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Zhang C, Ge L, Xie H, Liu X, Xun C, Chen Y, Chen H, Lu M, Chen P. Retinoic acid induced specific changes in the phosphoproteome of C17.2 neural stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18205. [PMID: 38506089 PMCID: PMC10951872 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), a vitamin A derivative, is an effective cell differentiating factor which plays critical roles in neuronal differentiation induction and the production of neurotransmitters in neurons. However, the specific changes in phosphorylation levels and downstream signalling pathways associated with RA remain unclear. This study employed qualitative and quantitative phosphoproteomics approaches based on mass spectrometry to investigate the phosphorylation changes induced by RA in C17.2 neural stem cells (NSCs). Dimethyl labelling, in conjunction with TiO2 phosphopeptide enrichment, was utilized to profile the phosphoproteome of self-renewing and RA-induced differentiated cells in C17.2 NSCs. The results of our study revealed that, qualitatively, 230 and 14 phosphoproteins were exclusively identified in the self-renewal and RA-induced groups respectively. Quantitatively, we successfully identified and quantified 177 unique phosphoproteins, among which 70 exhibited differential phosphorylation levels. Analysis of conserved phosphorylation motifs demonstrated enrichment of motifs corresponding to cyclin-dependent kinase and MAPK in the RA-induced group. Additionally, through a comprehensive literature and database survey, we found that the differentially expressed proteins were associated with the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo signalling pathways. This work sheds light on the changes in phosphorylation levels induced by RA in C17.2 NSCs, thereby expanding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying RA-induced neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life ScienceSouth China Normal UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Lite Ge
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, the Second Affiliated HospitalHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Huali Xie
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Chengfeng Xun
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Yan Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Ming Lu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaPR China
| | - Ping Chen
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaPR China
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2
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Nagel A, Huegel J, Petrilli A, Rosario R, Victoria B, Hardin HM, Fernandez-Valle C. Simultaneous inhibition of PI3K and PAK in preclinical models of neurofibromatosis type 2-related schwannomatosis. Oncogene 2024; 43:921-930. [PMID: 38336988 PMCID: PMC10959746 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)-related schwannomatosis is a genetic disorder that causes development of multiple types of nervous system tumors. The primary and diagnostic tumor type is bilateral vestibular schwannoma. There is no cure or drug therapy for NF2. Recommended treatments include surgical resection and radiation, both of which can leave patients with severe neurological deficits or increase the risk of future malignant tumors. Results of our previous pilot high-throughput drug screen identified phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors as strong candidates based on loss of viability of mouse merlin-deficient Schwann cells (MD-SCs). Here we used novel human schwannoma model cells to conduct combination drug screens. We identified a class I PI3K inhibitor, pictilisib and p21 activated kinase (PAK) inhibitor, PF-3758309 as the top combination due to high synergy in cell viability assays. Both single and combination therapies significantly reduced growth of mouse MD-SCs in an orthotopic allograft mouse model. The inhibitor combination promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in mouse merlin-deficient Schwann (MD-SCs) cells and cell cycle arrest in human MD-SCs. This study identifies the PI3K and PAK pathways as potential targets for combination drug treatment of NF2-related schwannomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nagel
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Julianne Huegel
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Alejandra Petrilli
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Rosa Rosario
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Berta Victoria
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Haley M Hardin
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA.
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3
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Neyazi S, Yamazawa E, Hack K, Tanaka S, Nagae G, Kresbach C, Umeda T, Eckhardt A, Tatsuno K, Pohl L, Hana T, Bockmayr M, Kim P, Dorostkar MM, Takami T, Obrecht D, Takai K, Suwala AK, Komori T, Godbole S, Wefers AK, Otani R, Neumann JE, Higuchi F, Schweizer L, Nakanishi Y, Monoranu CM, Takami H, Engertsberger L, Yamada K, Ruf V, Nomura M, Mohme T, Mukasa A, Herms J, Takayanagi S, Mynarek M, Matsuura R, Lamszus K, Ishii K, Kluwe L, Imai H, von Deimling A, Koike T, Benesch M, Kushihara Y, Snuderl M, Nambu S, Frank S, Omura T, Hagel C, Kugasawa K, Mautner VF, Ichimura K, Rutkowski S, Aburatani H, Saito N, Schüller U. Transcriptomic and epigenetic dissection of spinal ependymoma (SP-EPN) identifies clinically relevant subtypes enriched for tumors with and without NF2 mutation. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:22. [PMID: 38265489 PMCID: PMC10808175 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ependymomas encompass multiple clinically relevant tumor types based on localization and molecular profiles. Tumors of the methylation class "spinal ependymoma" (SP-EPN) represent the most common intramedullary neoplasms in children and adults. However, their developmental origin is ill-defined, molecular data are scarce, and the potential heterogeneity within SP-EPN remains unexplored. The only known recurrent genetic events in SP-EPN are loss of chromosome 22q and NF2 mutations, but neither types and frequency of these alterations nor their clinical relevance have been described in a large, epigenetically defined series. Transcriptomic (n = 72), epigenetic (n = 225), genetic (n = 134), and clinical data (n = 112) were integrated for a detailed molecular overview on SP-EPN. Additionally, we mapped SP-EPN transcriptomes to developmental atlases of the developing and adult spinal cord to uncover potential developmental origins of these tumors. The integration of transcriptomic ependymoma data with single-cell atlases of the spinal cord revealed that SP-EPN display the highest similarities to mature adult ependymal cells. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of transcriptomic data together with integrated analysis of methylation profiles identified two molecular SP-EPN subtypes. Subtype A tumors primarily carried previously known germline or sporadic NF2 mutations together with 22q loss (bi-allelic NF2 loss), resulting in decreased NF2 expression. Furthermore, they more often presented as multilocular disease and demonstrated a significantly reduced progression-free survival as compared to SP-EP subtype B. In contrast, subtype B predominantly contained samples without NF2 mutation detected in sequencing together with 22q loss (monoallelic NF2 loss). These tumors showed regular NF2 expression but more extensive global copy number alterations. Based on integrated molecular profiling of a large multi-center cohort, we identified two distinct SP-EPN subtypes with important implications for genetic counseling, patient surveillance, and drug development priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Neyazi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Erika Yamazawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karoline Hack
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genta Nagae
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Catena Kresbach
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Takayoshi Umeda
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Alicia Eckhardt
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Hubertus Wald Tumor Center, University Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kenji Tatsuno
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lara Pohl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Taijun Hana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Bockmayr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Phyo Kim
- Utsunomiya Neurospine Center, Symphony Clinic, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Mario M Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Takami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Denise Obrecht
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Keisuke Takai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abigail K Suwala
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shweta Godbole
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika K Wefers
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Center HaTriCS4, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ryohei Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Julia E Neumann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fumi Higuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Teikyo Hospital, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leonille Schweizer
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Yuta Nakanishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Camelia-Maria Monoranu
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hirokazu Takami
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lara Engertsberger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Viktoria Ruf
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Masashi Nomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Theresa Mohme
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Akitake Mukasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jochen Herms
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shunsaku Takayanagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Mynarek
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Reiko Matsuura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katrin Lamszus
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kazuhiko Ishii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lan Kluwe
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hideaki Imai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japan Community Health Care Organization Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tsukasa Koike
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin Benesch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yoshihiro Kushihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York City, USA
| | - Shohei Nambu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stephan Frank
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Takaki Omura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christian Hagel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kazuha Kugasawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Viktor F Mautner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Koichi Ichimura
- Department of Brain Disease Translational Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefan Rutkowski
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Saito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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4
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Barrett TF, Patel B, Khan SM, Mullins RDZ, Yim AKY, Pugazenthi S, Mahlokozera T, Zipfel GJ, Herzog JA, Chicoine MR, Wick CC, Durakovic N, Osbun JW, Shew M, Sweeney AD, Patel AJ, Buchman CA, Petti AA, Puram SV, Kim AH. Single-cell multi-omic analysis of the vestibular schwannoma ecosystem uncovers a nerve injury-like state. Nat Commun 2024; 15:478. [PMID: 38216553 PMCID: PMC10786875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are benign tumors that lead to significant neurologic and otologic morbidity. How VS heterogeneity and the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to VS pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, we perform scRNA-seq on 15 VS, with paired scATAC-seq (n = 6) and exome sequencing (n = 12). We identify diverse Schwann cell (SC), stromal, and immune populations in the VS TME and find that repair-like and MHC-II antigen-presenting SCs are associated with myeloid cell infiltrate, implicating a nerve injury-like process. Deconvolution analysis of RNA-expression data from 175 tumors reveals Injury-like tumors are associated with larger tumor size, and scATAC-seq identifies transcription factors associated with nerve repair SCs from Injury-like tumors. Ligand-receptor analysis and in vitro experiments suggest that Injury-like VS-SCs recruit myeloid cells via CSF1 signaling. Our study indicates that Injury-like SCs may cause tumor growth via myeloid cell recruitment and identifies molecular pathways that may be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Barrett
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bhuvic Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saad M Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Brain Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Riley D Z Mullins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aldrin K Y Yim
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sangami Pugazenthi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tatenda Mahlokozera
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, Washington University School of Medicine/Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacques A Herzog
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, Washington University School of Medicine/Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Chicoine
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cameron C Wick
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, Washington University School of Medicine/Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nedim Durakovic
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, Washington University School of Medicine/Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joshua W Osbun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Matthew Shew
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, Washington University School of Medicine/Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alex D Sweeney
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akash J Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Craig A Buchman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Brain Tumor Center, Washington University School of Medicine/Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Allegra A Petti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Brain Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Albert H Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, Washington University School of Medicine/Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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5
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Silva VAR, Lavinsky J, Pauna HF, Vianna MF, Santos VM, Ikino CMY, Sampaio ALL, Tardim Lopes P, Lamounier P, Maranhão ASDA, Soares VYR, Polanski JF, Denaro MMDC, Chone CT, Bento RF, Castilho AM. Brazilian Society of Otology task force - Vestibular Schwannoma ‒ evaluation and treatment. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 89:101313. [PMID: 37813009 PMCID: PMC10563065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular schwannoma. METHODS Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on vestibular schwannoma were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. RESULTS The topics were divided into 2 parts: (1) Diagnosis - audiologic, electrophysiologic tests, and imaging; (2) Treatment - wait and scan protocols, surgery, radiosurgery/radiotherapy, and systemic therapy. CONCLUSIONS Decision making in VS treatment has become more challenging. MRI can diagnose increasingly smaller tumors, which has disastrous consequences for the patients and their families. It is important to develop an individualized approach for each case, which highly depends on the experience of each surgical team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Antonio Rodrigues Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO
| | - Joel Lavinsky
- Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Furlan Pauna
- Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Melissa Ferreira Vianna
- Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO; Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Mazanek Santos
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Márcio Yudi Ikino
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário, Departamento de Cirurgia, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Lopes Sampaio
- Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Otorrinolaringologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paula Tardim Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pauliana Lamounier
- Centro de Reabilitação e Readaptação Dr. Henrique Santillo (CRER), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - André Souza de Albuquerque Maranhão
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Yamashiro Rocha Soares
- Hospital Flavio Santos e Hospital Getúlio Vargas, Grupo de Otologia e Base Lateral do Crânio, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Polanski
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Faculdade de Medicina, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Takahiro Chone
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ferreira Bento
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Menino Castilho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO.
