Causas externas entre menores de 15 anos em cidade do Sul do Brasil: atendimentos em pronto-socorro, internações e óbitos

Evolução da mortalidade por causas externas em Diamantina (MG), 2001 a 2012

Resumo Introdução As causas externas estão entre as principais causas de morte no Brasil, afetando, principalmente, jovens e adultos. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo dos óbitos por causas externas em Diamantina, em Minas Gerais, de 2001 a 2012. Foram utilizados dados de óbitos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e dados populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Foram calculados coeficientes trienais de mortalidade padronizados por idade, específicos por sexo, para todos os grupos de causas externas. As tendências foram analisadas por meio de modelos de regressão linear com o programa Stata 13. Resultados As causas externas constituíram a quinta causa de mortes no município, com coeficiente médio de 44,3/100 mil habitantes. Verificou-se maior risco de morte para homens (coeficiente médio=71,5/100 mil). Os acidentes de transporte constituíram a maior causa de óbitos (29,6%), seguidos por outras causas externas (21,5%), pelos homicídios (20,6%) e pelos suicídios (14,6%). A faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos foi a mais afetada, enquanto a faixa de 60 anos ou mais apresentou o maior risco. Verificou-se uma tendência de aumento (p<0,05) na mortalidade geral por causa externas, na mortalidade masculina por acidentes de transporte e na mortalidade feminina por agressões. Conclusão As causas externas constituem um problema crescente de saúde pública em Diamantina, sendo necessária a implementação de medidas que visem ao seu controle e redução.

ACIDENTES DOMICILIARES POR FORÇAS MECÂNICAS INANIMADAS EM CRIANÇAS, ADOLESCENTES E JOVENS

RESUMO Analisar o perfil dos atendimentos de urgência e emergência decorrentes de acidentes domiciliares causados por forças mecânicas inanimadas na população infantojuvenil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com coleta retrospectiva de dados. Foram analisadas fichas de atendimento decorrentes de acidentes domiciliares por forças mecânicas inanimadas em pessoas com idade até 24 anos, atendidas por um serviço público de referência em urgência e emergência, durante o ano de 2013. Foram estudados 526 acidentes. Entre as vítimas prevaleceu o sexo masculino (56,1%) e faixa etária de 1 a 4 anos (47,9%). O acidente de maior frequência foi penetração de corpo entranho em orifício natural, sendo em maior proporção nas crianças de 1 a 4 anos (71,0%). Evidenciou-se grande variedade de acidentes por forças mecânicas inanimadas no ambiente domiciliar e presença de sequelas físicas imediatas em 0,8% das vítimas. Destaca-se a importância da implementação de medidas preventivas, único meio de se reduzir o evento, as lesões e sequelas decorrentes.

Characteristics and current direct costs of hospital admissions due to occupational accidents in the southwest of Bahia from 2005 to 2007

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to identify the profile and cost of admissions for occupational accidents, under the Unified Health System (UHS) in municipalities of the southwest of Bahia, in the period of 2005 to 2007.

METHODS

It was conducted a descriptive study using the records of the Hospital Information System (HIS), from which were extracted data about the sociodemographic, occupational and hospitalization profiles. To express the results, indicators were used as absolute frequencies and proportions, the average stay, Total Cost of Hospitalization (TCH), Hospital Mortality (HM), Average Spenditure (AS) and Cost per Day (CD).

RESULTS

962 admissions were recorded, of which 94.1% were related to path accidents. Among the admitted subjects 65.7% were male, and the most affected age groups were 5 to 14 and 15 to 24 years. There were forearm fractures on 26 cases of typical accidents. 248 cases of intracranial injuries happened during commuting to work, which accounted for 78.2% of traffic accidents and 28.8% of falls. The average stay was of 2.6 days and the deaths occurred in 0.5% of patients discharges. The total cost of the admissions was of R$ 243,125.06, being the AS of R$ 252.73 and CD of R$ 97.44, lower than the external causes. The frequencies of the variables related to the occupation were not verified due to missing values.

