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McLaughlin MM, Short E, Prusi R, Masic D, Chapman NR, Postelnick M. Implementation of a pharmacy research committee to enhance the pharmacy resident research experience. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2017; 9:1141-1146. [PMID: 29233383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Most postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy residents complete at least one research project as part of their graduation requirements. The research skills learned prepare residents to address research questions and generate evidence-based recommendations for patient care. However, there are multiple steps involved in a research project, and streamlining this process can be difficult. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH), a large academic center located in Chicago, IL, developed a research committee (RC) to facilitate research within the department of pharmacy for residents and to maintain residency research support materials. These materials included a charter to help guide the organizational structure and operations of the RC, research timelines, and a seminar series. FINDINGS The RC works to ensure that the residents overcome any challenges that they may incur during their research projects by setting clear expectations and milestones. Feedback is provided by the residents and incorporated into the research process and support materials. DISCUSSION The RC allows for individualized attention and personalization of the research experience for each resident. The program endeavors each year to provide the message that publication should be the final goal of a research project and not presentation at a conference. SUMMARY Pharmacy residents receive support from the RC from throughout the year, not only when issues surround their project arise. Institutions may implement or modify existing programs based upon the resources provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena M McLaughlin
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, United States; Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, 251 E Huron Street, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Elizabeth Short
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, 251 E Huron Street, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Rachael Prusi
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, 251 E Huron Street, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Dalila Masic
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University, Chicago College of Pharmacy, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL, United States.
| | - Noelle Rm Chapman
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, 251 E Huron Street, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Michael Postelnick
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, 251 E Huron Street, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Billups SJ, Olson KL, Saseen JJ, Irwin AN, Touchette DR, Chennault RR, Kurz D. Evaluation of the Effect of A Structured Program to Guide Residents' Experience in Research (ASPIRE) on Pharmacy Residents' Knowledge, Confidence, and Attitude toward Research. Pharmacotherapy 2017; 36:631-7. [PMID: 27144641 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of A Structured Program to guide Resident Experience in Research (ASPIRE) on pharmacy residents' knowledge, confidence, and attitude toward research. DESIGN Nonrandomized controlled study using data from a validated questionnaire administered through an online survey. PARTICIPANTS Of 60 pharmacy residents (residency year 2013-2014) who completed the baseline assessment, the 41 residents who also completed the follow-up assessment were included in the final analysis; of those, 26 Colorado pharmacy postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and year 2 (PGY2) residents were enrolled in ASPIRE between July 2013 and June 2014 (intervention group) and 16 PGY1 and PGY2 pharmacy residents outside of Colorado did not participate in ASPIRE (control group). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both the intervention and control groups completed a pre- and post-assessment at the beginning (July 2013 [baseline]) and end (May/June 2014 [follow-up]), respectively, of their residency year that measured knowledge (with a tool measuring biostatistics and research methodology knowledge), confidence, and attitude toward research. Research knowledge scores improved similarly from baseline to follow-up in the intervention and control groups: 11.8% and 11.3%, respectively (adjusted p=0.8). Research confidence improved significantly more in the intervention group, with a 48% increase in confidence score from before to after residency completion, compared with a 15% increase in the control group (adjusted p=0.002). Residents in both the intervention and control groups expressed positive attitudes toward pharmacist-conducted research, with 100% and 87% of intervention and control residents, respectively (adjusted p=0.970), agreeing that pharmacist-conducted research is essential to driving pharmacy practice and expanding the roles of pharmacists. CONCLUSION ASPIRE was not associated with greater research methodology knowledge but did significantly increase confidence in performing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Billups
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kari L Olson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pharmacy, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph J Saseen
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adriane N Irwin
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University/Oregon Health & Science University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Daniel R Touchette
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Practice-Based Research Network, Lenexa, Kansas
| | - Rachel R Chennault
- American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Practice-Based Research Network, Lenexa, Kansas
| | - Deanna Kurz
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Abstract
This paper describes key events in pharmaceutical education, training, practice, and research that have occurred over the past 55 years. Some of these events included the development of the doctor of pharmacy degree, residency training, and co-location of clinical pharmacists in patient care areas. These changes not only necessitated more specialized training but then led to board certification to ensure quality patient care. Specific examples of the research that have supported the involvement of clinical pharmacists in direct patient care will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry L Carter
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, Room 527, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Gums T, Carter B, Foster E. Cluster randomized trials for pharmacy practice research. Int J Clin Pharm 2015; 38:607-14. [PMID: 26715549 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-015-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are now the gold standard in health services research, including pharmacy-based interventions. Studies of behaviour, epidemiology, lifestyle modifications, educational programs, and health care models are utilizing the strengths of cluster randomized analyses. Methodology The key property of CRTs is the unit of randomization (clusters), which may be different from the unit of analysis (individual). Subject sample size and, ideally, the number of clusters is determined by the relationship of between-cluster and within-cluster variability. The correlation among participants recruited from the same cluster is known as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Generally, having more clusters with smaller ICC values will lead to smaller sample sizes. When selecting clusters, stratification before randomization may be useful in decreasing imbalances between study arms. Participant recruitment methods can differ from other types of randomized trials, as blinding a behavioural intervention cannot always be done. When to use CRTs can yield results that are relevant for making "real world" decisions. CRTs are often used in non-therapeutic intervention studies (e.g. change in practice guidelines). The advantages of CRT design in pharmacy research have been avoiding contamination and the generalizability of the results. A large CRT that studied physician-pharmacist collaborative management of hypertension is used in this manuscript as a CRT example. The trial, entitled Collaboration Among Pharmacists and physicians To Improve Outcomes Now (CAPTION), was implemented in primary care offices in the United States for hypertensive patients. Limitations CRT design limitations include the need for a large number of clusters, high costs, increased training, increased monitoring, and statistical complexity.
