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Özmen P, Erdoğan H, Güngördü A, Pişkin B, Çobankara FK, Sütcü S, Şahin N. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of different disinfectants on the biofilm formation in dental unit water systems using dip slide and conventional methods: A pilot study. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:1241-1249. [PMID: 38328888 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biofilm formation in dental waterlines brings opportunistic infections, especially for immunosuppressive patients. This study aimed to determine biofilm-forming microorganisms by various methods and investigate disinfectants' effects on biofilm. MATERIALS & METHODS In the study, samples were obtained from the waterlines of 10-15 aged six dental units, before (0 min.) and after chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) treatment (1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min.), and total colony counts were performed using conventional surface smear method (SSM) and dip slide method (DSM). The Congo red agar and Christensen methods were used to examine the biofilm-forming properties of the isolates. Monitoring of biofilm presence was also visualized by SEM scanning. RESULTS When DSM and SSM are compared in all units where ClO2 and HOCl are applied, DSM can detect bacterial growth even during periods of greater exposure to disinfectant application. Although DSM can achieve a value approaching 3% even at the 10th minute in units treated with HOCl; SSM does not show reproduction at the same disinfectant exposure and duration; It was observed that in the units where ClO2 was applied, the growth was no longer observed at the 10th minute with DSM, and SSM, 50% growth in the first minute of the units treated with ClO2 could not be detected in the 5th minute. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that it can be advisable to routinely disinfect the dental unit water systems with non-toxic doses of ClO2 application before patient treatments in clinics and also to perform contamination controls at regular intervals with DSM, which is a sensitive and very practical method. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS It has been observed that the dip slide method can count bacteria more sensitively than conventional methods in dental water systems without the need for experienced personnel and equipment. The difference between biofilm formation in water systems before and after disinfectant exposure in SEM examinations is remarkable. The effects of ClO2 and HOCl on biofilm were investigated and bacterial growth was inhibited in dental units between 5 and 10 minutes with both disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Özmen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Nevşehir Hacı Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Hilal Erdoğan
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University, Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Aslıhan Güngördü
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Bülent Pişkin
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cappadocia University, Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Funda Kont Çobankara
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Serdar Sütcü
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cappadocia University, Nevsehir, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Şahin
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cappadocia University, Nevsehir, Turkey
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Chen P, Zeng J, Hong F, Li C, Wang H, Yu X. The importance of biofilm contamination control for dental unit waterlines: a multicenter assessment of the microbiota diversity of biofilm in dental unit waterlines. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 16:2299496. [PMID: 38174123 PMCID: PMC10763872 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2299496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The biofilm formation in Dental Unit Waterlines (DUWLs) could become an important cause of infection during dental care, which could put immunocompromised individuals at risk of cross-infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbial communities of biofilms among DUWLs using high-throughput sequencing technology. Methods Twenty-nine biofilm samples were obtained from 24 dental chair units at 5 hospitals and 2 dental clinics. The genomic DNA of the samples was extracted, then 16S rDNA and ITS2 gene were amplified and sequenced. Alpha-diversity and Beta-diversity were calculated with QIIME2 and the Kruskal - Wallis H-test was adopted for statistical analysis. Results Microbial communities with a high diversity of bacteria (377 genera) and fungi (83 genera) were detected in the biofilm samples. The dominant phylum of bacteria was Proteobacteria (93.27%) and that of fungi was Basidiomycota (68.15%). Potential human pathogens were detected including 7 genera of bacteria (Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Hafnia-Obesumbacterium, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Ralstonia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella) and 6 genera of fungi (Malassezia, Candida, Alternaria, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, Rhinocladiella). Conclusions This multicenter assessment revealed the infectious risk during dental care. It emphasized the importance of biofilm control due to biofilm accumulation and multiple kinds of opportunistic pathogens in DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piaopiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiruo Hong