CONCLUSION

The data from the HIS Systems were limited for identify the profile of the admitted workers. However, they are important and can be used on occupational health surveillance.

There have been changes in the incidence and epidemiology of pelvic ring fractures in recent decades?

The pelvic ring fractures comprise 2-8% of all skeletal injuries. As the incidence rises to 25% in polytrauma and represents a negative prognostic factor with regard to morbidity and mortality of patients, we sought with this work to establish the profile of these, compared to an alteration in the profile of patients with pelvic ring fractures in recent decades. To this end, we evaluated the epidemiological profile, mechanism of injury and types of fractures. By reviewing the literature indexed in the databases related to the theme, 20 papers were selected that contained the requirements for the study. For the period between January 1987 and December 1999 (first decade), and another period in January 2000 and December 2010 (second decade), data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test. The ratings Tile, Young and Burgess AO were adequate to permit their categorization. The research in each decade was homogeneous. At first the lesions were more prevalent in men with 62.5% with a tendency to reverse this pattern given the increase of women in the second decade (p = 0.286). The average age in the first decade was 39.3 years, an increase in the second (p = 0.068). The most prevalent mechanisms of trauma were related to traffic in both periods as well as fractures classified as type A (p = 0.203 and p = 0.457, respectively), having mortality rates decreased (p = 0.396). We conclude that there was a tendency to increase in the average age of patients (p = 0.068); however the increasing involvement of women (p = 0.286) and decreased mortality (p = 0.396) were not significant.

[Accidents and violence in childhood and adolescence: risk and protective factors]

Singled out by statistics as the third leading cause of mortality in our country, external causes (accidents and violence) entail a great impact with economic, social and emotional rebound. Knowing the factors related to the event is essential, because it allows identifying and breaking the web that determines morbidity and mortality from external causes. The study aims to analyze the existing publications on the factors associated with accidents and violence, in order to provide theoretical support for professionals in their practices. This is a bibliographical study of the Liliacs, Medline and Scielo databanks. The knowledge of the risk and protection factors discussed in the present study enables subsidize the practice of social actors engaged in transforming the conditions that lead to accidents and violence.

Deaths from external causes in Cuiabá, 0 a 24 years: Profile of victims and families according to intentionality

In view of the importance of knowing the circumstances associated with external causes (accidents and violence), this study analyzes the profile of the victims and their families as to the intentionality of the event (intentional or accidental). Cross-sectional study, which population comprise children, adolescents, and young people (age 0 to 24) who lived in Cuiabá, MT, and died from external causes in 2009. The data, processed by the Epi-Info software, were taken from the Declarations of Death and interviews with the families of the victims. The nonparametric chi-square test showed statistically significant differences between accidental and intentional deaths by sex and the type of accident or violence, the occurrence of the previous event external cause, parental education, family type, income, responsible for supporting the house, mother's age and caregiver. Among the victims, male participation (88.7 %) stands out compared to female (11.3 %). 50.0% of the deaths of females were accidental and 50.0% intentional; 68.2% of the deaths of males were intentional, 29.1% accidental and 2.7% from undetermined intent. Among the intentional deaths, 72.5% of the victims had already suffered violence. As the degree of instruction of the parents increases, intentional deaths decrease. The proportion of reconstituted/fragmented families is higher for fatal accidents. Intentional causes increase as family income decreases and the age of the parents increases. The agglomeration of people in the homes is higher for intentional deaths. Analizing the profiles of families and victims as to the intentionality of the event allows directing local prevention and control policies.