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Baker JW, Bean J, Benge C, McFarland MS. Designing a resident research program. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2014; 71:592-8. [PMID: 24644120 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp130318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of a resident research program and the role of the residency research advisory board (RRAB) in the program are described. SUMMARY Over the past decade, there have been numerous barriers to successfully implementing a residency research program. An RRAB was subsequently developed to assist with research mentoring to help prepare residents to incorporate research into future positions. Within this board, one clinical pharmacy practitioner or preceptor serves as the research coordinator and acts as chair and liaison to the institutional review board (IRB) and research and development (R&D) committee. All members of the RRAB function as research experts in various aspects of the research process. The RRAB comprises three members to navigate IRB and R&D paperwork, generate and develop research ideas, create relationships with institutional research committees, educate pharmacy residents in a consistent manner on research methods in a longitudinal fashion, provide mentorship to preceptors, and facilitate service-related communication on our research timelines, plans, local and distant presentations, and other related efforts. The development of the resident research program and the RRAB have resulted in an improvement in the level of research conducted by our residents and preceptors. Due to the support of the RRAB, residents are submitting and presenting posters at local, state, and national meetings as well as submitting manuscripts to and publishing manuscripts in health care journals. CONCLUSION Development of an RRAB increased residents' manuscript publication and poster presentation rates and facilitated the research process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Baker
- Jennifer W. Baker, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCACP, is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System (VATVHS), Murfreesboro, and Affiliate Faculty, University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy (UTCP), Memphis. Jennifer Bean, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCPP, is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist/Research Coordinator, VATVHS, and Assistant Professor, UTCP. Cassandra Benge, Pharm.D., CDE, BCPS (AQ-Cardiology), is Clinical Pharmacy Specialist/Postgraduate Year 1 Program Director, VATVHS, and Affiliate Clinical Assistant Professor, UTCP. M. Shawn McFarland, Pharm.D., BCPS, BCACP, BC-ADM, is Associate Chief, Pharmacy Service, Clinical and Education Programs, VATVHS, and Associate Professor, UTCP
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Liu XS. Statistical power in three-arm cluster randomized trials. Eval Health Prof 2013; 37:470-87. [PMID: 23908381 DOI: 10.1177/0163278713498392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article shows how to compute statistical power for testing the main effect of treatment in three-arm cluster randomized trials. Using orthogonal coding, we derive the exact test statistic of the treatment effect and its non-central distribution. The non-centrality parameter in the omnibus test is found to be related to the non-centrality parameters in the contrast tests. A study of physician and pharmacist comanagement of patients' blood pressure is used as an example to show the power computation in a three-arm cluster randomized trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Steven Liu
- Department of Educational Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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McCune JS, Sullivan SD, Blough DK, Clarke L, McDermott C, Malin J, Ramsey S. Colony-Stimulating Factor Use and Impact on Febrile Neutropenia Among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Breast, Colorectal, or Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Who Were Receiving Chemotherapy. Pharmacotherapy 2012; 32:7-19. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine S. McCune
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Washington
- The Research and Economic Assessment in Cancer and Healthcare (REACH) Group; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle Washington
| | | | - David K. Blough
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Washington
- The Research and Economic Assessment in Cancer and Healthcare (REACH) Group; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle Washington
| | - Lauren Clarke
- Cornerstone Systems Northwest, Inc.; Lynden Washington
| | - Cara McDermott
- The Research and Economic Assessment in Cancer and Healthcare (REACH) Group; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle Washington
| | | | - Scott Ramsey
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Washington
- The Research and Economic Assessment in Cancer and Healthcare (REACH) Group; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle Washington
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Carter BL, Bosworth HB, Green BB. The hypertension team: the role of the pharmacist, nurse, and teamwork in hypertension therapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012; 14:51-65. [PMID: 22235824 PMCID: PMC3257828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2011.00542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Team-based care is one of the key components of the patient-centered medical home. Studies have consistently demonstrated that teams involving pharmacists or nurses in patient management can significantly improve blood pressure control. These findings have been demonstrated in several meta-analyses and systematic reviews. These reviews have generally found that team-based care can reduce systolic blood pressure by 4-10 mm Hg over usual care. However, these reviews have also concluded that many of the studies had various limitations and that additional research should be conducted. The present state of the art review paper will highlight newer studies, many of which were funded by the National Institutes of Health. Newer strategies involve telephone and/or web-based management which is an evolving area to improve blood pressure control in large populations. Social media and other technology is currently being investigated to assist pharmacists or nurses in communicating with patients to improve hypertension management. Few cost-effectiveness analyses have been performed but generally have found favorable costs for team-based care when considering the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality. The authors will suggest additional research that needs to be conducted to help evaluate strategies to best implement team-based care to improve blood pressure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry L Carter
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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