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ZhejiangChina
| | - Cong Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ZhejiangChina
| | - Huimin Wang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang, University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, ZhejiangChina
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Biomimetic Nanopillar Silicon Surfaces Rupture Fungal Spores. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021298. [PMID: 36674814 PMCID: PMC9864238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechano-bactericidal action of nanostructured surfaces is well-documented; however, synthetic nanostructured surfaces have not yet been explored for their antifungal properties toward filamentous fungal species. In this study, we developed a biomimetic nanostructured surface inspired by dragonfly wings. A high-aspect-ratio nanopillar topography was created on silicon (nano-Si) surfaces using inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP RIE). To mimic the superhydrophobic nature of insect wings, the nano-Si was further functionalised with trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane (PFTS). The viability of Aspergillus brasiliensis spores, in contact with either hydrophobic or hydrophilic nano-Si surfaces, was determined using a combination of standard microbiological assays, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). Results indicated the breakdown of the fungal spore membrane upon contact with the hydrophilic nano-Si surfaces. By contrast, hydrophobised nano-Si surfaces prevented the initial attachment of the fungal conidia. Hydrophilic nano-Si surfaces exhibited both antifungal and fungicidal properties toward attached A. brasisiensis spores via a 4-fold reduction of attached spores and approximately 9-fold reduction of viable conidia from initial solution after 24 h compared to their planar Si counterparts. Thus, we reveal, for the first time, the physical rupturing of attaching fungal spores by biomimetic hydrophilic nanostructured surfaces.
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Tang F, Wen X, Zhang X, Qi S, Tang X, Huang J, Zhu C, Shang G, Xu Y, Cai J, Wang R. Ultrafine particles exposure is associated with specific operative procedures in a multi-chair dental clinic. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11127. [PMID: 36276750 PMCID: PMC9574865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Air quality in dental clinics is critical, especially in light of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, given that dental professionals and patients are at risk of regular exposure to aerosols and bioaerosols in dental clinics. High levels of ultrafine particles (UFP) may be produced by dental procedures. This study aimed to quantify ultrafine particles (UFP) concentrations in a real multi-chair dental clinic and compare the levels of UFP produced by different dental procedures. The efficiency of a high-volume evacuator (HVE) in reducing the UFP concentrations during dental procedures was also assessed. UFP concentrations were measured both inside and outside of a dental clinic in Shanghai, China during a 12-day period from July to September 2020. Dental activities were recorded during working hours. The mean (±standard deviation) concentrations of indoor and outdoor UFP during the sampling period were 8,209 (±4,407) counts/cm3 and 15,984 (±7,977) counts/cm3, respectively. The indoor UFP concentration was much higher during working hours (10,057 ± 5,725 counts/cm3) than during non-working hours (7,163 ± 2,972 counts/cm3). The UFP concentrations increased significantly during laser periodontal treatment, root canal filling, tooth drilling, and grinding, and were slightly elevated during ultrasonic scaling or tooth extraction by piezo-surgery. The highest UFP concentration (241,136 counts/cm3) was observed during laser periodontal treatment, followed by root canal filling (75,034 counts/cm3), which showed the second highest level. The use of an HVE resulted in lower number concentration of UFP when drilling and grinding teeth with high-speed handpieces, but did not significantly reduce UFP measured during laser periodontal therapy. we found that many dental procedures can generate high concentration of UFP in dental clinics, which may have a great health impact on the dental workers. The use of an HVE may help reduce the exposure to UFP during the use of high-speed handpieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Clinical Medical College of Shanghai Tenth Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xueyun Wen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China,Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jieying Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guangwei Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China,Corresponding author.
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Clinical Medical College of Shanghai Tenth Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China,Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China,Corresponding author.
