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Jeyasri R, Muthuramalingam P, Priya A, Alexpandi R, Shanmugam NRS, Nivetha S, Shin H, Pandian SK, Ravi AV, Ramesh M. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evaluation of therapeutic potential of Bacopa-derived asiatic acid against a human oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404012. [PMID: 38983632 PMCID: PMC11231090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is a common human oral disease worldwide, caused by an acid-producing bacteria Streptococcus mutans. The use of synthetic drugs and antibiotics to prevent dental caries has been increasing, but this can lead to severe side effects. To solve this issue, developing and developed countries have resorted to herbal medicines as an alternative to synthetic drugs for the treatment and prevention of dental caries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for plant-derived products to treat such diseases. Bacopa monnieri, a well-documented medicinal plant, contains 52 phytocompounds, including the pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolite known as asiatic acid (ASTA). Hence, this study aimed to demonstrate, for the first time, the antibacterial activity of phytocompound ASTA against S. mutans. The findings revealed that ASTA significantly inhibited the growth of S. mutans and the production of virulence factors such as acidurity, acidogenicity, and eDNA synthesis. Molecular docking analysis evaluated the potential activity of ASTA against S. mutans virulence genes, including VicR and GtfC. Furthermore, toxicity assessment of ASTA in human buccal epithelial cells was performed, and no morphological changes were observed. An in vivo analysis using Danio rerio (zebrafish) confirmed that the ASTA treatment significantly increased the survival rates of infected fish by hindering the intestinal colonization of S. mutans. Furthermore, the disease protection potential of ASTA against the pathognomonic symptom of S. mutans infection was proven by the histopathological examination of the gills, gut, and kidney. Overall, these findings suggest that ASTA may be a promising therapeutic and alternative drug for the treatment and prevention of oral infection imposed by S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Jeyasri
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandiyan Muthuramalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Division of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Arumugam Priya
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Rajaiah Alexpandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - N. R. Siva Shanmugam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Saminathan Nivetha
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hyunsuk Shin
- Division of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | | | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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Roustaei B, Zarezadeh S, Ghotbi-Ravandi AA. A review on epilepsy, current treatments, and potential of medicinal plants as an alternative treatment. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:4291-4306. [PMID: 37581769 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered common neurological diseases that threaten the lives of millions of people all around the world. Since ancient times, different forms of medications have been used to treat this condition. Adverse events associated with treatments and the residence time of available drugs caused to search for safer and more efficient therapies and drugs remain one of the major areas of research interest for scientists. As one of the therapeutics with fewer side effects, plants and their essential oils can be considered replacements for existing treatments. Medicinal plants have proven to be an effective natural source of antiepileptic drugs; most of them have their mechanism of action by affecting GABA receptors in different paths. Cannabis indica and Cymbopogon winterianus are well-known plant species with antiepileptic activities. The current review presenting a list of plants with antiepileptic effects aims to pave the way for finding alternative drugs with fewer side effects for scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Roustaei
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Zarezadeh