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6
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Fernandez-Valle C, Nagel A, Huegel J, Petrilli A, Rosario R, Victoria B, Hardin H. Simultaneous Inhibition of PI3K and PAK in Preclinical Models of Neurofibromatosis Type 2-related Schwannomatosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3405297. [PMID: 37886501 PMCID: PMC10602174 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3405297/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2)-related schwannomatosis is a genetic disorder that causes development of multiple types of nervous system tumors. The primary and diagnostic tumor type is bilateral vestibular schwannoma. There is no cure or drug therapy for NF2. Recommended treatments include surgical resection and radiation, both of which can leave patients with severe neurological deficits or increase the risk of future malignant tumors. Results of our previous pilot high-throughput drug screen identified phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors as strong candidates based on loss of viability of mouse merlin-deficient Schwann cells (MD-SCs). Here we used novel human schwannoma model cells to conduct combination drug screens. We identified a class I PI3K inhibitor, pictilisib and p21 activated kinase (PAK) inhibitor, PF-3758309 as the top combination due to high synergy in cell viability assays. Both single and combination therapies significantly reduced growth of mouse MD-SCs in an orthotopic allograft mouse model. The inhibitor combination promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in mouse merlin-deficient Schwann (MD-SCs) cells and cell cycle arrest in human MD-SCs. This study identifies the PI3K and PAK pathways as potential targets for combination drug treatment of NF2-related schwannomatosis.
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7
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Ghalavand MA, Asghari A, Farhadi M, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Garshasbi M, Falah M. The genetic landscape and possible therapeutics of neurofibromatosis type 2. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:99. [PMID: 37217995 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic condition marked by the development of multiple benign tumors in the nervous system. The most common tumors associated with NF2 are bilateral vestibular schwannoma, meningioma, and ependymoma. The clinical manifestations of NF2 depend on the site of involvement. Vestibular schwannoma can present with hearing loss, dizziness, and tinnitus, while spinal tumor leads to debilitating pain, muscle weakness, or paresthesias. Clinical diagnosis of NF2 is based on the Manchester criteria, which have been updated in the last decade. NF2 is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the NF2 gene on chromosome 22, leading the merlin protein to malfunction. Over half of NF2 patients have de novo mutations, and half of this group are mosaic. NF2 can be managed by surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, and close observation. However, the nature of multiple tumors and the necessity of multiple surgeries over the lifetime, inoperable tumors like meningiomatosis with infiltration of the sinus or in the area of the lower cranial nerves, the complications caused by the operation, the malignancies induced by radiotherapy, and inefficiency of cytotoxic chemotherapy due to the benign nature of NF-related tumors have led a march toward exploring targeted therapies. Recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have allowed identifying and targeting of underlying pathways in the pathogenesis of NF2. In this review, we explain the clinicopathological characteristics of NF2, its genetic and molecular background, and the current knowledge and challenges of implementing genetics to develop efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghalavand
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alimohamad Asghari
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Skull Base Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Radiation Oncology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Falah
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Hennigan RF, Thomson CS, Stachowski K, Nassar N, Ratner N. Merlin tumor suppressor function is regulated by PIP2-mediated dimerization. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281876. [PMID: 36809290 PMCID: PMC9942953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 is an inherited disease characterized by Schwann cell tumors of cranial and peripheral nerves. The NF2 gene encodes Merlin, a member of the ERM family consisting of an N-terminal FERM domain, a central α-helical region, and a C-terminal domain. Changes in the intermolecular FERM-CTD interaction allow Merlin to transition between an open, FERM accessible conformation and a closed, FERM-inaccessible conformation, modulating Merlin activity. Merlin has been shown to dimerize, but the regulation and function Merlin dimerization is not clear. We used a nanobody based binding assay to show that Merlin dimerizes via a FERM-FERM interaction, orientated with each C-terminus close to each other. Patient derived and structural mutants show that dimerization controls interactions with specific binding partners, including HIPPO pathway components, and correlates with tumor suppressor activity. Gel filtration experiments showed that dimerization occurs after a PIP2 mediated transition from closed to open conformation monomers. This process requires the first 18 amino acids of the FERM domain and is inhibited by phosphorylation at serine 518. The discovery that active, open conformation Merlin is a dimer represents a new paradigm for Merlin function with implications for the development of therapies designed to compensate for Merlin loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Hennigan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Craig S. Thomson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Kye Stachowski
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Nassar
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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9
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Kim NH, Kwon M, Jung J, Chae HB, Lee J, Yoon YJ, Moon IS, Lee HK, Namkung W, Stankovic KM, Lee SA, Lee JD, Park SA. Celastrol suppresses the growth of vestibular schwannoma in mice by promoting the degradation of β-catenin. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2993-3001. [PMID: 35478244 PMCID: PMC9622805 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular schwannoma (VS), one of characteristic tumors of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), is an intracranial tumor that arises from Schwann cells of the vestibular nerve. VS results in hearing loss, tinnitus, dizziness, and even death, but there are currently no FDA-approved drugs for treatment. In this study, we established a high-throughput screening to discover effective compounds that could inhibit the viability of VS cells. Among 1019 natural products from the Korea Chemical Bank screened, we found that celastrol, a pentacyclic triterpene derived from a Tripterygium Wilfordi plant, exerted potent inhibitory effect on the viability of VS cells with an IC50 value of 0.5 µM. Celastrol (0.5, 1 µM) dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of primary VS cells derived from VS patients. Celastrol also inhibited the growth, and induced apoptosis of two other VS cell lines (HEI-193 and SC4). Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been found in VS isolated from clinically defined NF2 patients. In HEI-193 and SC4 cells, we demonstrated that celastrol (0.1, 0.5 μM) dose-dependently inhibited TOPFlash reporter activity and protein expression of β-catenin, but not mRNA level of β-catenin. Furthermore, celastrol accelerated the degradation of β-catenin by promoting the formation of the β-catenin destruction complex. In nude mice bearing VS cell line SC4 allografts, administration of celastrol (1.25 mg · kg-1 · d-1, i.p. once every 3 days for 2 weeks) significantly suppressed the tumor growth without showing toxicity. Collectively, this study demonstrates that celastrol can inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signaling by promoting the degradation of β-catenin, consequently inhibiting the growth of VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hui Kim
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Kwon
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Jung
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Byeong Chae
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jun Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seok Moon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho K Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Konstantina M Stankovic
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Se A Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Dae Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, 14584, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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10
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P21-activated kinase 2-mediated β-catenin signaling promotes cancer stemness and osimertinib resistance in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:4318-4329. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Maze EA, Agit B, Reeves S, Hilton DA, Parkinson DB, Laraba L, Ercolano E, Kurian KM, Hanemann CO, Belshaw RD, Ammoun S. Human endogenous retrovirus type K promotes proliferation and confers sensitivity to anti-retroviral drugs in Merlin-negative schwannoma and meningioma. Cancer Res 2021; 82:235-247. [PMID: 34853069 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of the tumour suppressor Merlin causes development of schwannoma, meningioma, and ependymoma tumours, which can occur spontaneously or in the hereditary disease neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). Merlin mutations are also relevant in a variety of other tumours. Surgery and radiotherapy are current first-line treatments; however, tumours frequently recur with limited treatment options. Here, we use human Merlin-negative schwannoma and meningioma primary cells to investigate the involvement of the endogenous retrovirus HERV-K in tumour development. HERV-K proteins previously implicated in tumorigenesis were overexpressed in schwannoma and all meningioma grades, and disease-associated CRL4DCAF1 and YAP/TEAD pathways were implicated in this overexpression. In normal Schwann cells, ectopic overexpression of HERV-K Env increased proliferation and upregulated expression of c-Jun and pERK1/2, which are key components of known tumorigenic pathways in schwannoma, JNK/c-Jun and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK. Furthermore, FDA-approved retroviral protease inhibitors ritonavir, atazanavir, and lopinavir reduced proliferation of schwannoma and grade I meningioma cells. These results identify HERV-K as a critical regulator of progression in Merlin-deficient tumours and offer potential strategies for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Maze
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth University
| | - Bora Agit
- Faculty of Health Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth University
| | - Shona Reeves
- Faculty of Health Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth University
| | - David A Hilton
- Faculty of Health Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth University
| | - David B Parkinson
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Liyam Laraba
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Department of Neuropathology, Brain Tumour Research Group, Frenchay Hospital, University of Bristol
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - Sylwia Ammoun
- Faculty of Health Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Plymouth University
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12
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Knockdown of PAK1 Inhibits the Proliferation and Invasion of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Through the ERK Pathway. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 28:602-610. [PMID: 31394555 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of serine/threonine kinases plays a pivotal role in various human tumors, as supported by our previous report on the overexpressed PAK isoforms in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To better understand the role of PAKs in tumorigenesis, the authors examined PAK1 expression patterns and its significance in NSCLC. It was demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining that PAK1 was increased and localized in the cytoplasm in 151 of 207 cases. High levels of PAK1 expression correlated with a histologic type of tumor (squamous cell carcinoma), tumor node metastasis stage, and lymph nodal status. We also examined the biological role of PAK1 in lung cancer cell lines transfected with PAK1-small interfering RNA. Decreased expression of PAK1 inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion, which is the major cause of lung cancer malignancy. Downregulated expression of PAK1 hampered rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma/mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway activity but did not affect Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our findings suggest that PAK1 is an important oncogene in NSCLC, as decreased expression of PAK1 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of NSCLC cells by blocking the ERK pathway. These results provide evidence for using PAK1 inhibition as potential anticancer therapy.