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In Situ Measurement of Airborne Particle Concentration in a Real Dental Office: Implications for Disease Transmission. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18178955. [PMID: 34501544 PMCID: PMC8431666 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols generated during dental procedures are one of the most significant routes for infection transmission and are particularly relevant now in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an indoor air purifier on dental aerosol dispersion in dental offices. The spread and removal of aerosol particles generated from a specific dental operation in a dental office are quantified for a single dental activity in the area near the generation and corner of the office. The effects of the air purifier, door condition, and particle sizes on the spread and removal of particles were investigated. The results show that, in the worst-case scenario, it takes 95 min for 0.5-μm particles to settle and that it takes a shorter time for the larger particles. The air purifier expedited the removal time at least 6.3 times faster than the case with no air purifier in the generation zone. Our results also indicate that particles may be transported from the source to the rest of the room even when the particle concentrations in the generation zone dropped back to the background. Therefore, it is inaccurate to conclude that indoor purifiers help reduce the transmission of COVID-19. Dental offices still need other methods to reduce the transmission of viruses.
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Fan C, Gu H, Liu L, Zhu H, Yan J, Huo Y. Distinct Microbial Community of Accumulated Biofilm in Dental Unit Waterlines of Different Specialties. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670211. [PMID: 34222041 PMCID: PMC8248794 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) is a serious problem and directly affects the dental care. This study aims to explore the microbial community of biofilm in DUWL from different specialties and investigate the associated factors. A total of 36 biofilm samples from 18 DUWL of six specialties (i.e., prosthodontics, orthodontics, pediatrics, endodontics, oral surgery, and periodontics) at two time points (i.e., before and after daily dental practice) were collected with a novel method. Genomic DNA of samples was extracted, and then 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (V3–V4 regions) and ITS2 gene were amplified and sequenced. Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank test were adopted for statistical analysis. Microbial community with high diversity of bacteria (631 genera), fungi (193 genera), and viridiplantae was detected in the biofilm samples. Proteobacteria was the dominant bacteria (representing over 65.74–95.98% of the total sequences), and the dominant fungi was Ascomycota (93.9–99.3%). Microorganisms belonging to multiple genera involved in human diseases were detected including 25 genera of bacteria and eight genera of fungi, with relative abundance of six genera over 1% (i.e., Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Aspergillus, Candida, and Penicillium). The biofilm microbiome may be influenced by the characteristics of dental specialty and routine work to some extent. The age of dental chair unit and overall number of patients had the strongest impact on the overall bacteria composition, and the effect of daily dental practices (associated with number of patients and dental specialty) on the fungi composition was the greatest. For the first time, biofilm in DUWL related to dental specialty was comprehensively evaluated, with more abundance of bacterial and fungal communities than in water samples. Biofilm accumulation with daily work and multiple kinds of opportunistic pathogen emphasized the infectious risk with dental care and the importance of biofilm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Fan
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijing Gu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Liu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiwei Zhu
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Yan
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbiao Huo
- Zhujiang New Town Clinic, Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Arroyo MG, Frota OP, Peresi JTM, Brizzotti-Mazuchi NS, Ferreira AM, Rigotti MA, de Sousa AFL, de Andrade D, Castilho EM, de Almeida MTG. Wide diversity of fungal species found in wellwater for human consumption: an analytical cross-sectional study. SAO PAULO MED J 2019; 137:512-516. [PMID: 32159637 PMCID: PMC9754279 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2019.0313160919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment. They are able to grow in water and many of them may be opportunistic pathogens. OBJECTIVE The aims were to identify fungi in registered wells (RWs) and nonregistered wells (NRWs) that tap into groundwater; and to correlate the results from physicochemical assays on this water (free residual chlorine and pH) with the presence of fungi. DATA AND SETTING Analytical cross-sectional quantitative study on groundwater wells in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS 52 samples of 500 ml of water were collected from RWs and 107 from NRWs. These were sent to a microbiology laboratory to identify any fungi that were present. In addition, free residual chlorine and pH were measured immediately after sample collection. Several statistical analysis tests were used. RESULTS Fungal contamination was present in 78.8% of the samples from RWs and 81.3% from NRWs. Filamentous fungi were more prevalent than yeast in both types of wells. There was no significant difference in presence of fungi according to whether chloride and pH were within recommended levels in RWs; or according to whether pH was within recommended levels in NRWs. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the levels of fungal contamination between RWs and NRWs. CONCLUSION Both RWs and NRWs are potential reservoirs for many types of fungi. Many of these may become opportunistic pathogens if they infect immunosuppressed individuals. Furthermore, this study confirms that fungi are able to grow even when chlorine and pH parameters are within the standards recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máira Gazzola Arroyo
- MSc. Microbiologist, Postgraduate Program on Microbiology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil.
