1
|
Molento MB, Pires LSA, Dall'Anese J, Yoshitani UY, Almeida T. Prevalence and risk factors of gastrointestinal helminths infection in Brazilian horses: A retrospective study of a 12-year (2008-2019) diagnostic data. Res Vet Sci 2024; 173:105272. [PMID: 38718543 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding gastrointestinal parasite distribution is crucial for effective control programs in horses. This study reports the prevalence of helminth infections in horses and selected risk factors (i.e., breed, age, climate, season) by analyzing 19,276 fecal samples from the Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, in Curitiba, Southern Brazil. The analyses were carried out from 2008 to 2019, coming from 153 stud farms located in 60 municipalities of nine Brazilian states. The parasite prevalence was 73.3%, with 72.1% present in the adult population and 80.6% in young horses. Strongyles were present in 100% horse farms. Strongyles had a prevalence of 72.1% with a mean FEC of 453.53 (+/- 717.6). Parascaris spp. had a prevalence of 5.8% and a FEC of 17.11 (+/- 149.2). The tropical wet/monsoon climate (Am) showed the lowest FEC for strongyles and Parascaris spp. when compared to the other climates. In the logistic regression analysis, young horses exhibited 4.6 times higher odds ratio (OR) (3.9-5.5) of Parascaris spp. and 1.2 (1.1-1.4) times higher OR of strongyles egg shedding when compared to adults (P < 0.001). Summer presented a higher risk for Parascaris spp. and Strongyles eggs when compared to the other seasons (P < 0.001). Mangalarga Marchador, Criollo, and Crossbred breeds were identified with higher OR of Parascaris spp. egg shedding than Thoroughbred. The extensive prevalence of strongyles across ages, seasons, breeds, and climates alerts for the risk of clinical manifestations in equines raised on pastures designing optimal health management and parasite control strategies worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80035-050, Brazil.
| | - Luciana S A Pires
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Julia Dall'Anese
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Ursula Y Yoshitani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80035-050, Brazil
| | - Thayany Almeida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR CEP: 80035-050, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bangoura B, Bhuiya MAI, Kilpatrick M. Eimeria infections in domestic and wild ruminants with reference to control options in domestic ruminants. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2207-2232. [PMID: 35680677 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria infections are commonly seen in a variety of mammalian hosts. This genus of unicellular sporozoan parasites causes significant disease (coccidiosis) in different livestock species leading to economic losses for agricultural producers. Especially the production of cattle, sheep, and goat is strongly dependent on efficient coccidiosis control. However, many other livestock hosts like, e.g., camelids, bison, rabbits, and guinea pigs may benefit from reduced parasite transmission and targeted control measures as well. Besides livestock, also wildlife and pet animals may be affected by Eimeria infections resulting in clinical or subclinical coccidiosis. Wildlife herd health is crucial to conservation efforts, and Eimeria species are a prevalent pathogen in multiple mammalian wildlife species. This review aims to highlight the epidemiology of mammalian Eimeria infections in both wild and domestic ruminants, including host specificity, transmission, survival of environmental oocysts, occurrence, and risk factors for infection. Understanding general drivers of Eimeria infection may support adequate livestock and wildlife management. Furthermore, control options for livestock with reference to management factors, drug application, and alternative approaches are discussed. The goal of Eimeria control should be to reduce pathogen transmission in different host species and to improve sustainable livestock production. Controlling Eimeria infections in livestock is important considering both their animal welfare impact and their high economic relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berit Bangoura
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA.