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13
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Primi MC, Rangarajan ES, Patil DN, Izard T. Conformational flexibility determines the Nf2/merlin tumor suppressor functions. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100074. [PMID: 34337379 PMCID: PMC8318988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Neurofibromatosis type 2 gene encodes the Nf2/merlin tumor suppressor protein that is responsible for the regulation of cell proliferation. Once activated, Nf2/merlin modulates adhesive signaling pathways and thereby inhibits cell growth. Nf2/merlin controls oncogenic gene expression by modulating the Hippo pathway. By responding to several physical and biochemical stimuli, Hippo signaling determines contact inhibition of proliferation as well as organ size. The large tumor suppressor (LATS) serine/threonine-protein kinase is the key enzyme in the highly conserved kinase cascade that negatively regulates the activity and localization of the transcriptional coactivators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralogue transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Nf2/merlin belongs to the band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) gene family that links the actin cytoskeleton to adherens junctions, remodels adherens junctions during epithelial morphogenesis and maintains organized apical surfaces on the plasma cell membrane. Nf2/merlin and ERM proteins have a globular N-terminal cloverleaf head domain, the FERM domain, that binds to the plasma membrane, a central α-helical domain, and a tail domain that binds to its head domain. Here we present the high-resolution crystal structure of Nf2/merlin bound to LATS1 which shows that LATS1 binding to Nf2/merlin displaces the Nf2/merlin tail domain and causes an allosteric shift in the Nf2/merlin α-helix that extends from its FERM domain. This is consistent with the fact that full-length Nf2/merlin binds LATS1 ~10-fold weaker compared to LATS1 binding to the Nf2/merlin-PIP2 complex. Our data increase our understanding of Nf2/merlin biology by providing mechanistic insights into the Hippo pathway that are relevant to several diseases in particular oncogenic features that are associated with cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Primi
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter 33458, FL, United States
| | - Erumbi S Rangarajan
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter 33458, FL, United States
| | - Dipak N Patil
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter 33458, FL, United States
| | - Tina Izard
- Cell Adhesion Laboratory, Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter 33458, FL, United States
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14
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Dougherty MC, Shibata SB, Hansen MR. The biological underpinnings of radiation therapy for vestibular schwannomas: Review of the literature. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2021; 6:458-468. [PMID: 34195368 PMCID: PMC8223465 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Radiation therapy is a mainstay in the treatment of numerous neoplasms. Numerous publications have reported good clinical outcomes for primary radiation therapy for Vestibular Schwannomas (VS). However, there are relatively few pathologic specimens of VSs available to evaluate post-radiation, which has led to a relative dearth in research on the cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of radiation therapy on VSs. METHODS Here we review the latest literature on the complex biological effects of radiation therapy on these benign tumors-including resistance to oxidative stress, mechanisms of DNA damage repair, alterations in normal growth factor pathways, changes in surrounding vasculature, and alterations in immune responses following radiation. RESULTS Although VSs are highly radioresistant, radiotherapy is often successful in arresting their growth. CONCLUSION By better understanding the mechanisms underlying these effects, we could potentially harness such mechanisms in the future to potentiate the clinical effects of radiotherapy on VSs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Dougherty
- Department of NeurosurgeryUniversity of Iowa Hospitals & ClinicsIowa CityIowaUSA
| | - Seiji B. Shibata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keck School of Medicine of USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Marlan R. Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck SurgeryUniversity of Iowa Hospitals & ClinicsIowa CityIowaUSA
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15
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Long J, Zhang Y, Huang X, Ren J, Zhong P, Wang B. A Review of Drug Therapy in Vestibular Schwannoma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:75-85. [PMID: 33447015 PMCID: PMC7802892 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s280069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VSs, also known as acoustic neuromas) are benign intracranial tumors commonly managed with observation, surgery, and radiotherapy. There is currently no approved pharmacotherapy for VS patients, which is why we conducted a detailed search of relevant literature from PubMed and Web of Science to explore recent advances and experiences in drug therapy. VSs feature a long course of disease that requires treatment to have minimal long-term side effects. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents are characterized by neurotoxicity or ototoxicity, poor effect on slow-growing tumors, and may induce new mutations in patients who have lost tumor suppressor function, and therefore are unsuitable for treating VSs. Along with the well-investigated molecular pathophysiology of VS and the increasingly accessible technology such as drug repositioning platform, many molecular targeted inhibitors have been identified and shown certain therapeutic effects in preclinical experiments or clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Long
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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16
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Embryonic stem cell-like subpopulations are present within Schwannoma. J Clin Neurosci 2020; 81:201-209. [PMID: 33222917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is accumulating evidence of the presence of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells in benign tumors. AIM This study aimed to identify ESC-like cells in Schwannoma using the induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4 and c-MYC. METHODS Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining (n = 20) and RT-qPCR (n = 6) were performed on Schwannoma tissue samples (STS) to investigate protein and mRNA expression of these iPSC markers, respectively. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was performed to investigate co-localization of the iPSC markers with CD34, α-SMA and CD133. RESULTS IHC staining and RT-qPCR demonstrated protein and mRNA expression of all five iPSC markers, respectively. IF staining showed expression of SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC on the tumor cells and the endothelium of the tumor microvessels which also expressed OCT4, while NANOG was exclusively expressed on the endothelium of the tumor microvessels. The OCT4+/CD34+ endothelium expressed CD133. CONCLUSION We have identified a putative OCT4+/SOX2+/NANOG+/KLF4+/c-MYC+/CD133+ ESC-like subpopulation on the endothelium of tumor microvessels and an OCT4-/SOX2+/NANOG-/KLF4+/c-MYC+/CD133+ ESC-like subpopulation, within Schwannoma.