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Jeyasri R, Muthuramalingam P, Adarshan S, Shin H, Ramesh M. Assessing the Anti-inflammatory Effects of Bacopa-Derived Bioactive Compounds Using Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Studies. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:40344-40354. [PMID: 36385888 PMCID: PMC9647831 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacopa monnieri is reported as a potent Indian medicinal plant that possesses numerous pharmacological activities due to the presence of various bioactive compounds. These pharmacological activities were used in the ancient medicine system to cure inflammatory conditions. Bacopa has the ability to reduce acute pain and inflammation by inhibiting the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reducing COX-2-arbitrated prostanoid mediators. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory property may also be associated with the neuroprotective activity of Bacopa. Considering this importance, the current pilot study focused on the anti-inflammatory potential of various phytocompounds of bacopa and their interaction with inflammation responsible genes such as COX2, iNOS, LOX, STAT3, CCR1, and MMP9 through pharmacology analysis of its systems. Docking results revealed that, quercetin (QR) showed significant binding energies with inflammatory genes. Hence, we selected QR as a potential phytocompound for further in vitro experiments. This existing study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of QR as a potent anti-inflammatory compound against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The in vitro analysis concludes that QR effectively reduces the production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and downregulates the expression of COX-2 and iNOS genes due to the inhibitory potential of QR on LPS-stimulated NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Jeyasri
- Department
of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa
University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pandiyan Muthuramalingam
- Department
of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa
University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Division
of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Korea
- Agri-Food
Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National
University, Jinju, 52725, Korea
| | - Sivakumar Adarshan
- Department
of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa
University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hyunsuk Shin
- Division
of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52725, Korea
- Agri-Food
Bio Convergence Institute, Gyeongsang National
University, Jinju, 52725, Korea
| | - Manikandan Ramesh
- Department
of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa
University, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Faheem M, Ameer S, Khan AW, Haseeb M, Raza Q, Ali Shah F, Khusro A, Aarti C, Umar Khayam Sahibzada M, El-Saber Batiha G, Koirala N, Adnan M, Alghamdi S, Assaggaf H, Alsiwiehri NO. A comprehensive review on antiepileptic properties of medicinal plants. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Ramesh T. Osteogenic differentiation potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells enhanced by bacoside-A. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:148-158. [PMID: 33137853 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is growing rapidly to treat numerous diseases including bone-associated diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are most commonly preferred to treat bone diseases because it possesses high osteogenic potency. Though, to obtain maximum osteogenic efficiency of MSCs is challenging. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate the osteogenic efficiency of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) by bacoside-A. This study was investigated the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and expressions of the genes specific to osteogenic regulation mainly runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix (Osx), osteocalcin (OCN) and collagen type Iα1 (Col I α1) in hBMSCs cultured under osteogenic conditions at different concentrations of bacoside-A for 14 days. The results of this study depicted significant upregulation in the activity of ALP and expressions of osteogenic regulator genes in bacoside-A treated cells when compared with control cells. Besides, expressions of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and Wnt/β-catenin were evaluated; these expressions were also significantly increased in bacoside-A treated cells when compared with control cells. This result provides a further supporting evidence of bacoside-A role on osteogenesis in hBMSCs. The present study suggest that bacoside-A will be applied to ameliorate the process of osteogenesis in hBMSCs to repair damaged bone structure during MSC-based therapy; this will be an excellent and auspicious treatment for bone-associated disorders including osteoporosis. Significance of the study Osteoporosis is a bone metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance between the activity of osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption that disrupts the bone microarchitecture. Current anti-osteoporotic drugs are inhibiting bone resorption, but they are unable to restore the bone structure due to extreme bone remodelling process and causes numerous side effects. The finding of natural bioactive compounds with osteogenic property is very essential for osteoporosis treatment. This study was reported that bacoside-A ameliorated osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs through upregulation of osteogenic differentiation genes and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. This result is indicating that bacoside-A may be useful for osteoporosis treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiyagarajan Ramesh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Khan AW, Khan AU, Shah SMM, Ullah A, Faheem M, Saleem M. An Updated List of Neuromedicinal Plants of Pakistan, Their Uses, and Phytochemistry. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:6191505. [PMID: 30941198 PMCID: PMC6420976 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6191505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost every region of Pakistan is stacked with a large number of medicinal plants. Due to high cost and unavailability of allopathic medicines for the neurological diseases, especially in rural areas, traditional healers prescribe phytotherapy for various neurological diseases like epilepsy, depression, anxiety, insomnia, Alzheimer, and migraine. Such treatments are considered to be most effective by the native people. METHODS The data was collected from articles published on medicinal plants of various districts of Pakistan, using article search engines like Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Also, information regarding various neurological uses and mode of applications of medicinal plants was obtained from traditional healers, folk medicine users, and local elderly people having knowledge of medicinal plants. RESULTS A total of 54 families were found to be used in various neurological diseases, of which the highest use was of Solanaceae (22.22%), Asteraceae (12.96%), Lamiaceae, Papaveraceae, and Poaceae, 9% each, and Caprifoliaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rosaceae, 5.5% each. According to districts, 15% of plants that were effective in neurological affections were found in Bahawalpur, 11% in Swat, 8% in Muzaffarabad, 7% in Malakand, and 6% in Bahawalnagar, Dir, Gilgat, and Sarghoda each, with 5% in Dera ghazi khan and Jhelum each. According to the plant's habit, out of total of 103 plants, 61.15% were found to be herbs, 22.33% trees, 11.65% shrubs, and 4.85% climbers. According to the part used of plant, whole plant, leaves, fruits, roots, seeds, and flowers were found to be used 32.03%, 24.27%, 20.38%, 16.50%, 13.59%, and 11.65%, respectively. According to disease's types, 45.63% were found to be effective in insomnia, 31.06% in epilepsy 12.62% in depression, 6.80% in anxiety, 7.77% in hysteria, and 5.88% in migraine. CONCLUSION Taking into consideration this useful knowledge on medicinal properties of the plants for curing neurologic diseases, it is believed that research in areas of ethnomedicine and ethnopharmacology can bring auspicious results that have potential of adding value to the very rich natural resources of Pakistan. This study will help all the researchers from diverse backgrounds working on plants based medicine for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arif-ullah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aziz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Madhu K, T P, S M. Bacoside-A inhibits inflammatory cytokines and chemokine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1339-1345. [PMID: 30551384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the myelin sheath is the crucial event behind the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Bacoside-A is one of the major constituents obtained from Bacopa monerii (L.) Wettst., and possess neuroprotective as well as anti-inflammatory actions. The current study explores the effect of Bacoside-A in acute and chronic models of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). The results indicate that the Bacoside-A treated mice produced a significant reduction in disease score compared to disease control in both models. The treatment with Bacoside-A downregulated the inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-17a, and TNFα) and inflammatory chemokine CCL-5 in EAE mice. On the other hand, Bacoside-A treated mice showed a nonsignificant effect on promoting the expressions of NCAM, BDNF1, and FOXP3 in acute and chronic models of EAE. Histopathological analysis revealed that the Bacoside-A treated mice at a dose of 10 mg/kg exhibited a significant reduction in cellular infiltrations, cellular changes, and demyelination in cerebral tissues, but unable to protect at a higher dose in both models. In conclusion, Bacoside-A can able to inhibit the progression of EAE may be by the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine evolved during active EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnadas Madhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Prakash T
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India.