| | - Oleci Pereira Frota
- RN, PhD. Adjunct Research Professor, Postgraduate Program on Nursing, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande (MS), Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Tanury Macruz Peresi
- MSc. Pharmacist and Scientific Researcher, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Regional Laboratory of São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil.
| | - Natalia Seron Brizzotti-Mazuchi
- MSc. Biologist, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil.
| | - Adriano Menis Ferreira
- RN, PhD. Associate Professor, Postgraduate Programs on Nursing and Medicine, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Três Lagoas (MS), Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Alessandro Rigotti
- RN, PhD. Professor, Undergraduate Nursing Course, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Três Lagoas (MS), Brazil.
| | - Alvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa
- RN. Doctoral Student, Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (EERP-USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil; and Doctoral Student, Institute of Hygiene and Medicine Tropical, New University of Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Denise de Andrade
- RN, PhD. Associate Professor, Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (EERP-USP), Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil.
| | - Elza Maria Castilho
- PhD. Biologist and Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil.
| | - Margarete Teresa Gottardo de Almeida
- PhD. Microbiologist and Assistant Professor, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto (SP), Brazil.
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Opportunistic Water-Borne Human Pathogenic Filamentous Fungi Unreported from Food. Microorganisms 2018; 6:microorganisms6030079. [PMID: 30081519 PMCID: PMC6164083 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clean drinking water and sanitation are fundamental human rights recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly and the Human Rights Council in 2010 (Resolution 64/292). In modern societies, water is not related only to drinking, it is also widely used for personal and home hygiene, and leisure. Ongoing human population and subsequent environmental stressors challenge the current standards on safe drinking and recreational water, requiring regular updating. Also, a changing Earth and its increasingly frequent extreme weather events and climatic changes underpin the necessity to adjust regulation to a risk-based approach. Although fungi were never introduced to water quality regulations, the incidence of fungal infections worldwide is growing, and changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns are taking place. The presence of fungi in different types of water has been thoroughly investigated during the past 30 years only in Europe, and more than 400 different species were reported from ground-, surface-, and tap-water. The most frequently reported fungi, however, were not waterborne, but are frequently related to soil, air, and food. This review focuses on waterborne filamentous fungi, unreported from food, that offer a pathogenic potential.
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Mazari W, Boucherit-Otmani Z, El Haci IA, Ilahi A, Boucherit K. Risk assessment for the spread of Candida sp. in dental chair unit waterlines using molecular techniques. Int Dent J 2018; 68:386-392. [PMID: 29729017 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of yeasts in dental chair unit waterlines (DCUWLs) and to test their ability to form biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen dental waterlines were analysed by culture in liquid Sabouraud in order to allow the quantification and the purification of isolated yeasts from their internal surfaces. All isolates were identified by standard laboratory procedures, including CHROMagar Candida medium for orientation, commercial yeast identification system Api Candida, MALDI-TOF MS and DNA sequencing. To evaluate their kinetics of antifungal susceptibility during different phases of biofilm formation, these yeasts were subjected to three antifungal agents. RESULTS From the 18 DCUWLs studied, 10 were altered (55.56%). Eleven strains of Candida sp. [Candida albicans (2), Candida guilliermondii (5) and Candida glabrata (4)] and two species of non-Candida; Rhodotorula spp. (1) and Trichosporon spp. (2) were identified. The majority of yeasts in planktonic form were susceptible to amphotericin B, caspofungin and voriconazole, except C. albicans was resistant to voriconazole. In the biofilm form, caspofungin was the most effective antifungal agent for all isolated strains. For the other antifungal agents, sessile cells were resistant. CONCLUSION Several types of yeasts were identified; the most frequently isolated genus was Candida. The majority of these yeasts had the ability to form biofilms and resisted antifungal agents used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissame Mazari
- Laboratoire Antibiotiques Antifongiques: Physico-Chimique, Synthèse et Activité Biologique, Département de Biologie, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algérie.,Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Zahia Boucherit-Otmani