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17
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Benvenuto G, Todeschini P, Paracchini L, Calura E, Fruscio R, Romani C, Beltrame L, Martini P, Ravaggi A, Ceppi L, Sales G, Donati F, Perego P, Zanotti L, Ballabio S, Grassi T, Delle Marchette M, Tognon G, Sartori E, Adorni M, Odicino F, D'Incalci M, Bignotti E, Romualdi C, Marchini S. Expression profiles of PRKG1, SDF2L1 and PPP1R12A are predictive and prognostic factors for therapy response and survival in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:565-574. [PMID: 32096871 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGS-EOCs) is generally sensitive to front-line platinum (Pt)-based chemotherapy although most patients at an advanced stage relapse with progressive resistant disease. Clinical or molecular data to identify primary resistant cases at diagnosis are not yet available. HGS-EOC biopsies from 105 Pt-sensitive (Pt-s) and 89 Pt-resistant (Pt-r) patients were retrospectively selected from two independent tumor tissue collections. Pathway analysis was done integrating miRNA and mRNA expression profiles. Signatures were further validated in silico on a cohort of 838 HGS-EOC cases from a published dataset. In all, 131 mRNAs and 5 miRNAs belonging to different functionally related molecular pathways distinguish Pt-s from Pt-r cases. Then, 17 out of 23 selected elements were validated by orthogonal approaches (SI signature). As resistance to Pt is associated with a short progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), the prognostic role of the SI signature was assessed, and 14 genes associated with PFS and OS, in multivariate analyses (SII signature). The prognostic value of the SII signature was validated in a third extensive cohort. The expression profiles of SDF2L1, PPP1R12A and PRKG1 genes (SIII signature) served as independent prognostic biomarkers of Pt-response and survival. The study identified a prognostic molecular signature based on the combined expression profile of three genes which had never been associated with the clinical outcome of HGS-EOC. This may lead to early identification, at the time of diagnosis, of patients who would not greatly benefit from standard chemotherapy and are thus eligible for novel investigational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Todeschini
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lara Paracchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrica Calura
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Robert Fruscio
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Romani
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Beltrame
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Martini
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Ravaggi
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ceppi
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Gabriele Sales
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Donati
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Zanotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Ballabio
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Grassi
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Delle Marchette
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Germana Tognon
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Sartori
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Adorni
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Franco Odicino
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maurizio D'Incalci
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Eliana Bignotti
- 'Angelo Nocivelli' Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Brescia and ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Marchini
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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Deng J, Hua L, Han T, Tian M, Wang D, Tang H, Sun S, Chen H, Cheng H, Zhang T, Xie Q, Wan L, Zhu H, Gong Y. The CREB-binding protein inhibitor ICG-001: a promising therapeutic strategy in sporadic meningioma with NF2 mutations. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdz055. [PMID: 32642722 PMCID: PMC7212891 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdz055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Meningiomas with Neurofibromin 2 gene mutations (NF2-mutant meningiomas) account for ~40% of the sporadic meningiomas. However, there is still no effective drug treatment for the disease. Methods Expression profile of Merlin protein was explored through immunohistochemistry in a meningioma patient cohort (n = 346). A 20-agent library covering a wide range of meningioma relevant targets was tested using meningioma cell lines IOMM-Lee (NF2 wildtype) and CH157-MN (NF2 deficient). Therapeutic effects and biological mechanisms of the identified compound, ICG-001, in NF2-mutant meningiomas were further characterized in vitro and in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Results Low Merlin expression was associated with meningioma proliferation and poor clinical outcomes in a large patient series. ICG-001, a cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) inhibitor, selectively suppressed tumor growth of cells with low Merlin expression. Besides, ICG-001 mediated CH157-MN and IOMM-Lee growth inhibition primarily through robust induction of the G1 cell-cycle arrest. Treatment with ICG-001 alone significantly reduced the growth of NF2-mutant xenografts in mice, as well. We also provide further evidence that ICG-001 inhibits proliferation of NF2-mutant meningioma cells at least partly through attenuating the FOXM1-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of ligand-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling as well as its drugable potency in NF2-mutant meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyang Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mi Tian
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daijun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Cheng
- Department of Neuropathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixin Wan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Hongda Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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IVONE MARIANTONIETTA, LAMBERTI LUCIANO, PAPPALETTERE CARMINE, CARATOZZOLO MARIANOFRANCESCO, TULLO APOLLONIA. EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF MCF7 AND MCF10A RESPONSE TO LOW INTENSITY ULTRASOUND. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s021951941950057x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The low-intensity ultrasound effects on MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and MCF10A (healthy breast cells) have been investigated at different sonication protocol to probe the effectiveness and the selectivity of the ultrasound (US) treatment and to understand the implications between cell mortality, biomechanical interactions and cell elastic modulus. Experiments performed at fixed and variable frequency demonstrated the effectiveness of some protocols in killing carcinogenic cells and the healthy cells insensitivity. Variation of elastic properties of MCF7 cells exposed to US under varying sonication conditions was examined. Sonication was carried out at fixed frequency (as it is usually done in therapy protocols), between 400[Formula: see text]kHz and 620[Formula: see text]kHz, following two protocols: (i) at fixed power output; (ii) at fixed voltage of the US generator. Evolution of cell stiffness during the US treatment was monitored via atomic force spectroscopy (AFS). It was found that cell mortality has a similar trend of variation with respect to sonication frequency regardless of the way specimens are exposed to US. Mechanical properties do not show a uniform trend with respect to frequency, but variations of Young’s modulus are more marked near the very low (400–480) kHz or very high frequencies (580–620) kHz. The observed variations may be related to mechanical interactions occurring in the cell culture, suggesting a primacy of the environment on other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARIANTONIETTA IVONE
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - LUCIANO LAMBERTI
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - CARMINE PAPPALETTERE
- Department of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - APOLLONIA TULLO
- CNR-Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology of Bari, Bari, Italy
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20
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Wang K, Baldwin GS, Nikfarjam M, He H. Antitumor effects of all-trans retinoic acid and its synergism with gemcitabine are associated with downregulation of p21-activated kinases in pancreatic cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G632-G640. [PMID: 30844294 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00344.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been used as an antistromal agent in PDA, and its antitumor effect has also been reported in various kinds of cancer, including PDA. Inhibition of p21-activated kinases (PAKs) is associated with decreased tumor growth and increased gemcitabine sensitivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of ATRA alone and in combination with gemcitabine on cell growth and migration of wild-type and gemcitabine-resistant PDA cells and the potential mechanism(s) involved. Human (MiaPaCa-2) and murine (TB33117) PDA cell lines were incubated in increasing concentrations of gemcitabine to establish resistant clones. Cell growth, clonogenicity, and migration/invasion were determined using a sulforhodamine B assay, a colony formation assay, and a Boyden chamber assay, respectively. Protein expression was measured by Western blotting. ATRA reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration/invasion in both wild-type and gemcitabine-resistant cell lines. PAK1 expression was significantly increased in resistant cells. Cells treated with ATRA showed decreased expression of PAK1, PAK2, PAK4, and α-smooth muscle actin. The combination of ATRA and gemcitabine synergistically reduced cell growth in both wild-type and gemcitabine-resistant cell lines. Depletion of PAK1 enhanced ATRA sensitivity in MiaPaCa-2 cells. In conclusion, the antitumor effects of ATRA and its synergism with gemcitabine are associated with downregulation of PAKs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The inhibitory effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration/invasion was associated with downregulation of p21-activated kinases (PAKs), and depletion of PAK1 enhanced ATRA sensitivity in MiaPaCa-2 cells. The combination of ATRA and gemcitabine synergistically reduced cell growth in both wild-type and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. As an important prognostic marker, α-smooth muscle actin also can be downregulated by ATRA in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria , Australia
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Hennigan RF, Fletcher JS, Guard S, Ratner N. Proximity biotinylation identifies a set of conformation-specific interactions between Merlin and cell junction proteins. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/578/eaau8749. [PMID: 31015291 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 is an inherited, neoplastic disease associated with schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas and that is caused by inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene NF2 The NF2 gene product, Merlin, has no intrinsic catalytic activity; its tumor suppressor function is mediated through the proteins with which it interacts. We used proximity biotinylation followed by mass spectrometry and direct binding assays to identify proteins that associated with wild-type and various mutant forms of Merlin in immortalized Schwann cells. We defined a set of 52 proteins in close proximity to wild-type Merlin. Most of the Merlin-proximal proteins were components of cell junctional signaling complexes, suggesting that additional potential interaction partners may exist in adherens junctions, tight junctions, and focal adhesions. With mutant forms of Merlin that cannot bind to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) or that constitutively adopt a closed conformation, we confirmed a critical role for PIP2 binding in Merlin function and identified a large cohort of proteins that specifically interacted with Merlin in the closed conformation. Among these proteins, we identified a previously unreported Merlin-binding protein, apoptosis-stimulated p53 protein 2 (ASPP2, also called Tp53bp2), that bound to closed-conformation Merlin predominately through the FERM domain. Our results demonstrate that Merlin is a component of cell junctional mechanosensing complexes and defines a specific set of proteins through which it acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Hennigan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Fletcher
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Steven Guard
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Yeung YT, Guerrero-Castilla A, Cano M, Muñoz MF, Ayala A, Argüelles S. Dysregulation of the Hippo pathway signaling in aging and cancer. Pharmacol Res 2019; 143:151-165. [PMID: 30910741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human beings are facing emerging degenerative and cancer diseases, in large part, as a consequence of increased life expectancy. In the near future, researchers will have to put even more effort into fighting these new challenges, one of which will be prevention of cancer while continuing to improve the aging process through this increased life expectancy. In the last few decades, relevance of the Hippo pathway on cancer has become an important study since it is a major regulator of organ size control and proliferation. However, its deregulation can induce tumors throughout the body by regulating cell proliferation, disrupting cell polarity, releasing YAP and TAZ from the Scribble complexes and facilitating survival gene expression via activation of TEAD transcription factors. This pathway is also involved in some of the most important mechanisms that control the aging processes, such as the AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuin pathways, along with autophagy and oxidative stress response/antioxidant defense. This could be the link between two tightly connected processes that could open a broader range of targeted molecular therapies to fight aging and cancer. Therefore, available knowledge of the processes involved in the Hippo pathway during aging and cancer must necessarily be well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiu To Yeung
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Mercedes Cano