| | - Maya S
- Department of Pharmacology, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, India
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Khurshid F, Govindasamy J, Khalilullah H, Nomani MS, Shahid M, Ain MR, Alsultan MS. Effect of herb-drug interactions of Bacopa monnieri Linn. (Brahmi) formulation on the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline in rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902017000417072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Mathur D, Goyal K, Koul V, Anand A. The Molecular Links of Re-Emerging Therapy: A Review of Evidence of Brahmi (Bacopa monniera). Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:44. [PMID: 26973531 PMCID: PMC4778428 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The convolution associated with memory is being resolved with advancement in neuroscience. According to the concurrent assumptions, synaptic plasticity forms one of the basis of memory formation, stabilization and strengthening. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is generally characterized by memory dysfunction, connections amongst the cells in the brain are attenuated or lost leading to degeneration of neural networks. Numerous attempts have been made to find new therapies for memory dysfunction with increasing attention and investments being laid on herbal drugs. Many herbal plants and extracts have already documented beneficial results when tested for antiamnesic effects. Brahmi (Bacopa monniera) is one such common herbal drug, which is employed for a long time in the Indian and Chinese medical system in order to treat several disorders. Previous research has shown that Brahmi exerts many pharmacological effects including memory boosting capacity in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia, exhibiting antiparkinsonian, antistroke, and anticonvulsant potentials. The present review discusses the chemical constituents of Brahmi along with in vitro and in vivo studies based on the pharmacological effects exerted by it. The efficacy of Brahmi in treating various disorders has evoked sufficient research in recent years and now it is a time to launch multiple clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Mathur
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain
| | - Kritika Goyal
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Koul
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India
| | - Akshay Anand
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh, India
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Kakooza-Mwesige A. The importance of botanical treatments in traditional societies and challenges in developing countries. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:297-307. [PMID: 26293314 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological conditions worldwide, with many affected persons found in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa. Relatedly, the large majority found in these regions does not receive the appropriate therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), stemming from various reasons among which are lack of access to AEDs, social stigma, and negative cultural attitudes. The presence of epilepsy resistant to the available AEDs coupled with the frequent AED side effects has further fueled the widespread and growing use of botanicals as alternative therapy in several traditional societies in these developing countries since people with epilepsy (PWE) consider them as safe and effective. There have, however, been few botanicals that have been examined for their pharmacological activities related to traditional uses, and there is hardly any conclusive evidence regarding their efficacy in humans or knowledge about the exact mechanism(s) of action. This review discusses some botanical treatments that have been used for epilepsy in developing countries and the challenges faced. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda; Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Department of Women's & Children's Health, Neuropediatric Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Sharma J, Gairola S, Gaur RD, Painuli RM, Siddiqi TO. Ethnomedicinal plants used for treating epilepsy by indigenous communities of sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:353-370. [PMID: 24029249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although many plants are claimed to possess anticonvulsant/antiepileptic (AC/AE) properties, but there is very little information available about plants used by various ethnic communities in different parts of India to treat epilepsy, one of the most common disorders of central nervous system (CNS); this communication provides significant ethnomedicinal information on the plants used by indigenous communities: Bhoxa, Tharu and nomadic Gujjars of sub-Himalayan region, Uttarakhand, India to treat epilepsy, so that it could be used as a baseline data for studying chemical constituents and biological activities of these promising plants. AIMS OF THE STUDY To record herbal preparations used by the presently studied communities for treating epilepsy and discuss AC/AE properties of the recorded plants. RESEARCH STRATEGY AND METHODS Ninety one traditional healers (29 Bhoxa, 35 Tharu and 27 nomadic Gujjars) in sub-Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India were interviewed to collect information on herbal preparations used by them for treating epilepsy. For each recorded species the use value (UV) and fidelity level (FL) was calculated. RESULTS A total of 24 plants belonging to 24 genera and 22 families were used by the presently studied communities in 26 formulations to treat epilepsy. According to FL and UV values, most preferred species for the treatment of epilepsy by Bhoxa community are Ricinus communis L. and Datura stramonium L.; by nomadic Gujjar community are Martynia annua L., Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. and Ricinus communis L.; and by Tharu community are Allium sativum L., Asparagus racemosus Willd. and Achyranthes aspera L. Eight plants viz., Allium sativum L., Boerhavia diffusa L., Cassia fistula L., Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., Datura stramonium L., Inula cappa DC., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz and Pavetta indica L. recorded in the present survey have been reported for the first time in treatment of epilepsy by these indigenous communities in India. Five out of these eight newly reported plants viz., Cassia fistula L., Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., Inula cappa DC., Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz and Pavetta indica L. have not been pharmacologically evaluated yet for their possible AC/AE properties. CONCLUSIONS Detailed research on the listed plants and their derivatives may be undertaken to provide new alternative treatments and therapeutic uses for epilepsy or other diseases of CNS. We hope that this article will stimulate further investigations into natural products for new AC/AE agents from the recorded ethnomedicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsana Sharma
- Department of Botany, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110 062, India.
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