[Medical care due to accidental causes in emergency public services--Teresina, Piauí--2009]

Accidents are a major issue in the public health agenda and accidents from external causes represent a current challenge for public policies. The scope of this article is to describe the characteristics of emergency care grouped in the "other accidents" category of the "VIVA" 2009 survey, in the public services of Teresina-Piauí. Data was collected from standard forms entered into Epi Info 3.5.1 and analyzed in Stata 11 (module svy). Characteristics relating to the victims, the occurrence and care were compared according to age group and the type of accident using the Pearson chi-square test. Of the total of 2,061 external cause accidents, 677 (32.9%) were due to "other accidents," of which 202 (29.8%) involved wounds from sharp cutting objects, 172 (25.4%) with objects falling on the person or the person hitting an object, 111 (16.4%) with unknown objects and 70 (10.3%) with accidents involving animals. Accidents in the household with injuries located on the torso leading to hospitalization were greater in patients <20 years (p<0,005). Important differences were identified in the pattern of the occurrence among the types of accidents. The magnitude of these events suggests the need for programs that reduce vulnerability to accidents, linking health promotion and prevention actions.

Pediatric trauma due to motor vehicle accidents on high traffic roadway

OBJECTIVE: To outline a profile of pediatric trauma victims and verify the likelihood of trauma in children on a high traffic roadway. METHODS: A descriptive cohort study of the records of emergency medical service activations on the Rio-Niterói Bridge, a high traffic roadway in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Descriptive statistics were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. The estimated risk of trauma in children aged < 12 years was calculated by means of odds ratios, with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: Trauma accounted for 514 of 1,244 activations (41.31%) of the Rio-Niterói Bridge emergency medical service between March 2002 and March 2003. Response to incidents involving children aged < 12 years accounted for 52 of these (4.18%). Half of victims were between the ages of 6 and 12 years (n = 26), and 55.76% were male (n = 29). Of the 52 victims, 37 (71.15%) were involved in motor vehicle accidents (OR: 3.70; 95%CI: 1.94-7.13; p < 0.0001). Of these, 28 were vehicle-vehicle collisions (75.67%). The most common sites of injury were the extremities (n = 12; 32.43%), face (n = 10; 27.02%), and head (n = 9; 24.32%). Pre-hospital procedures were performed on 23 of the 37 patients (62.16%), and 44.23% (n = 23/52) required hospital transportation. There were no deaths during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, children were at significantly higher odds of being treated for trauma while on a highway with heavy traffic flow. The most common sites of injury in this sample were the lower extremities and the head, face, and neck complex.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of injuries among adolescents attended at an emergency service in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE

Injuries are an important cause of morbidity during adolescence, but can be avoided through learning about some of their characteristics. This study aimed to identify the most frequent injuries among adolescents attended at an emergency service.

DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective descriptive study on adolescents attended at the emergency service of the Teaching Health Center, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), between January 1, 2009, and September 30, 2009.

METHODS

Age, sex, type of injury, site, day and time of occurrence, part of body involved, care received, whether the adolescent was accompanied at the time of injury and whether any type of counseling regarding injury prevention had been given were analyzed.

RESULTS

Among 180 adolescents attended, 106 (58.8%) were boys and 74 (41.1%) were girls. Their ages were: 10 to 12 (66/36.6%), 12 to 14 (60/33.3%) and 14 to 16 years (54/30%). The injuries had occurred in public places (47.7%) and at home (21.1%). The main types were bruises (45.1%) and falls (39.2%), involving upper limbs (46.1%), lower limbs (31%) and head/neck (13.1%). The injuries occurred in the afternoon (44.4%) and morning (30%), on Mondays (17.7%) and Thursdays (16.6%). Radiological examinations were performed on 53.8%. At the time of injury, 76.1% of the adolescents were accompanied. Some type of counseling about injury prevention had been received by 39.4%.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the injuries were of low severity, preventive attitudes need to be incorporated in order to reduce the risks and provide greater safety for adolescents.