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Mario F Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Ayala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Sandro Argüelles
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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Pütz SM. Mbt/PAK4 together with SRC modulates N-Cadherin adherens junctions in the developing Drosophila eye. Biol Open 2019; 8:8/3/bio038406. [PMID: 30885947 PMCID: PMC6451336 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis is accompanied by changes of adherens junctions (AJ). During Drosophila eye development, AJ reorganization includes the formation of isolated N-Cadherin AJ between photoreceptors R3/R4. Little is known about how these N-Cadherin AJ are established and maintained. This study focuses on the kinases Mbt/PAK4 and SRC, both known to alter E-Cadherin AJ across phyla. Drosophila p21-activated kinase Mbt and the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src64 and Src42 regulate proper N-Cadherin AJ. N-Cadherin AJ elongation depends on SRC kinase activity. Cell culture experiments demonstrate binding of both Drosophila SRC isoforms to N-Cadherin and its subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation. In contrast, Mbt stabilizes but does not bind N-Cadherin in vitro. Mbt is required in R3/R4 for zipping the N-Cadherin AJ between these cells, independent of its kinase activity and Cdc42-binding. The mbt phenotype can be reverted by mutations in Src64 and Src42. Because Mbt neither directly binds to SRC proteins nor has a reproducible influence on their kinase activity, the conclusion is that Mbt and SRC signaling converge on N-Cadherin. N-Cadherin AJ formation during eye development requires a proper balance between the promoting effects of Mbt and the inhibiting influences of SRC kinases. Summary: N-Cadherin adherens junction formation in the Drosophila larval eye imaginal disc is controlled by the combined functions of the p21-activated kinase Mbt/PAK4 and the kinases Src64 and Src42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Pütz
- Institute of Medical Radiation and Cell Research, University of Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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24
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Cutfield SW, Wickremesekera AC, Mantamadiotis T, Kaye AH, Tan ST, Stylli SS, Itineang T. Tumour stem cells in schwannoma: A review. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 62:21-26. [PMID: 30626543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Schwannoma is a peripheral nerve tumour, accounting for 5% of benign soft tissue tumours, with vestibular schwannoma comprising 6% of all intracranial tumours. The tumour stem cell concept is rapidly gaining traction underscoring the understanding of tumourigenesis. It proposes a small subpopulation of primitive cells as the origin of the tumour and these cells account for treatment resistance, local recurrence and distant metastasis in malignant tumours. This review outlines the stem cell markers used to identify and characterise stem cells and progenitor cells in tumours and examines current evidence of the presence of tumour stem cells in schwannoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Cutfield
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Theo Mantamadiotis
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew H Kaye
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Stanley S Stylli
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Tinte Itineang
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
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25
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Guo S. Cancer driver mutations in endometriosis: Variations on the major theme of fibrogenesis. Reprod Med Biol 2018; 17:369-397. [PMID: 30377392 PMCID: PMC6194252 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One recent study reports cancer driver mutations in deep endometriosis, but its biological/clinical significance remains unclear. Since the natural history of endometriosis is essentially gradual progression toward fibrosis, it is thus hypothesized that the six driver genes reported to be mutated in endometriosis (the RP set) may play important roles in fibrogenesis but not necessarily malignant transformation. METHODS Extensive PubMed search to see whether RP and another set of driver genes not yet reported (NR) to be mutated in endometriosis have any roles in fibrogenesis. All studies reporting on the role of fibrogenesis of the genes in both RP and NR sets were retrieved and evaluated in this review. RESULTS All six RP genes were involved in various aspects of fibrogenesis as compared with only three NR genes. These nine genes can be anchored in networks linking with their upstream and downstream genes that are known to be aberrantly expressed in endometriosis, piecing together seemingly unrelated findings. CONCLUSIONS Given that somatic driver mutations can and do occur frequently in physiologically normal tissues, it is argued that these mutations in endometriosis are not necessarily synonymous with malignancy or premalignancy, but the result of enormous pressure for fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun‐Wei Guo
- Shanghai Obstetrics and Gynecology HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine‐Related DiseasesShanghaiChina
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26
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Gupta A, Ajith A, Singh S, Panday RK, Samaiya A, Shukla S. PAK2-c-Myc-PKM2 axis plays an essential role in head and neck oncogenesis via regulating Warburg effect. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:825. [PMID: 30068946 PMCID: PMC6070504 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The histone modifiers (HMs) are crucial for chromatin dynamics and gene expression; however, their dysregulated expression has been observed in various abnormalities including cancer. In this study, we have analyzed the expression of HMs in microarray profiles of head and neck cancer (HNC), wherein a highly significant overexpression of p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) was identified which was further validated in HNC patients. The elevated expression of PAK2 positively correlated with enhanced cell proliferation, aerobic glycolysis and chemoresistance and was associated with the poor clinical outcome of HNC patients. Further, dissection of molecular mechanism revealed an association of PAK2 with c-Myc and c-Myc-dependent PKM2 overexpression, wherein we showed that PAK2 upregulates c-Myc expression and c-Myc thereby binds to PKM promoter and induces PKM2 expression. We observed that PAK2-c-Myc-PKM2 axis is critical for oncogenic cellular proliferation. Depletion of PAK2 disturbs the axis and leads to downregulation of c-Myc and thereby PKM2 expression, which resulted in reduced aerobic glycolysis, proliferation and chemotherapeutic resistance of HNC cells. Moreover, the c-Myc complementation rescued PAK2 depletion effects and restored aerobic glycolysis, proliferation, migration and invasion in PAK2-depleted cells. The global transcriptome analysis of PAK2-depleted HNC cells revealed the downregulation of various genes involved in active cell proliferation, which indicates that PAK2 overexpression is critical for HNC progression. Together, these results suggest that the axis of PAK2-c-Myc-PKM2 is critical for HNC progression and could be a therapeutic target to reduce the cell proliferation and acquired chemoresistance and might enhance the efficacy of standard chemotherapy which will help in better management of HNC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | - Athira Ajith
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
- Lab No. 315, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Smriti Singh
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India
| | | | - Atul Samaiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Bansal Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462016, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Epigenetics and RNA Processing Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India.
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27
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Petrilli AM, Garcia J, Bott M, Klingeman Plati S, Dinh CT, Bracho OR, Yan D, Zou B, Mittal R, Telischi FF, Liu XZ, Chang LS, Welling DB, Copik AJ, Fernández-Valle C. Ponatinib promotes a G1 cell-cycle arrest of merlin/NF2-deficient human schwann cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31666-31681. [PMID: 28427224 PMCID: PMC5458238 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic syndrome that predisposes individuals to multiple benign tumors of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including vestibular schwannomas. Currently, there are no FDA approved drug therapies for NF2. Loss of function of merlin encoded by the NF2 tumor suppressor gene leads to activation of multiple mitogenic signaling cascades, including platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and SRC in Schwann cells. The goal of this study was to determine whether ponatinib, an FDA-approved ABL/SRC inhibitor, reduced proliferation and/or survival of merlin-deficient human Schwann cells (HSC). Merlin-deficient HSC had higher levels of phosphorylated PDGFRα/β, and SRC than merlin-expressing HSC. A similar phosphorylation pattern was observed in phospho-protein arrays of human vestibular schwannoma samples compared to normal HSC. Ponatinib reduced merlin-deficient HSC viability in a dose-dependent manner by decreasing phosphorylation of PDGFRα/β, AKT, p70S6K, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and STAT3. These changes were associated with decreased cyclin D1 and increased p27Kip1levels, leading to a G1 cell-cycle arrest as assessed by Western blotting and flow cytometry. Ponatinib did not modulate ABL, SRC, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), or paxillin phosphorylation levels. These results suggest that ponatinib is a potential therapeutic agent for NF2-associated schwannomas and warrants further in vivo investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M Petrilli
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Lake Nona-Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Jeanine Garcia
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Lake Nona-Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Marga Bott
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Lake Nona-Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Stephani Klingeman Plati
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Lake Nona-Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Christine T Dinh
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Olena R Bracho
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Denise Yan
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bing Zou
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Fred F Telischi
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Xue-Zhong Liu
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Long-Sheng Chang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - D Bradley Welling
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.,Current Affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alicja J Copik
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Lake Nona-Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Cristina Fernández-Valle
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Lake Nona-Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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IGF1R signaling drives antiestrogen resistance through PAK2/PIX activation in luminal breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:1869-1884. [PMID: 29353882 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiestrogen resistance in estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer is associated with increased expression and activity of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). Here, a kinome siRNA screen has identified 10 regulators of IGF1R-mediated antiestrogen with clinical significance. These include the tamoxifen resistance suppressors BMPR1B, CDK10, CDK5, EIF2AK1, and MAP2K5, and the tamoxifen resistance inducers CHEK1, PAK2, RPS6KC1, TTK, and TXK. The p21-activated kinase 2, PAK2, is the strongest resistance inducer. Silencing of the tamoxifen resistance inducing genes, particularly PAK2, attenuates IGF1R-mediated resistance to tamoxifen and fulvestrant. High expression of PAK2 in ER+ metastatic breast cancer patients is correlated with unfavorable outcome after first-line tamoxifen monotherapy. Phospho-proteomics has defined PAK2 and the PAK-interacting exchange factors PIXα/β as downstream targets of IGF1R signaling, which are independent from PI3K/ATK and MAPK/ERK pathways. PAK2 and PIXα/β modulate IGF1R signaling-driven cell scattering. Targeting PIXα/β entirely mimics the effect of PAK2 silencing on antiestrogen re-sensitization. These data indicate PAK2/PIX as an effector pathway in IGF1R-mediated antiestrogen resistance.
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Pak2 regulates myeloid-derived suppressor cell development in mice. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1923-1933. [PMID: 29296839 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017007435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are CD11b+Gr1+ cells that induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness, thus impairing antitumor immunity. We have previously reported that disruption of Pak2, a member of the p21-activated kinases (Paks), in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) induces myeloid lineage skewing and expansion of CD11bhighGr1high cells in mice. In this study, we confirmed that Pak2-KO CD11bhighGr1high cells suppressed T-cell proliferation, consistent with an MDSC phenotype. Loss of Pak2 function in HSPCs led to (1) increased hematopoietic progenitor cell sensitivity to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling, (2) increased MDSC proliferation, (3) decreased MDSC sensitivity to both intrinsic and Fas-Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis, and (4) promotion of MDSCs by Pak2-deficient CD4+ T cells that produced more interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and GM-CSF. Pak2 disruption activated STAT5 while downregulating the expression of IRF8, a well-described myeloid transcription factor. Together, our data reveal a previously unrecognized role of Pak2 in regulating MDSC development via both cell-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Our findings have potential translational implications, as the efficacy of targeting Paks in cancer therapeutics may be undermined by tumor escape from immune control and/or acceleration of tumorigenesis through MDSC expansion.