| | - Md Ashraful Islam Bhuiya
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
| | - Michelle Kilpatrick
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ubirajara Filho C, Santos K, Lima T, Alves L, Carvalho G, Ramos R. Gastrointestinal parasites in dogs and cats in line with the One Health' approach. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dogs and cats are frequently affected by gastrointestinal parasites of medical and veterinary concern. The correct diagnosis is pivotal to the treatment outcome, reducing the risk of environmental contamination and spreading of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of domiciled dogs and cats in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil, as well as to discuss the findings from a “One Health” perspective. Fecal samples (n = 231) of dogs (n = 126) and cats (n = 105) were obtained directly from the environment after spontaneous defecation, and subsequently analyzed through the Mini-FLOTAC and Baermann techniques. Of all samples, 28.14% (65/231) presented immature forms of gastrointestinal parasites, with 31.75% (40/126) and 23.81% (25/105) of dogs and cats positive, respectively (x 2 = 1.413; p = 0.2345). Two genera of helminths (Ancylostoma and Toxocara) and two genera of protozoa (Cystoisospora and Entamoeba) were identified. Additionally, co-infections were observed in 15% (6/40) of positive dogs and 28% (7/25) of positive cats (p = 0.2207). None metastrongyloid larvae were detected. In conclusion, animals herein assessed presented a high prevalence of zoonotic gastrointestinal nematodes. Therefore, preventive measures against these neglected parasites should be stimulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - K.K.F. Santos
- Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | | | - L.C. Alves
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - G.A. Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - R.A.N. Ramos
- Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ellwanger JH, Chies JAB. Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200355. [PMID: 34096963 PMCID: PMC8182890 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”. Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates that spillover has a fundamental role in the emergence of new human infectious diseases. Understanding the factors that facilitate the transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is essential to establish strategies focused on the reduction of the frequency of spillover events. In this context, this article describes the basic aspects of zoonotic spillover and the main factors involved in spillover events, considering the role of the inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, and specific characteristics of the pathogens, animals, and humans. As an example, the factors involved in the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are discussed, indicating what can be learned from this public health emergency, and what can be applied to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, this article discusses actions to prevent or reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Natalini B, Gennuso S, Beldomenico PM, Rigonatto T, Kowalewski MM. Parasitologic examination and associated risk factors of domestic dogs at the domestic-wildlife interface in the Iberá wetlands Ecoregion, Argentina. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 20:100378. [PMID: 32448541 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The wildlife-domestic interface represents points of contact between wild animals and human-associated domestic animals, and provides opportunities for the dissemination and transmission of parasitic agents. Domestic dogs are reservoirs of parasitic agents, many of which are capable of infecting wild animals. To better investigate this potential risk at the Iberá wetlands eco-region, fecal samples from dogs present at the wildlife-domestic interface of two protected areas in Corrientes province, Argentina were examined. The prevalence of intestinal parasites and overall generic richness were examined and associations with age, sex, body condition, anthelmintic treatments and dog movement restriction were explored. From August-September 2017, questionnaires were carried out and fecal samples collected from 51 dogs at the interface zones. The overall estimated prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 63%. Nine genera of helminths and four protozoans were found in the examined dogs, many of which are known to infect wild carnivores and several have zoonotic potential. Ancylostoma and Isospora were the most prevalent genera. Freedom to roam was positively associated with prevalence and richness. From all dogs in our study, only a small proportion (17%) is subjected to some degree of movement restriction, while most dogs were free roaming. Veterinary health care and treatment was also extremely limited. The findings of this study revealed conditions of high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites, lack of veterinary care and unrestricted roaming; all circumstances that suggest that dogs that live at these interface zones pose an infection risk to sympatric wildlife.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belen Natalini
- Estación Biológica Corrientes - Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN) - CONICET, Ruta Pvcial. 8 s/n., 3401 San Cayetano, Corrientes, Argentina.