- Laboratoire Antibiotiques Antifongiques: Physico-Chimique, Synthèse et Activité Biologique, Département de Biologie, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algérie
| | - Imad Abdelhamid El Haci
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, CRAPC, Tipaza, Algérie
| | - Amine Ilahi
- Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale, Hôpital de la Timone, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Kebir Boucherit
- Centre Universitaire Elhadj Bouchaïb, Ain Témouchent, Algérie
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Kadaifciler DG, Demirel R. Fungal contaminants in man-made water systems connected to municipal water. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2018; 16:244-252. [PMID: 29676760 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water-related fungi are known to cause taste and odor problems, as well as negative health effects, and can lead to water-pipeline clogging. There is no legal regulation on the occurrence of fungi in water environments. However, much research has been performed, but further studies are needed. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the fungal load and the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi in man-made water systems (for homes, hospitals, and shopping centers) connected to municipal water in Istanbul, Turkey. The mean fungal concentrations found in the different water samples were 98 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL in shopping centers, 51 CFU/100 mL in hospitals, and 23 CFU/100 mL in homes. The dominant fungal species were identified as Aureobasidium pullulans and Fusarium oxysporum. Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and ochratoxigenic Aspergillus westerdijkiae were only detected in the hospital water samples. Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Cladosporium cladosporioides were also detected in the samples. The study reveals that the municipal water supplies, available for different purposes, could thus contain mycotoxigenic fungi. It was concluded that current disinfection procedures may be insufficient, and the presence of the above-mentioned fungi is important for people with suppressed immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Göksay Kadaifciler
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Istanbul University, 34314 Vezneciler, Istanbul, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Rasime Demirel
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Anadolu University, 26470 Tepebaşı, Eskişehir, Turkey
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Costa D, Bossard V, Brunet K, Fradin B, Imbert C. Planktonic free-living amoebae susceptibility to dental unit waterlines disinfectants. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:4082732. [PMID: 28911034 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high diversity of microorganisms is encountered inside dental unit waterlines (DUWL). Among those the presence of free-living amoebae (FLA) appears currently underestimated, although human infections may occur due to contact with FLA-contaminated water during dental cares. In order to limit microbial DUWL contamination, disinfectants are provided by dental unit manufacturer, however, with limited documentation on their activities against FLA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of three commercial DUWL disinfectants: the Calbenium© (Airel, Champigny-sur-Marne, France), the Oxygenal 6© (Kavo, Biberach, Germany) and the Sterispray© (Gammasonic, Billom, France), against two FLA species, i.e. Acanthamoeba castellanii and Vermamoeba vermiformis alone or co-cultured with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans at concentrations ranging from 0% to 5% (v/v). Results showed varied efficacies of disinfectants: the Oxygenal 6© did not exhibit FLA killing activity, while the Sterispray© and the Calbenium© displayed concentration- and species-dependent activities with a maximum eradication rates of 100% and 86%, and 79% and 97% for A. castellani and V. vermiformis, respectively. None of the disinfectants were able to totally eradicate FLA at concentrations recommended by manufacturers. Present results highlight unsatisfactory anti-FLA activities of 3 DUWL disinfectant preparations advocating deeper investigation of antimicrobial spectra of commercial disinfectants in use for DUWL maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Costa
- UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratory of Ecology and Biology of Interactions, Faculty of Medecine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Bat D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Valentin Bossard
- UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratory of Ecology and Biology of Interactions, Faculty of Medecine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Bat D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Kévin Brunet
- UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratory of Ecology and Biology of Interactions, Faculty of Medecine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Bat D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Benjamin Fradin
- UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratory of Ecology and Biology of Interactions, Faculty of Medecine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Bat D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratory of Ecology and Biology of Interactions, Faculty of Medecine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, Bat D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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12
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Yoon HY, Lee SY. Establishing a laboratory model of dental unit waterlines bacterial biofilms using a CDC biofilm reactor. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:917-926. [PMID: 29160100 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1391950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a laboratory model to reproduce dental unit waterline (DUWL) biofilms was developed using a CDC biofilm reactor (CBR). Bacteria obtained from DUWLs were filtered and cultured in Reasoner's 2A (R2A) for 10 days, and were subsequently stored at -70°C. This stock was cultivated on R2A in batch mode. After culturing for five days, the bacteria were inoculated into the CBR. Biofilms were grown on polyurethane tubing for four days. Biofilm accumulation and thickness was 1.3 × 105 CFU cm-2 and 10-14 μm respectively, after four days. Bacteria in the biofilms included cocci and rods of short and medium lengths. In addition, 38 bacterial genera were detected in biofilms. In this study, the suitability and reproducibility of the CBR model for DUWL biofilm formation were demonstrated. The model provides a foundation for the development of bacterial control methods for DUWLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Yoon
- a Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Korea
| | - Si Young Lee
- a Department of Oral Microbiology, College of Dentistry, Research Institute of Oral Science , Gangneung-Wonju National University , Gangneung , Korea
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13
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Risk of Fungal Infection to Dental Patients. ScientificWorldJournal 2017; 2017:2982478. [PMID: 28695189 PMCID: PMC5488164 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2982478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi can cause various diseases, and some pathogenic fungi have been detected in the water of dental equipment. This environment offers suitable conditions for fungal biofilms to emerge, which can facilitate mycological contamination. This study verified whether the water employed in the dental units of two dental clinics at the University of Franca was contaminated with fungi. This study also evaluated the ability of the detected fungi to form biofilms. The high-revving engine contained the largest average amount of fungi, 14.93 ± 18.18 CFU/mL. The main fungal species verified in this equipment belonged to the genera Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Candida spp., and Rhodotorula spp. Among the isolated filamentous fungi, only one fungus of the genus Fusarium spp. did not form biofilms. As for yeasts, all the Candida spp. isolates grew as biofilm, but none of the Rhodotorula spp. isolates demonstrated this ability. Given that professionals and patients are often exposed to water and aerosols generated by the dental procedure, the several fungal species detected herein represent a potential risk especially to immunocompromised patients undergoing dental treatment. Therefore, frequent microbiological monitoring of the water employed in dental equipment is crucial to reduce the presence of contaminants.
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14
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Fungal Contaminants in Drinking Water Regulation? A Tale of Ecology, Exposure, Purification and Clinical Relevance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMCID: PMC5486322 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbiological drinking water safety is traditionally monitored mainly by bacterial parameters that indicate faecal contamination. These parameters correlate with gastro-intestinal illness, despite the fact that viral agents, resulting from faecal contamination, are usually the cause. This leaves behind microbes that can cause illness other than gastro-intestinal and several emerging pathogens, disregarding non-endemic microbial contaminants and those with recent pathogenic activity reported. This white paper focuses on one group of contaminants known to cause allergies, opportunistic infections and intoxications: Fungi. It presents a review on their occurrence, ecology and physiology. Additionally, factors contributing to their presence in water distribution systems, as well as their effect on water quality are discussed. Presence of opportunistic and pathogenic fungi in drinking water can pose a health risk to consumers due to daily contact with water, via several exposure points, such as drinking and showering. The clinical relevance and influence on human health of the most common fungal contaminants in drinking water is discussed. Our goal with this paper is to place fungal contaminants on the roadmap of evidence based and emerging threats for drinking water quality safety regulations.