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Wang Y, Wang B, Li P, Zhang Q, Liu P. Reduced RAC1 activity inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in neurofibromatosis type 2(NF2)-associated schwannoma. Neurol Res 2017; 39:1086-1093. [PMID: 28934903 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1376494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the function and potential mechanism of RAC1 inhibitors in NF2-associated schwannoma. Methods In this study, we the downregulation of RAC1 activity and tumor cell phenotypes by RAC1 inhibitor NSC23766 in vitro. And we further validated the anti-proliferation effect by this RAC1 inhibitor in subcutaneous xenograft tumor model and sciatic nerve model. Results Pharmacological inhibition of RAC1 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of both RT4 cells and human NF2-associated primary schwannoma cells by inducing apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of RAC1 effectively reduced Rac1 activity and down-regulated the pathway downstream of Rac. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of RAC1 showed a potential antitumor effect, with low toxicity in vivo. Conclusion RAC1 inhibitors may play a therapeutic role in patients with schwannoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- a Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Bo Wang
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Peng Li
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Qi Zhang
- a Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
| | - Pinan Liu
- a Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.,b Department of Neurosurgery , Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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Luo G, Li B, Duan C, Cheng Y, Xiao B, Yao F, Wei M, Tao Q, Feng C, Xia X, Zhou H, Zhao X, Dai R. c‑Myc promotes cholangiocarcinoma cells to overcome contact inhibition via the mTOR pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2498-2506. [PMID: 28849072 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of contact inhibition is a hallmark of a wide range of human cancer cells. Yet, the precise mechanism behind this process is not fully understood. c‑Myc plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis, but its involvement in regulating contact inhibition has not been explored to date. Here, we report that c‑Myc plays an important role in abrogating contact inhibition in human cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. Our data show that the protein level of c‑Myc obviously decreased in contact-inhibited normal biliary epithelial cells. However, CCA cells sustain high protein levels of c‑Myc and keep strong proliferation ability in confluent conditions. Importantly, the suppression of c‑Myc by inhibitor or siRNA induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in confluent CCA cells. We demonstrate that the inhibition of c‑Myc suppressed the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in confluent CCA cells, and mTOR inhibition induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in confluent CCA cells. In confluent CCA cells, the activity of Merlin is downregulated, and Yes-associated protein (YAP) sustains high levels of activity. Furthermore, YAP inhibition not only induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest, but also decreased c‑Myc expression in confluent CCA cells. These results indicate that Merlin/YAP/c‑Myc/mTOR signaling axis promotes human CCA cell proliferation by overriding contact inhibition. We propose that overriding c‑Myc‑mediated contact inhibition is implicated in the development of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosong Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Liver Diseases Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Fuli Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Mei Wei
- Department of Liver Diseases of the Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qinghua Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P.R. China
| | - Chunhong Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhao
- Liver Diseases Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Rongyang Dai
- Liver Diseases Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Stepanova DS, Semenova G, Kuo YM, Andrews AJ, Ammoun S, Hanemann CO, Chernoff J. An Essential Role for the Tumor-Suppressor Merlin in Regulating Fatty Acid Synthesis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5026-5038. [PMID: 28729415 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of multiple tumors in the central nervous system, most notably schwannomas, and meningiomas. Mutational inactivation of the NF2 gene encoding the protein Merlin is found in most sporadic and inherited schwannomas, but the molecular mechanisms underlying neoplastic changes in schwannoma cells remain unclear. We report here that Nf2-deficient cells display elevated expression levels of key enzymes involved in lipogenesis and that this upregulation is caused by increased activity of Torc1. Inhibition or knockdown of fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of palmitic acid from malonyl-CoA, drove NF2-deficient cells into apoptosis. Treatment of NF2-mutant cells with agents that inhibit the production of malonyl-CoA reduced their sensitivity to FASN inhibitors. Collectively, these results suggest that the altered lipid metabolism found in NF2-mutant cells renders them sensitive to elevated levels of malonyl-CoA, as occurs following blockade of FASN, suggesting new targeted strategies in the treatment of NF2-deficient tumors. Cancer Res; 77(18); 5026-38. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Stepanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Semenova
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yin-Ming Kuo
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Andrews
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sylwia Ammoun
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Cellular prion protein (PrP C) in the development of Merlin-deficient tumours. Oncogene 2017; 36:6132-6142. [PMID: 28692055 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function mutations in the neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2) gene, coding for a tumour suppressor, Merlin, cause multiple tumours of the nervous system such as schwannomas, meningiomas and ependymomas. These tumours may occur sporadically or as part of the hereditary condition neurofibromatosis Type 2 (NF2). Current treatment is confined to (radio) surgery and no targeted drug therapies exist. NF2 mutations and/or Merlin inactivation are also seen in other cancers including some mesothelioma, breast cancer, colorectal carcinoma, melanoma and glioblastoma. To study the relationship between Merlin deficiency and tumourigenesis, we have developed an in vitro model comprising human primary schwannoma cells, the most common Merlin-deficient tumour and the hallmark for NF2. Using this model, we show increased expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) in schwannoma cells and tissues. In addition, a strong overexpression of PrPC is observed in human Merlin-deficient mesothelioma cell line TRA and in human Merlin-deficient meningiomas. PrPC contributes to increased proliferation, cell-matrix adhesion and survival in schwannoma cells acting via 37/67 kDa non-integrin laminin receptor (LR/37/67 kDa) and downstream ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT and FAK signalling pathways. PrPC protein is also strongly released from schwannoma cells via exosomes and as a free peptide suggesting that it may act in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner. We suggest that PrPC and its interactor, LR/37/67 kDa, could be potential therapeutic targets for schwannomas and other Merlin-deficient tumours.
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Bassiri K, Ferluga S, Sharma V, Syed N, Adams CL, Lasonder E, Hanemann CO. Global Proteome and Phospho-proteome Analysis of Merlin-deficient Meningioma and Schwannoma Identifies PDLIM2 as a Novel Therapeutic Target. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:76-86. [PMID: 28126595 PMCID: PMC5474504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss or mutation of the tumour suppressor Merlin predisposes individuals to develop multiple nervous system tumours, including schwannomas and meningiomas, sporadically or as part of the autosomal dominant inherited condition Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). These tumours display largely low grade features but their presence can lead to significant morbidity. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the only treatment options despite years of research, therefore an effective therapeutic is required. Unbiased omics studies have become pivotal in the identification of differentially expressed genes and proteins that may act as drug targets or biomarkers. Here we analysed the proteome and phospho-proteome of these genetically defined tumours using primary human tumour cells to identify upregulated/activated proteins and/or pathways. We identified over 2000 proteins in comparative experiments between Merlin-deficient schwannoma and meningioma compared to human Schwann and meningeal cells respectively. Using functional enrichment analysis we highlighted several dysregulated pathways and Gene Ontology terms. We identified several proteins and phospho-proteins that are more highly expressed in tumours compared to controls. Among proteins jointly dysregulated in both tumours we focused in particular on PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 (PDLIM2) and validated its overexpression in several tumour samples, while not detecting it in normal cells. We showed that shRNA mediated knockdown of PDLIM2 in both primary meningioma and schwannoma leads to significant reductions in cellular proliferation. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive assessment of the NF2-related meningioma and schwannoma proteome and phospho-proteome. Taken together, our data highlight several commonly deregulated factors, and indicate that PDLIM2 may represent a novel, common target for meningioma and schwannoma. Proteome and phosphoproteome of Merlin-deficient schwannomas and meningiomas were analysed. Comparative studies highlighted several pathways relevant for therapeutic intervention. PDLIM2 was identified as a novel, commonly upregulated protein in both tumours. PDLIM2 knockdown led to a significant reduction in proliferation in both cell types.
Loss or mutation of the protein Merlin causes a genetic condition known as Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) characterised by the growth of schwannomas and meningiomas. We analysed several of these tumour samples and identified over 2000 proteins in comparative experiments between Merlin-deficient schwannoma and meningioma compared to normal controls. We identified PDZ and LIM domain protein 2 (PDLIM2) as overexpressed in both tumour types and further showed that knockdown of PDLIM2 leads to significant reductions in cellular proliferation. Taken together, our data highlight several deregulated signalling pathways, and indicate that PDLIM2 may represent a novel, common target for meningioma and schwannoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayleigh Bassiri
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Sara Ferluga
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Vikram Sharma
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP, UK
| | - Claire L Adams
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK
| | - Edwin Lasonder
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Drakes Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Research Way, Derriford, Plymouth PL6 8BU, UK.
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Peyre M, Salaud C, Clermont-Taranchon E, Niwa-Kawakita M, Goutagny S, Mawrin C, Giovannini M, Kalamarides M. PDGF activation in PGDS-positive arachnoid cells induces meningioma formation in mice promoting tumor progression in combination with Nf2 and Cdkn2ab loss. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32713-22. [PMID: 26418719 PMCID: PMC4741724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PDGF-B and its receptor in meningeal tumorigenesis is not clear. We investigated the role of PDGF-B in mouse meningioma development by generating autocrine stimulation of the arachnoid through the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) using the RCAStv-a system. To specifically target arachnoid cells, the cells of origin of meningioma, we generated the PGDStv-a mouse (Prostaglandin D synthase). Forced expression of PDGF-B in arachnoid cells in vivo induced the formation of Grade I meningiomas in 27% of mice by 8 months of age. In vitro, PDGF-B overexpression in PGDS-positive arachnoid cells lead to increased proliferation.We found a correlation of PDGFR-B expression and NF2 inactivation in a cohort of human meningiomas, and we showed that, in mice, Nf2 loss and PDGF over-expression in arachnoid cells induced meningioma malignant transformation, with 40% of Grade II meningiomas. In these mice, additional loss of Cdkn2ab resulted in a higher incidence of malignant meningiomas with 60% of Grade II and 30% of Grade III meningiomas. These data suggest that chronic autocrine PDGF signaling can promote proliferation of arachnoid cells and is potentially sufficient to induce meningiomagenesis. Loss of Nf2 and Cdkn2ab have synergistic effects with PDGF-B overexpression promoting meningioma malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Peyre
- Department of Neurosurgery, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Université Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,CRICM INSERM U1127 CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Céline Salaud
- Université Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,CRICM INSERM U1127 CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Estelle Clermont-Taranchon
- Université Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,CRICM INSERM U1127 CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Michiko Niwa-Kawakita
- Inserm U944, CNRS U7212, Université Paris VII, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marco Giovannini
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michel Kalamarides
- Department of Neurosurgery, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,Université Paris 6 - Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,CRICM INSERM U1127 CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
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36
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Merlin inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by blocking LRP6 phosphorylation. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1638-47. [PMID: 27285107 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Merlin, encoded by the NF2 gene, is a tumor suppressor that acts by inhibiting mitogenic signaling and is mutated in Neurofibromatosis type II (NF2) disease, although its molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we observed that Merlin inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling by blocking phosphorylation of LRP6, which is necessary for Wnt signal transduction, whereas mutated Merlin in NF2 patients did not. Treatment with Wnt3a enhanced phosphorylation of Ser518 in Merlin via activation of PAK1 in a PIP2-dependent manner. Phosphorylated Merlin dissociated from LRP6, allowing for phosphorylation of LRP6. Tissues from NF2 patients exhibited higher levels of β-catenin, and proliferation of RT4-D6P2T rat schwannoma cells was significantly reduced by treatment with chemical inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that sustained activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling due to abrogation of Merlin-mediated inhibition of LRP6 phosphorylation may be a cause of NF2 disease.