| | - Sol Gennuso
- Estación Biológica Corrientes - Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN) - CONICET, Ruta Pvcial. 8 s/n., 3401 San Cayetano, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Pablo M Beldomenico
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNL-CONICET). RP Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Teresita Rigonatto
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2100, 3400, Corrientes Capital, Argentina
| | - Martin M Kowalewski
- Estación Biológica Corrientes - Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales (MACN) - CONICET, Ruta Pvcial. 8 s/n., 3401 San Cayetano, Corrientes, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
I herein review published studies reporting the prevalence of Toxocara infection in dogs and cats in Brazil. Based on data gathered from faecal examinations of approximately 38,940 dogs and 5600 cats from different Brazilian studies, the mean prevalence of Toxocara infection is 11.4% (range: 0.7-48.9%) in dogs and 16.7% (0.3-43.1%) in cats. These mean values based on faecal examinations should be interpreted with cautious, considering the obvious differences in terms of sample size, diagnostic tests and animal populations. Accordingly, necropsy investigations reveal higher mean prevalence values (21.9% for Toxocara canis and 27.6% Toxocara cati in dogs and cats, respectively). The contamination with Toxocara eggs in different environments and the significance of these parasites from a public health perspective in Brazil are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Coello RD, Pazmiño BJ, Reyes EO, Rodríguez EX, Rodas EI, Rodas KA, Dávila AX, Rodas JP, Cedeño PP. A Case of Cutaneous Larva Migrans in a Child from Vinces, Ecuador. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2019; 20:1402-1406. [PMID: 31543509 PMCID: PMC6777378 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.915154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 8 Final Diagnosis: Cutaneous larva migrans Symptoms: Acute pain in the foot • itching Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Treatment, ivermectin in a single dose of 200 μg/kg Specialty: General and Internal Medicine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto D Coello
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Betty J Pazmiño
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, State University of Milagro, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Enrique O Reyes
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Enrique X Rodríguez
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Edgar I Rodas
- Department of Microbiology, Pazmiño Clinical and Microbiological Laboratory, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Karen A Rodas
- Department of Microbiology, Pazmiño Clinical and Microbiological Laboratory, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Alfredo X Dávila
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jennifer P Rodas
- Department of Microbiology, Pazmiño Clinical and Microbiological Laboratory, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Pedro P Cedeño
- Department of Teaching, Coordination, and Research, University of Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cunha FS, Peralta RHS, Peralta JM. New insights into the detection and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium with emphasis in Brazilian studies: a review. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2019; 61:e28. [PMID: 31241657 PMCID: PMC6592014 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201961028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is a pathogenic protozoan present in the gastrointestinal tract of several hosts. This protozoan was originally classified as within the Coccidia Class and has recently been reclassified to gregarine based on studies that observed the evolutionary phases from the process of excision and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. Molecular biology techniques have become diagnostic tools and have also been used to understand the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp., since several species of this genus are very similar morphologically and morphometrically. Molecular techniques have been used in the identification of parasites, at the species and subtypes levels and to study disease transmission. The laboratory diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis can be made by parasite detection methods, such as optical microscopy, antigens or genetic material detection, as well as serum antibodies raised to Cryptosporidium spp. Molecular methods were developed and allowed, not only an extensive revision of the taxonomy, but also an improvement in the laboratory diagnosis. In Brazil, there are few reports of Cryptosporidium spp. outbreaks in humans and all of them took place in nurseries. A few epidemiological studies developed in Brazil have used molecular methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp., as well as genotyping studies of their species and subtypes. The use of real-time PCR, together with microscopy and immunochromatography techniques, would result in a more precise diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis. The analysis of genotypes, subtypes and clonality of Cryptosporidium could be useful to understand and define the prognosis and severity of infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Souza Cunha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento
de Patologia, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - José Mauro Peralta
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia
Prof. Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
First description of Giardia duodenalis in buffalo calves ( Bubalus bubalis) in southwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2019; 16:e00062. [PMID: 32095632 PMCID: PMC7034009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis in buffalo calves from the Southwest region of São Paulo State, Brazil. A total of 183 fecal samples of Murrah breed buffaloes up to six months of age were collected. We examined these samples by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene and positive samples were characterized using additional PCR assays targeting a portion of the beta-giardin, the glutamate dehydrogenase and the triose-phosphate isomerase genes. Based on the SSU rRNA nPCR, the presence of G. duodenalis was confirmed in 12 (6.56%) of fecal samples, of these, five, four and three samples were positive for the tpi, bg and gdh genes, respectively. Assemblage identification by sequencing was successful in 6 of 12 samples and sequence analysis showed 100% genetic similarity with G. duodenalis assemblage E. This observation represents the first detection of G. duodenalis assemblage E in buffaloes calves in Brazil. First study of Giardia in fecal samples of buffalo calves from Brazil. Detection of Giardia in buffaloes by nested PCR using four genetic markers. Phylogenetic analysis identified Giardia duodenalis assemblage E.
Collapse
|