopsies of healthy participants. Through a systematic literature review, candidate polymorphisms were selected and then detected using TaqMan and PCR analysis. The effect of genotype on study outcomes was determined via a linear mixed model and analysis of variance. Machine learning was used to evaluate relative allele importance concerning genotoxic responses, which established a ranking of the most protective alleles and a combination of genotypes (gene scores). Participants were grouped by GSTM1 genotype and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and overrepresented biological pathways were compared between groups. Stratifying participants by ten relevant genes revealed significant variations in outcome responses. After consumption of processed red meat, variations in NQO1 and COMT impacted responses in ATNC levels (µmol/L) (+9.56 for wildtype vs. heterozygous) and DNA adduct levels (pg/µg DNA) (+1.26 for variant vs. wildtype and +0.43 for variant vs. heterozygous), respectively. After phytochemicals were added to the meat, GSTM1 variation impacted changes in DNA adduct levels (-6.12 for deletion vs. wildtype). The gene scores correlated with these responses and DEGs were identified by GSTM1 genotype. The altered pathways specific to the GSTM1 wildtype group included 'metabolism', 'cell cycle', 'vitamin D receptor', and 'metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and co-factors'. Genotype impacted both the potential genotoxicity of processed red meat and the efficacy of protective phytochemical extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Simone G. van Breda
- Toxicogenomics Department, GROW School of Oncology & Reproduction, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands (J.O.-A.)
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Zhang X, Akcan E, Correia M, Rameika N, Kundu S, Stoimenov I, Rendo V, Eriksson AU, Haraldsson M, Globisch D, Sjöblom T. Enhanced cytotoxicity of a novel family of ATPase inhibitors in colorectal cancer cells with high NAT2 activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115184. [PMID: 35872325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is a hallmark feature of cancer genomes that reduces allelic variation, thereby creating tumor specific vulnerabilities which could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. We previously reported that loss of drug metabolic arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) activity following LOH at 8p22 could be targeted for collateral lethality anticancer therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we report a novel compound CBK034026C that exhibits specific toxicity towards CRC cells with high NAT2 activity. Connectivity Map analysis revealed that CBK034026C elicited a response pattern related to ATPase inhibitors. Similar to ouabain, a potent inhibitor of the Na+/K+-ATPase, CBK034026C activated the Nf-kB pathway. Further metabolomic profiling revealed downregulation of pathways associated with antioxidant defense and mitochondrial metabolism in CRC cells with high NAT2 activity, thereby weakening the protective response to oxidative stress induced by CBK034026C. The identification of a small molecule targeting metabolic vulnerabilities caused by NAT2 activity provides novel avenues for development of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ece Akcan
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mario Correia
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Natallia Rameika
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Snehangshu Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivaylo Stoimenov
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Veronica Rendo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Anna U Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry, CBCS, KBC-C4, Umeå University, SE-901 87 UMEÅ, Sweden
| | - Martin Haraldsson
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (CBCS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Globisch
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Walia H, Sharma P, Singh N, Sharma S. Predictive role of polymorphic variants of phase II drug metabolising enzyme in modulating toxicity in North Indian lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:322-331. [PMID: 35445643 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2069527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism of drug-metabolizing enzymes such as NQO1, SULT1A1, EPHX1, and NAT2 alters its activity which hampers the detoxification and disposal of chemotherapeutic compounds. Thus, in the present study, we have comprehensively investigated the associations between SNPs of the Phase II detoxifying genes and its relationship towards platinum-induced toxicity of lung cancer patients.A total of 273 samples were enrolled in this study and polymorphisms of gene NQO1 (609C > T), SULT1A1 (Arg213 His), EPHX1 (Tyr113His, His139Arg), and NAT2 (481C > T, 803A > G, 590 G > A, 857 G > A) were evaluated in our study for their associated adverse events caused due to the administration of platinum-based chemotherapy to the lung cancer patients.For NQO1 609C > T polymorphism, the TT genotype showed reduced risk of constipation (OR =0.10, p=0.04) and anorexia (OR =0.15, p=0.03). For SULT1A1 Arg213His, heterozygous genotype (Arg/His) (AOR =0.38, p=0.006) and combined genotype (Arg/His + His/His) were not associated with increased risk of nephrotoxicity (AOR =0.38, p= 0.004). For NAT2, heterozygous (NAT2*4/*6) and combined genotypes (NAT2*4/*4 + *4/*6) for NAT2*6 polymorphism exhibit 2.4 folds (p=0.005), and two-folds (p=0.01) increased risk of hematological toxicity. The heterozygous (AOR =0.45, p=0.004) and variant genotype (AOR =0.39, p=0.02) for NAT2*5C had decreased risk for hematological toxicity. The heterozygous genotype for NAT2*7 polymorphism showed two-fold increased risk for developing thrombocytopenia.This study provides association of NAT2 polymorphic variants in predicting haematological toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Walia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