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37
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Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 916:495-530. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30654-4_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Genetic/molecular alterations of meningiomas and the signaling pathways targeted. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10671-88. [PMID: 25965831 PMCID: PMC4484411 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are usually considered to be benign central nervous system tumors; however, they show heterogenous clinical, histolopathological and cytogenetic features associated with a variable outcome. In recent years important advances have been achieved in the identification of the genetic/molecular alterations of meningiomas and the signaling pathways involved. Thus, monosomy 22, which is often associated with mutations of the NF2 gene, has emerged as the most frequent alteration of meningiomas; in addition, several other genes (e.g., AKT1, KLF4, TRAF7, SMO) and chromosomes have been found to be recurrently altered often in association with more complex karyotypes and involvement of multiple signaling pathways. Here we review the current knowledge about the most relevant genes involved and the signaling pathways targeted by such alterations. In addition, we summarize those proposals that have been made so far for classification and prognostic stratification of meningiomas based on their genetic/genomic features.
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Petrilli AM, Fernández-Valle C. Role of Merlin/NF2 inactivation in tumor biology. Oncogene 2016; 35:537-48. [PMID: 25893302 PMCID: PMC4615258 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Merlin (Moesin-ezrin-radixin-like protein, also known as schwannomin) is a tumor suppressor protein encoded by the neurofibromatosis type 2 gene NF2. Loss of function mutations or deletions in NF2 cause neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), a multiple tumor forming disease of the nervous system. NF2 is characterized by the development of bilateral vestibular schwannomas. Patients with NF2 can also develop schwannomas on other cranial and peripheral nerves, as well as meningiomas and ependymomas. The only potential treatment is surgery/radiosurgery, which often results in loss of function of the involved nerve. There is an urgent need for chemotherapies that slow or eliminate tumors and prevent their formation in NF2 patients. Interestingly NF2 mutations and merlin inactivation also occur in spontaneous schwannomas and meningiomas, as well as other types of cancer including mesothelioma, glioma multiforme, breast, colorectal, skin, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, hepatic and prostate cancer. Except for malignant mesotheliomas, the role of NF2 mutation or inactivation has not received much attention in cancer, and NF2 might be relevant for prognosis and future chemotherapeutic approaches. This review discusses the influence of merlin loss of function in NF2-related tumors and common human cancers. We also discuss the NF2 gene status and merlin signaling pathways affected in the different tumor types and the molecular mechanisms that lead to tumorigenesis, progression and pharmacological resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra M. Petrilli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Cristina Fernández-Valle
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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The scaffold protein KSR1, a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of Merlin-deficient tumors. Oncogene 2015; 35:3443-53. [PMID: 26549023 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Merlin has broad tumor-suppressor functions as its mutations have been identified in multiple benign tumors and malignant cancers. In all schwannomas, the majority of meningiomas and 1/3 of ependymomas Merlin loss is causative. In neurofibromatosis type 2, a dominantly inherited tumor disease because of the loss of Merlin, patients suffer from multiple nervous system tumors and die on average around age 40. Chemotherapy is not effective and tumor localization and multiplicity make surgery and radiosurgery challenging and morbidity is often considerable. Thus, a new therapeutic approach is needed for these tumors. Using a primary human in vitro model for Merlin-deficient tumors, we report that the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein, extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) scaffold, kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1), has a vital role in promoting schwannomas development. We show that KSR1 overexpression is involved in many pathological phenotypes caused by Merlin loss, namely multipolar morphology, enhanced cell-matrix adhesion, focal adhesion and, most importantly, increased proliferation and survival. Our data demonstrate that KSR1 has a wider role than MEK1/2 in the development of schwannomas because adhesion is more dependent on KSR1 than MEK1/2. Immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that KSR1 is a novel binding partner of Merlin, which suppresses KSR1's function by inhibiting the binding between KSR1 and c-Raf. Our proteomic analysis also demonstrates that KSR1 interacts with several Merlin downstream effectors, including E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4(DCAF1). Further functional studies suggests that KSR1 and DCAF1 may co-operate to regulate schwannomas formation. Taken together, these findings suggest that KSR1 serves as a potential therapeutic target for Merlin-deficient tumors.
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Quan M, Cui J, Xia T, Jia Z, Xie D, Wei D, Huang S, Huang Q, Zheng S, Xie K. Merlin/NF2 Suppresses Pancreatic Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Attenuating the FOXM1-Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4778-4789. [PMID: 26483206 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Merlin, the protein encoded by the NF2 gene, is a member of the band 4.1 family of cytoskeleton-associated proteins and functions as a tumor suppressor for many types of cancer. However, the roles and mechanism of Merlin expression in pancreatic cancer have remained unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the impact of Merlin expression on pancreatic cancer development and progression using human tissue specimens, cell lines, and animal models. Decreased expression of Merlin was pronounced in human pancreatic tumors and cancer cell lines. Functional analysis revealed that restored expression of Merlin inhibited pancreatic tumor growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Merlin suppressed the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling downstream genes and the nuclear expression of β-catenin protein, and overexpression of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) attenuated the suppressive effect of Merlin on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Mechanistically, Merlin decreased the stability of FOXM1 protein, which plays critical roles in nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that Merlin critically regulated pancreatic cancer pathogenesis by suppressing FOXM1/β-catenin signaling, suggesting that targeting novel Merlin/FOXM1/β-catenin signaling is an effective therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Quan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiujie Cui
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dacheng Xie
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoyan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Pathology Department of Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Hainan Medical College, Haikou, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Jang EJ, Jeong HO, Park D, Kim DH, Choi YJ, Chung KW, Park MH, Yu BP, Chung HY. Src Tyrosine Kinase Activation by 4-Hydroxynonenal Upregulates p38, ERK/AP-1 Signaling and COX-2 Expression in YPEN-1 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129244. [PMID: 26466383 PMCID: PMC4605600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a major end product of lipid peroxidation, is highly reactive and involved in various cellular processes, such as inflammatory signaling. However, to date, the mechanistic roles of 4-HNE in inflammatory signaling related to protein tyrosine kinases have not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between 4-HNE and Src (a non-receptor tyrosine kinase) for its involvement in the molecular modulation of the inflammatory signaling pathway utilizing the YPEN-1 cell system. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that 4-HNE phosphorylates (activates) Src at Tyr416 via adduct formation. In addition, LC-MS/MS and a docking simulation model revealed an addiction site at the Cys248 residue of Src, resulting in the stimulation of downstream p38, ERK/AP-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) signaling in YPEN-1 cells. The role of 4-HNE-activated Src in downstream inflammatory signaling was further investigated using dasatinib (a Src inhibitor) and by siRNA knockdown of Src. p38 and ERK were directly regulated by Src, as revealed by immunoblotting of the phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are key elements in the signaling transduction pathway initiated by Src. The study also shows that Src modulates the HNE-enhanced activation of AP-1 and the expression of COX-2 (a target gene of AP-1). Together, the results of this study show that 4-HNE stimulates Src tyrosine kinase in activation of the inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Jang
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University, Busan 609–735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hi Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229–3900, United States of America
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging Intervention (MRCA), Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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A splicing variant of Merlin promotes metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8457. [PMID: 26443326 PMCID: PMC4633634 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Merlin, which is encoded by the tumour suppressor gene Nf2, plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, little is known about the functional importance of Merlin splicing forms. In this study, we show that Merlin is present at low levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), particularly in metastatic tumours, where it is associated with a poor prognosis. Surprisingly, a splicing variant of Merlin that lacks exons 2, 3 and 4 (Δ2–4Merlin) is amplified in HCC and portal vein tumour thrombus (PVTT) specimens and in the CSQT2 cell line derived from PVTT. Our studies show that Δ2–4Merlin interferes with the capacity of wild-type Merlin to bind β-catenin and ERM, and it is expressed in the cytoplasm rather than at the cell surface. Furthermore, Δ2–4Merlin overexpression increases the expression levels of β-catenin and stemness-related genes, induces the epithelium–mesenchymal-transition phenotype promoting cell migration in vitro and the formation of lung metastasis in vivo. Our results indicate that the Δ2–4Merlin variant disrupts the normal function of Merlin and promotes tumour metastasis. Merlin plays a crucial role as a tumour suppressor in liver tumorigenesis. Here, the authors show that a splicing variant of Merlin that lacks exons 2,3 and 4 (Δ2–4Merlin) is highly expressed in hepatocarcinoma and promotes tumour metastasis by interfering with the binding of wild-type Merlin to ß-catenin.