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Noman EA, Al-Gheethi AA, Rahman NNNA, Nagao H, Ab Kadir MO. Assessment of relevant fungal species in clinical solid wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:19806-19824. [PMID: 27417327 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the fungal diversity in clinical waste samples from a healthcare facility in Penang Malaysia. Different fungi species were detected in 83.75 % of the 92 clinical waste samples that were screened from different sections of the healthcare facility. One hundred fifty fungal isolates comprising of 8 genera and 36 species were obtained. They were purified by using single spore isolation technique. Subsequently, the isolates were identified by phenotypic method based on morphological and culture characteristics on different culture media. Among all fungal isolates, Aspergillus spp. in section Nigri 10.2 %, Aspergillus niger 9.5 %, Aspergillus fumigatus 8.8 %, Penicillium. simplicissium 8 %, Aspergillus tubingensis 7.3 %, Aspergillus terreus var. terreus 6.6 %, Penicillium waksmanii 5.9 % and Curvularia lunata 6.5 % were the most frequent. Among five sections of the Wellness Centre, the clinical wastes collected from the diagnostic labs of haematology section had the highest numbers of fungal species (29 species). Glove wastes had the highest numbers of fungal species (19 species) among 17 types of clinical wastes screened. Among all fungal species, Aspergillus spp. exhibited higher growth at 37 °C than at 28 °C, indicating the potential of these opportunistic fungi to cause diseases in human. These results indicated the potential of hospital wastes as reservoirs for fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efaq Ali Noman
- School of Industrial Technology, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - A A Al-Gheethi
- Micro-pollution Research Centre (MPRC), Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - H Nagao
- School of Biological Sciences, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M O Ab Kadir
- School of Industrial Technology, University Science Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
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Kauffmann-Lacroix C, Costa D, Imbert C. Fungi, Water Supply and Biofilms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 931:49-61. [PMID: 27167410 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Even though it has been studied for many years, water-related infectious risk still exists in both care and community environments due to the possible presence of numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protists. People can be exposed directly to these microorganisms either through aerosols and water, after ingestion, inhalation, skin contact and entry through mucosal membranes, or indirectly usually due to pre-treatment of some medical devices. Species belonging to genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Pseudallesheria, Fusarium, Cuninghamella, Mucor and in some particular cases Candida have been isolated in water from health facilities and their presence is particularly related to the unavoidable formation of a polymicrobial biofilm in waterlines. Fungi isolation methods are based on water filtration combined with conventional microbiology cultures and/or molecular approaches; unfortunately, these are still poorly standardized. Moreover, due to inappropriate culture media and inadequate sampling volumes, the current standardized methods used for bacterial research are not suitable for fungal search. In order to prevent water-related fungal risk, health facilities have implemented measures such as ultraviolet radiation to treat the input network, continuous chemical treatment, chemical or thermal shock treatments, or microfiltration at points of use. This article aims to provide an overview of fungal colonization of water (especially in hospitals), involvement of biofilms that develop in waterlines and application of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kauffmann-Lacroix
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, UBM, BP577, Poitiers, 86021, France.
| | - Damien Costa
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, UBM, BP577, Poitiers, 86021, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie Biologie des Interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, équipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, Bat D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, Poitiers, 86073, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, CHU de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, UBM, BP577, Poitiers, 86021, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie Biologie des Interactions (EBI), Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, équipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, UFR Médecine-Pharmacie, Bat D1, 6 rue de la Milétrie, TSA 51115, Poitiers, 86073, France
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Polednik B. Aerosol and bioaerosol particles in a dental office. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:405-409. [PMID: 25218707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study reports comprehensive aerosol and bioaerosol measurements in a dental office. The highest submicrometer particle concentrations were observed during dental grinding and they were on average 16 times higher than the indoor background. Certain metallic trace elements and total carbon concentrations were significantly elevated (>10 times) in the particles deposited in the operating room. Dental procedures also contributed to increased bacterial contamination that may pose a health risk both for dental personnel and patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Polednik
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland.
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