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Walia HK, Singh N, Sharma S. Association of NAT-2 gene polymorphisms toward lung cancer susceptibility and prognosis in North Indian patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 23:97-118. [PMID: 34911343 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study has been carried out to evaluate the association of the N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) variants in North Indian lung cancer patients and healthy controls. Furthermore, we have also determined the effect of the polymorphic variants of the NAT2 gene on the clinical outcomes and overall survival among lung cancer (LC) subjects treated with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. Methods: This case-control study comprised a total of 550 cases and 550 healthy controls. The genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and the statistical analysis was carried out using MedCalc. Results: There was a lack of any significant association for both 590G>A and 803A>G polymorphisms toward risk for LC, but 857G>A polymorphism exhibited a risk toward LC (p = 0.005). Whereas, variant alleles for the 481C>T polymorphism had a decreased risk for LC (p = 0.0003). Further, 857G>A polymorphism conferred a positive association between genotype and ADCC (p = 0.001) and 481C>T polymorphism had a decreased risk for SQCC (OR = 0.39, p = 0.0006) and SCLC (p = 0.001) subjects. The smokers carrying mutant genotype for the 481C>T polymorphism had a decreased risk toward LC (p < 0.0001) even in light (p = 0.002) as well as heavy smokers (p = 0.001). In case of females, 2.59-fold and 3.66-fold increased risk of LC development was observed in subjects with intermediate and slow acetylator for the 857G>A polymorphism. Whereas, in case of males this polymorphism depicts a reduced risk for LC. On the other hand, 803A>G depicted a 2.82-fold risk of LC in case of female subjects who were slow acetylators. Our study exhibits a significant difference in the overall haplotype distribution between cases and controls. In our study overall, (857G>A, 481C>T, 803A>G) was found to be best model, but was not significant using MDR. Considering the CART results 481C>T polymorphism came out to be the most significant factor in determining the LC risk. For the 803A>G polymorphism, a threefold odds of lymph node invasion were observed for mutant genotype, the recessive model exhibited an odd of 2.8. 590G>A appears to be a potential prognostic factor for OS of SCLC patients after irinotecan therapy as the survival time for such patients was better. Conclusion: These results suggest that NAT2 variant genotype for 590G>A and 803A>G was not found to modulate risk toward LC, but 857G>A polymorphism exhibited a risk toward LC and 481C>T polymorphism had a decreased risk for LC. NAT2 590G>A appears to be a potential prognostic factor for OS of SCLC patients after irinotecan therapy and 481C>T came out to be significant factor using CART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur Walia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Navneet Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
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Zhu K, Xu A, Xia W, Li P, Zhang B, Jiang H, Zhou S, Wang R. Association Between NAT2 Polymorphism and Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:567762. [PMID: 33777732 PMCID: PMC7991837 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.567762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and has a high incidence rate. N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a polymorphic xenobiotic enzyme, which can catalyze N-acetylation and O-acetylation of various carcinogens such as aromatic, heterocyclic amines and hydrazines. At present, many studies have explored the effects of NAT2 polymorphism on lung cancer, but we found inconsistent results. We researched 18 published studies, involving 4,016 patients and 5,469 controls, to more accurately assess the effects of NAT2 polymorphism on lung cancer risk and to investigate whether smoking is associated. We used STATA software to analyze the extracted data and used STATA for subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and to perform publication bias tests. To determine the correlation, we used the crude odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs). Our study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020159737). The odds ratio was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.21–1.95, I² = 45.2%, P=0.104) for the NAT2 slow + intermediate phenotype versus rapid phenotype. The results suggested that people with NAT2 non-rapid (slow + intermediate) phenotype have a significantly increased risk of lung cancer. In addition, NAT2 rapid phenotype was significantly associated with reduced risk of lung cancer, compared with slow phenotype or intermediate phenotype (slow phenotype vs. rapid phenotype: OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.07–2.42, I²= 50%, P= 0.075; intermediate phenotype vs. rapid phenotype: OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.15–1.88, I²= 40.3%, P= 0.137).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Aiqun Xu
- Department of General Medicine, Hefei Second People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Wanli Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pulin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huihui Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sijing Zhou
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Hefei Third Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Hefei Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Al-Mahayri ZN, Patrinos GP, Wattanapokayakit S, Iemwimangsa N, Fukunaga K, Mushiroda T, Chantratita W, Ali BR. Variation in 100 relevant pharmacogenes among emiratis with insights from understudied populations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21310. [PMID: 33277594 PMCID: PMC7718919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations have an established impact on the pharmacological response. Investigating this variation resulted in a compilation of variants in "pharmacogenes". The emergence of next-generation sequencing facilitated large-scale pharmacogenomic studies and exhibited the extensive variability of pharmacogenes. Some rare and population-specific variants proved to be actionable, suggesting the significance of population pharmacogenomic research. A profound gap exists in the knowledge of pharmacogenomic variants enriched in some populations, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The current study aims to explore the landscape of variations in relevant pharmacogenes among healthy Emiratis. Through the resequencing of 100 pharmacogenes for 100 healthy Emiratis, we identified 1243 variants, of which 63% are rare (minor allele frequency ≤ 0.01), and 30% were unique. Filtering the variants according to Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB) annotations identified 27 diplotypes and 26 variants with an evident clinical relevance. Comparison with global data illustrated a significant deviation of allele frequencies in the UAE population. Understudied populations display a distinct allelic architecture and various rare and unique variants. We underscored pharmacogenes with the highest variation frequencies and provided investigators with a list of candidate genes for future studies. Population pharmacogenomic studies are imperative during the pursuit of global pharmacogenomics implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina N Al-Mahayri