[Profile of care delivered to children and adolescents victims of external causes of morbimortality, 2000-2006]

External causes are important factors of infant morbimortality and permanent impairments around the world. This quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study aimed to characterize emergency care for children and adolescents, aged from zero to 19 years old, victims of external causes of morbimortality in a university hospital in the countryside of São Paulo, Brazil, between the years of 2000 and 2006. By the end of the study, researchers found 6302 emergency attendances and most of the reported cases occurred among 15 to 19-year-old males adolescents, between Saturday and Monday, and from 7 to 12 pm. The main diagnoses of external causes were transport accidents, followed by assault. As a conclusion, it was found that the nurses' role in caring for patients who are recovering from accidents, violence and aggression is of fundamental importance for the families and community. It is essential in order to contribute to the planning and development of preventive and assisting actions.

Causas de hospitalização no SUS de crianças de zero a quatro anos no Brasil

INTRODUÇÃO: Estudar as causas de hospitalização de crianças auxilia na compreensão do perfil de adoecimento e na elaboração de planos de atenção à saúde para prevenir o agravamento das doenças e evitar as internações hospitalares. OBJETIVO: Identificar nos dados oficiais causas de hospitalização em crianças de zero a quatro anos, para compreender quais doenças as têm levado à hospitalização no Brasil. MÉTODO: Pesquisa de abordagem quantitativa, descritiva, exploratória e inferencial, cujos dados foram colhidos do site do DATASUS, no período compreendido entre os anos de 1998 a 2007. Os dados foram transcritos em tabelas, organizados de forma quantitativa, analisados em estatística descritiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: Indicam uma distribuição heterogênea da morbidade entre as regiões do país, prevalecendo como primeira causa de internação hospitalar em crianças de zero a quatro anos as doenças do aparelho respiratório, seguidas das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias. CONCLUSÃO: Esses dados permitem refletir sobre a maneira em que os serviços de saúde podem se organizar para implementar a integralidade na atenção à saúde para esse grupo etário, com foco na atenção primária, com prioridade na prevenção dos agravos respiratórios e das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, pois esses dois agrupamentos são considerados parte das doenças cujo acometimento se dá por causas sensíveis à atenção ambulatorial e podem ser evitados e/ou minimizados pelas ações de atenção básica.

Atendimentos de emergência por acidentes na Rede de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes: Brasil, 2006

Em 2006, o Ministério da Saúde implantou a Rede de Serviços Sentinelas de Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes (Rede VIVA) a fim de descrever os atendimentos de emergência por violências e acidentes, principalmente as lesões de menor gravidade que não implicam mortes ou internações. Neste artigo, descrevem-se as características dos atendimentos de emergência por acidentes realizados nesses serviços. Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, realizado em 35 municípios com os maiores coeficientes de morbimortalidade por causas externas. Os dados foram coletados durante trinta dias consecutivos em plantões alternados de doze horas. Registraram-se 41.677 atendimentos por acidentes, com predomínio de homens (64,8%), pessoas de 20 a 29 anos de idade (22,9%) e com baixa escolaridade (56,8%). As quedas (40,2%) foram a principal causa, seguidas dos acidentes de transporte (26,6%). Os locais de ocorrência mais frequentes foram via pública (36,2%) e residência (33,7%). As partes do corpo mais atingidas foram membros superiores (38,1%), membros inferiores (37,6%) e cabeça/face (25,7%). A vigilância sentinela de violências e acidentes permite coletar dados em tempo hábil sobre eventos menos graves, cujo conhecimento é fundamental para o planejamento de medidas preventivas.

[Suicidal attempts and obits in the district of Independência, Ceará State, Brazil]

The objective of this work was to analyze the occurrence of suicidal attempts and deaths that happened in the district of Independência, Ceará State, Brazil, in 2005. A case study was carried out, including attempts and deaths by suicide. A data gathering source was composed out of the SIS (Mortality Information System) and of the SIH (Hospital Admittance System), regarding the year 2005, besides documentary research on district hospital records. Out of six recorded obits, two happened in the age group of 10 to 19, three from 20 to 29, and one from 30 to 59. One half of the suicide victims were male, and the prevailing method was hanging. Considering the attempts, most of them concentrated in the age group of 10 to 19, prevailing females (seven cases). The main signs and symptoms presented by victims, before exerting suicidal attempt were: sadness, loss of sleep, anorexia, nervousness, will to cry, and aggressiveness; there also was some kind of affective relationship among those persons. It was concluded that the events recorded in the district of Independência must be analyzed as a social fact, highlighting the small time interval between the deaths and attempts and, the existence of relational links among the victims.