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NF2/Merlin is required for the axial pattern formation in the Xenopus laevis embryo. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:305-12. [PMID: 26344136 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The NF2 gene product Merlin is a FERM-domain protein possessing a broad tumor-suppressing function. NF2/Merlin has been implicated in regulating multiple signaling pathways critical for cell growth and survival. However, it remains unknown whether NF2/Merlin regulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling during vertebrate embryogenesis. Here we demonstrate that NF2/Merlin is required for body pattern formation in the Xenopus laevis embryo. Depletion of the maternal NF2/Merlin enhances organizer gene expression dependent on the presence of β-catenin, and causes dorsanteriorized development; Morpholino antisense oligo-mediated knockdown of the zygotic NF2/Merlin shifts posterior genes anteriorwards and reduces the anterior development. We further demonstrate that targeted depletion of NF2 in the presumptive dorsal tissues increases the levels of nuclear β-catenin in the neural epithelial cells. Biochemical analyses reveal that NF2 depletion promotes the production of active β-catenin and concurrently decreases the level of N-terminally phosphorylated β-catenin under the stimulation of the endogenous Wnt signaling. Our findings suggest that NF2/Merlin negatively regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity during the pattern formation in early X. laevis embryos.
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Correlation of caveolin-1 expression with microlymphatic vessel density in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and its correlation with prognosis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:655-7. [PMID: 26321520 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression of caveolin-1 in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and its correlation with microlymphatic vessel density (LMVD), and to investigate the clinical pathological prognostic significance of caveolin-1 and LMVD in patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS The expression of caveolin-1 and LMVD in 45 specimens of normal colorectal tissues, and 90 specimens of colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry technique. The correlation between their expression and the clinicopathologic features was analyzed. Multivariable Cox regression was used to analyze the association between the laboratory indices and overall survival time. RESULTS The positive rates of caveolin-1 in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in normal colorectal tissues (P < 0.01). LMVD in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues were significantly higher than those in normal colorectal tissues (P < 0.01). Mean LMVD in group with caveolin-1 positive was significantly higher than in that with caveolin-1 negative. The median survival time was 26.7 months. Cox regression analysis showed that the caveolin-1 expression, invation depth, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, liver metastasis and LMVD were independent risk factors of overall survival time of patients with colorectal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Caveolin-1 may contribute to the lymphangiogenesis in the tumor. During the occurrence and development of colorectal adenocarcinoma, there is a close relationship between the expression of caveolin-1 and lymphatic microvessel of tumor. Caveolin-1 expression and microlymphatic vessel density are significant prognostic value of colorectal carcinoma.
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Ahmad I, Fernando A, Gurgel R, Jason Clark J, Xu L, Hansen MR. Merlin status regulates p75(NTR) expression and apoptotic signaling in Schwann cells following nerve injury. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:114-122. [PMID: 26057084 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, Schwann cells (SCs) dedifferentiate, proliferate, and support axon regrowth. If axons fail to regenerate, denervated SCs eventually undergo apoptosis due, in part, to increased expression of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75(NTR). Merlin is the protein product of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene implicated in SC tumorigenesis. Here we explore the contribution of merlin to SC responses to nerve injury. We find that merlin becomes phosphorylated (growth permissive) in SCs following acute axotomy and following gradual neural degeneration in a deafness model, temporally correlated with increased p75(NTR) expression. p75(NTR) levels are elevated in P0SchΔ39-121 transgenic mice that harbor an Nf2 mutation in SCs relative to wild-type mice before axotomy and remain elevated for a longer period of time following injury. Replacement of wild-type, but not phospho-mimetic (S518D), merlin isoforms suppresses p75(NTR) expression in primary human schwannoma cultures which otherwise lack functional merlin. Despite elevated levels of p75(NTR), SC apoptosis following axotomy is blunted in P0SchΔ39-121 mice relative to wild-type mice suggesting that loss of functional merlin contributes to SC resistance to apoptosis. Further, cultured SCs from mice with a tamoxifen-inducible knock-out of Nf2 confirm that SCs lacking functional merlin are less sensitive to p75(NTR)-mediated cell death. Taken together these results point to a model whereby loss of axonal contact following nerve injury results in merlin phosphorylation leading to increased p75(NTR) expression. Further, they demonstrate that merlin facilitates p75(NTR)-mediated apoptosis in SCs helping to explain how neoplastic SCs that lack functional merlin survive long-term in the absence of axonal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Ahmad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Augusta Fernando
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Richard Gurgel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - J Jason Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Linjing Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Marlan R Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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PPP1R12A Copy Number Is Associated with Clinical Outcomes of Stage III CRC Receiving Oxaliplatin-Based Chemotherapy. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:417184. [PMID: 26113782 PMCID: PMC4465766 DOI: 10.1155/2015/417184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the correlation between PPP1R12A gene copy number and clinical outcomes of oxaliplatin-based regimen in stage III colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS A total of 139 paraffin-embedded tissue samples of stage III CRC patients who received oxaliplatin-based treatment after radical surgery were recruited. Genomic DNA was extracted and purified from paraffin-embedded sections. Quantitative PCR methods were used to detect the relative copy number (RCN) of PPP1R12A. RESULTS Statistical analysis demonstrated that low PPP1R12A RCN was associated with poor RFS (HR = 2.186, 95% CI: 1.293-3.696; P = 0.003) and OS (HR = 2.782, 95% CI: 1.531-5.052; P < 0.001). Additionally, when patients were stratified according to subgroups of stage III and tumor location, poor RFS and OS were also observed in the low PPP1R12A RCN group with significance (RFS: IIIB HR = 2.870, P < 0.001; colon HR = 1.910, P = 0.037; OS: IIIB HR = 3.527, P < 0.001; IIIC HR = 2.662, P = 0.049; rectum HR = 4.229, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest the copy number of PPP1R12A can independently predict recurrence and overall survival of stage III colorectal cancer patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
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Abstract
Transformation of a normal cell to a cancer cell is caused by mutations in genes that regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion. Small GTPases such as Ras, Rho, Rac and Cdc42 orchestrate many of the signals that are required for malignant transformation. The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are effectors of Rac and Cdc42. PAKs are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases comprised of six isoforms (PAK1–6), and they play important roles in cytoskeletal dynamics, cell survival and proliferation. They act as key signal transducers in several cancer signaling pathways, including Ras, Raf, NFκB, Akt, Bad and p53. Although PAKs are not mutated in cancers, they are overexpressed, hyperactivated or amplified in several human tumors and their role in cell transformation make them attractive therapeutic targets. This review discusses the evidence that PAK is important for cell transformation and some key signaling pathways it regulates. This review primarily discusses Group I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2 and PAK3) as Group II PAKs (PAK4, PAK5 and PAK6) are discussed elsewhere in this issue (by Minden).
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zi Ye
- Department of Pharmacology; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
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Ahmad I, Yue WY, Fernando A, Clark JJ, Woodson EA, Hansen MR. p75NTR is highly expressed in vestibular schwannomas and promotes cell survival by activating nuclear transcription factor κB. Glia 2014; 62:1699-712. [PMID: 24976126 PMCID: PMC4150679 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) arise from Schwann cells (SCs) and result from the loss of function of merlin, the protein product of the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. In contrast to non-neoplastic SCs, VS cells survive long-term in the absence of axons. We find that p75(NTR) is overexpressed in VSs compared with normal nerves, both at the transcript and protein level, similar to the response of non-neoplastic SCs following axotomy. Despite elevated p75(NTR) expression, VS cells are resistant to apoptosis due to treatment with proNGF, a high affinity ligand for p75(NTR) . Furthermore, treatment with proNGF protects VS cells from apoptosis due to c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibition indicating that p75(NTR) promotes VS cell survival. Treatment of VS cells with proNGF activated NF-κB while inhibition of JNK with SP600125 or siRNA-mediated knockdown reduced NF-κB activity. Significantly, proNGF also activated NF-κB in cultures treated with JNK inhibitors. Thus, JNK activity appears to be required for basal levels of NF-κB activity but not for proNGF-induced NF-κB activity. To confirm that the increase in NF-κB activity contributes to the prosurvival effect of proNGF, we infected VS cultures with Ad.IκB.SerS32/36A virus, which inhibits NF-κB activation. Compared with control virus, Ad.IκB.SerS32/36A significantly increased apoptosis including in VS cells treated with proNGF. Thus, in contrast to non-neoplastic SCs, p75(NTR) signaling provides a prosurvival response in VS cells by activating NF-κB independent of JNK. Such differences may contribute to the ability of VS cells to survive long-term in the absence of axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Ahmad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Wei Ying Yue
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Augusta Fernando
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - J. Jason Clark
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Erika A. Woodson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marlan R. Hansen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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Cancer subclonal genetic architecture as a key to personalized medicine. Neoplasia 2014; 15:1410-20. [PMID: 24403863 DOI: 10.1593/neo.131972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The future of personalized oncological therapy will likely rely on evidence-based medicine to integrate all of the available evidence to delineate the most efficacious treatment option for the patient. To undertake evidence-based medicine through use of targeted therapy regimens, identification of the specific underlying causative mutation(s) driving growth and progression of a patient's tumor is imperative. Although molecular subtyping is important for planning and treatment, intraclonal genetic diversity has been recently highlighted as having significant implications for biopsy-based prognosis. Overall, delineation of the clonal architecture of a patient's cancer and how this will impact on the selection of the most efficacious therapy remain a topic of intense interest.
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