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - George P Patrinos
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sukanya Wattanapokayakit
- Division of Genomic Medicine and Innovation Support, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Nareenart Iemwimangsa
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Koya Fukunaga
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taisei Mushiroda
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wasun Chantratita
- Center for Medical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. .,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. .,Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Heath Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Yuliwulandari R, Susilowati RW, Razari I, Viyati K, Umniyati H, Prayuni K. N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphism and acetylation profiles in Buginese ethnics of Indonesia. Ann Hum Genet 2019; 83:465-471. [PMID: 31332782 DOI: 10.1111/ahg.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a key enzyme involved in the phase II metabolism of aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines present in a wide range of xenobiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the NAT2 polymorphism in the Buginese ethnic group of Indonesia to determine the frequency of NAT2 alleles in this population. RESULTS We found six haplotypes consisting of six single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 12 NAT2 genotype variations. NAT2*6A haplotype (42%) showed the highest frequency, followed by NAT2*4 (33%), NAT2*7B (15%), NAT2*5B (5%), NAT2*12A (3%), and NAT2*13 (2%). In terms of phenotypes, the Buginese population comprised 18% rapid acetylators, 40% intermediate acetylators, and 42% slow acetylators. CONCLUSION We confirmed the high-frequency slow acetylator phenotype in the Buginese population. The NAT2*6A/*6A genotype was the most frequent slow acetylator genotype, followed by NAT2*6A/*7B. The pattern of NAT2 alleles of Buginese is similar to Southeast Asian populations but not Northeast Asian populations. However, the slow acetylator frequencies in the Buginese population were higher than those in Northeast Asian populations and lower than those in Caucasians and some American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Yuliwulandari
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia.,Genetic/Genomic Research Center, Yarsi Research Institute, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia.,The Indonesian Pharmacogenomics Working Group, Indonesia
| | - Retno Wilujeng Susilowati
- Genetic/Genomic Research Center, Yarsi Research Institute, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Intan Razari
- Genetic/Genomic Research Center, Yarsi Research Institute, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kencono Viyati
- Genetic/Genomic Research Center, Yarsi Research Institute, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Kinasih Prayuni
- Genetic/Genomic Research Center, Yarsi Research Institute, YARSI University, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia
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Liu C, Cui W, Cong L, Wang L, Ruan X, Jia J, Liu Y, Jia X, Zhang X. Association Between NAT2 Polymorphisms and Lung Cancer Susceptibility. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1947. [PMID: 26656326 PMCID: PMC5008471 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To further investigate the association between NAT2 polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility.In terms of phenotypes, we investigated the acetylator status of NAT2 polymorphisms associated with lung cancer risk. Additionally, in view of genotypes, we mainly analyzed 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NAT2 gene, namely C282T, A803G, C481T, G590A, and G857A. Twenty-six eligible studies were included in our meta-analysis by searching PubMed, Embase, and CNKI databases. We used odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the susceptibility to lung cancer associated with NAT2 polymorphisms.Overall, based on phenotypes, the pooled ORs showed no significant association between NAT2 polymorphisms and lung cancer susceptibility. In the subgroup analyses by ethnicity and source of control, there was still no significant association. In terms of genotypes, overall, no obvious relationship was observed between NAT2 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk. But increased risk of lung cancer was found in association with NAT2 C282T polymorphism (TT vs. CC + TC: OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.11-2.25).Our meta-analysis demonstrates that TT genotype in NAT2 C282T polymorphism may be a risk factor for lung cancer susceptibility. Additionally, the acetylator status of 5 SNPs in NAT2 gene may not be associated with lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- From the Department of Medical Oncology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing, China (CL, LW, XR, JJ, YL, XJ, XZ); Department of General Surgery, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing, China (WC); and Department of Dermatology, The Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing, China (LC)
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Bisso-Machado R, Ramallo V, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Acuña-Alonzo V, Demarchi DA, Sandoval JRS, Granara AAS, Salzano FM, Hünemeier T, Bortolini MC. NAT2 gene diversity and its evolutionary trajectory in the Americas. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 16:559-565. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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