[Accidents with foreign bodies in children under 15 years of age: epidemiological analysis of first aid services, hospitalizations, and deaths]

This study aims to analyze accidents involving foreign bodies among children less than 15 years of age residing in Londrina, Paraná State, Brazil, in terms of first aid, hospitalization, and death (2001). Data were obtained from general hospital records and the Municipal Mortality Database. A total of 434 accidents were analyzed, with a 3.7% hospitalization rate and 0.7% mortality. Boys predominated (53.7%), and the incidence rate was highest among children one to three years of age (7.2 per 1,000 children). Foreign body penetration in natural orifices (eyes, nostrils, and ears) accounted for 94%, inhalation/ingestion of food 2.8%, inhalation/ingestion of objects 2.5%, and aspiration of gastric contents 0.7%, and these causes accounted for all the deaths. The results contribute to epidemiological knowledge on such accidents and indicate the need to restructure health services in order to decentralize care for less complex injuries, besides emphasizing the need for preventive measures.

Os custos da violência para o sistema público de saúde no Brasil: informações disponíveis e possibilidades de estimação

O orçamento público em saúde era da ordem de 53 bilhões de Reais em 2003. Dentro desse orçamento, qual é a parcela referente ao tratamento de vítimas da violência? Devido às limitações dos dados disponíveis não é possível calcular diretamente essa parcela. Neste artigo propomos uma metodologia para estimar o custo da violência para o sistema público de saúde que utiliza informações do Sistema Único de Saúde, dos orçamentos estaduais e municipais e estimativas sobre a demanda por atendimento ambulatorial da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. Segundo nossos resultados, em 2004 o tratamento de vítimas de causas externas, de agressões e de acidentes de transporte teria custado ao setor público R$ 2,2 bilhões, R$ 119 milhões e R$ 453 milhões, respectivamente. Esses valores são cerca de quatro vezes maiores que aqueles verificados em trabalhos que computaram apenas os custos com internações.

Caracterização das vítimas de acidentes e violências atendidas em serviço de emergência: Município de Alta Floresta, MT (Brasil)

INTRODUÇÃO: Em Alta Floresta - MT, embora os acidentes e violências sejam responsáveis por importante parcela da morbidade hospitalar e da mortalidade, principalmente entre a população jovem, não se conhecia o que tais agravos representam, em termos de morbidade ambulatorial. OBJETIVO: Apresentar a caracterização das vítimas de violências e acidentes em serviço de emergência no município de Alta Floresta - MT. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo dos registros de todos os atendimentos de emergência ocorridos em três meses de 2006, por meio de ficha de notificação específica para acidentes e violências. RESULTADOS: Dos 7.394 atendimentos no período, 583 (7,9%) foram prestados às vítimas de acidentes e violências, a maioria do sexo masculino, com idade entre 20 e 39 anos, branca, e com escolaridade inferior a 8 anos. Dentre as ocorrências, predominaram os acidentes: foram 239 (41,0%) acidentes de transportes, destacando-se os de motocicleta; 153 quedas (26,2%) e 167 (28,7%) outros acidentes. Dentre os registros de violências, 16 (2,7%) foram agressões e 8 (1,4%) tentativas de suicídio. A suspeita de uso de álcool, entre maiores de 18 anos, foi registrada em 12,0% das vítimas de acidentes e violências. No entanto, entre as vítimas de agressões este percentual foi muito mais elevado (91,7%). Observou-se também importante relação dos acidentes com a categoria trabalho. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento adequado das características das vítimas dos acidentes e violências é imprescindível para o processo de deflagração de medidas efetivas que visem reduzir tais agravos.

Características da morbidade por causas externas em serviço de urgência

OBJETIVO: Causas externas de morbi-mortalidade são problemas relevantes de saúde pública. Dados referentes à morbidade são pouco conhecidos. Muito se perde por ausência de informações dos serviços de urgência/emergência. O objetivo deste trabalho é conhecer a situação da morbidade por causas externas em um serviço de pronto-atendimento em cidade de médio porte do sul de Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se estudo transversal e descritivo no ano de 2003, sobre 380 pacientes vitimados por causas externas encaminhados a um serviço de atendimento a urgências de Pouso Alegre, MG. RESULTADOS: Os grupamentos mais atendidos foram: outras causas externas de traumatismos acidentais (73,1%), destacando-se contato com objeto cortante, quedas e mordedura/golpe provocado por cães; acidentes de transportes, que corresponderam a 13,7% das vítimas; e agressões, 10,8%. A prevalência em homens foi maior do que em mulheres. A maioria das vítimas tinha menos de 40 anos. O local de ocorrência mais comum foram residências, nos fins de semana, entre 12:00 e 17:59 h. Os tipos mais comuns de lesão foram ferimentos. Os traumatismos apresentaram localizações mais freqüentes nos membros superiores. CONCLUSÕES: Estes achados sugerem a existência de uma realidade, em causas externas, pouco conhecida e trabalhada pela saúde pública. A implantação de políticas de saúde e sistemas específicos de informação é alternativa para se enfrentar e conhecer melhor este problema.

Uso de drogas de abuso e evento sentinela: construindo uma proposta para avaliação de políticas públicas

O presente trabalho objetivou operacionalizar o procedimento de vigilância epidemiológica de evento sentinela a partir da internação de jovens com diagnóstico de intoxicação aguda ou efeitos secundários decorrentes do uso de drogas de abuso. O estudo, do tipo retrospectivo, exploratório descritivo, foi desenvolvido no município de Maringá - PR, com jovens internados e cadastrados no Centro de Controle de Intoxicações, nos meses de fevereiro a julho de 2006. As fontes de dados foram a ficha de ocorrência toxicológica, o prontuários hospitalar de pacientes e um roteiro para entrevista domiciliar. A análise foi feita por meio de estudo de casos múltiplos, utilizando o modelo de investigação de eventos sentinela. Foram investigados 10 casos. Fatores de risco em várias áreas e a interface entre políticas de educação, segurança pública, assistência social, economia e saúde, inadequadas e deficientes, parecem determinar a ocorrência do uso de drogas de abuso nos casos investigados.

[Violence and health: recent scientific studies]

An outline and critical analysis of scientific studies on Violence and Health is presented. On the basis of a non-exhaustive review, the construction of violence as a national and international field of knowledge and intervention is broached. Outbreaks of violence are shown to occupy a broad domain of social life that reaches practically everyone, in situations of both war and supposed peace. The unity of violence as an ethical-political question is highlighted and its extreme diversity as concrete situations for study and intervention is demonstrated. Through situating violence as related to collective, interpersonal and self-reported individual dimensions, and taking it to be intentional acts of physical force or power, resulting in physical, sexual or psychological abuse, and in negligence or deprivation, the studies examined mostly demonstrate a concern to respond to the widespread sense that violence is invisible, naturalized and inevitable. In order to do it, the studies show the high magnitude of violence, and the possibilities for controlling violence and attending to the multiplicity of harm to health. The initial approaches flow from a theoretical-methodological point of view related to social inequalities, family maladjustment, gender inequalities and, less frequently, race or ethnic inequalities. These imply reconstruction of the classical concepts of family, generation and social class. In conclusion, this problem is considered to be interdisciplinary and, returning to the notion of social-medical matters within Social Medicine, updating of this notion is recommended for topics that are as complex and sensitive as violence.