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Luo T, Jiang X, Fan Y, Yuan E, Li J, Tillman L, Lin W. STING agonist-conjugated metal-organic framework induces artificial leukocytoid structures and immune hotspots for systemic antitumor responses. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae167. [PMID: 38887543 PMCID: PMC11182667 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is widely used for cancer treatment, but its clinical utility is limited by radioresistance and its inability to target metastases. Nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown promise as high-Z nanoradiosensitizers to enhance radiotherapy and induce immunostimulatory regulation of the tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that MOFs could deliver small-molecule therapeutics to synergize with radiotherapy for enhanced antitumor efficacy. Herein, we develop a robust nanoradiosensitizer, GA-MOF, by conjugating a STING agonist, 2',3'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GA), on MOFs for synergistic radiosensitization and STING activation. GA-MOF demonstrated strong anticancer efficacy by forming immune-cell-rich nodules (artificial leukocytoid structures) and transforming them into immunostimulatory hotspots with radiotherapy. Further combination with an immune checkpoint blockade suppressed distant tumors through systemic immune activation. Our work not only demonstrates the potent radiosensitization of GA-MOF, but also provides detailed mechanisms regarding MOF distribution, immune regulatory pathways and long-term immune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taokun Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
| | - Xiaomin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
| | - Yingjie Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
| | - Eric Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
| | - Langston Tillman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and the Ludwig Center for Metastasis Research, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA
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2
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Epel B, Viswakarma N, Sundramoorthy SV, Pawar NJ, Kotecha M. Oxygen Imaging of a Rabbit Tumor Using a Human-Sized Pulse Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imager. Mol Imaging Biol 2024; 26:403-410. [PMID: 37715089 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spatial heterogeneity in tumor hypoxia is one of the most important factors regulating tumor growth, development, aggressiveness, metastasis, and affecting treatment outcome. Most solid tumors are known to have hypoxia or low oxygen levels (pO2 ≤10 torr). Electron paramagnetic resonance oxygen imaging (EPROI) is an emerging oxygen mapping technology. EPROI utilizes the linear relationship between the relaxation rates of the injectable OX071 trityl spin probe and the partial oxygen pressure (pO2). However, most of the EPROI studies have been limited to mouse models of solid tumors because of the instrument-size limitations. The purpose of this work was to develop a human-sized 9-mT (250 MHz resonance frequency, 60 cm bore size) pulse EPROI instrument and evaluate its performance with rabbit VX-2 tumor oxygen imaging. METHODS A New Zealand white rabbit with a 3.2-cm VX-2 tumor in the calf muscle was imaged using the human-sized EPROI instrument and a 2.25-in. ID volume coil. The animal received a ~8-min intravenous injection of OX071 (5.2 mL total volume at 72 mM concentration) and, after 75 min, an intratumoral injection (120 μL total at 5 mM OX071 concentration) and underwent EPROI. At the end of the experiments, MRI was performed using a preclinical 9.4-T MRI system to outline the tumor boundaries. RESULTS For the first time, a human-sized pulse EPROI instrument with a 60-cm bore size/250-MHz frequency was built and evaluated using rabbit tumor oxygen imaging. For the first time, the systemic IV injection of the oxygen-sensitive trityl OX071 spin probe was used for an animal of this size. The resulting EPROI image from the IV injection showed complete tumor coverage. The image obtained after intratumoral injection showed localized coverage in the upper lobe of the tumor, demonstrating the need for improved intratumoral injection protocol. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the performance of the world's first human-sized pulse EPROI instrument. It also demonstrates that the EPROI of larger animals can be performed using the systemic injection of a manageable amount of the spin probe. This brings EPROI one step closer to clinical applications in cancer therapies. Oxygen imaging is a platform technology, and the instrument and techniques developed here will also be useful for other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Epel
- O2M Technologies, LLC, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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3
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Chang B, Chen J, Bao J, Sun T, Cheng Z. Molecularly Engineered Room-Temperature Phosphorescence for Biomedical Application: From the Visible toward Second Near-Infrared Window. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13966-14037. [PMID: 37991875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescence, characterized by luminescent lifetimes significantly longer than that of biological autofluorescence under ambient environment, is of great value for biomedical applications. Academic evidence of fluorescence imaging indicates that virtually all imaging metrics (sensitivity, resolution, and penetration depths) are improved when progressing into longer wavelength regions, especially the recently reported second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window. Although the emission wavelength of probes does matter, it is not clear whether the guideline of "the longer the wavelength, the better the imaging effect" is still suitable for developing phosphorescent probes. For tissue-specific bioimaging, long-lived probes, even if they emit visible phosphorescence, enable accurate visualization of large deep tissues. For studies dealing with bioimaging of tiny biological architectures or dynamic physiopathological activities, the prerequisite is rigorous planning of long-wavelength phosphorescence, being aware of the cooperative contribution of long wavelengths and long lifetimes for improving the spatiotemporal resolution, penetration depth, and sensitivity of bioimaging. In this Review, emerging molecular engineering methods of room-temperature phosphorescence are discussed through the lens of photophysical mechanisms. We highlight the roles of phosphorescence with emission from visible to NIR-II windows toward bioapplications. To appreciate such advances, challenges and prospects in rapidly growing studies of room-temperature phosphorescence are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jiasheng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
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Tang H, Liu S, Yan X, Jin Y, He X, Huang H, Liu L, Hu W, Wu A. Inhibition of LNC EBLN3P Enhances Radiation-Induced Mitochondrial Damage in Lung Cancer Cells by Targeting the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 Axis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1208. [PMID: 37759607 PMCID: PMC10525126 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both women and men, claiming millions of lives worldwide. Radiotherapy is an effective modality for treating early-stage lung cancer; however, it cannot completely eradicate certain tumor cells due to their radioresistance. Radioresistance is commonly observed in conventionally fractionated radiotherapy, which can lead to treatment failure, metastasis, cancer recurrence, and poor prognosis for cancer patients. Identifying the underlying molecular mechanisms of radioresistance in lung cancer can promote the development of effective radiosensitizers, thereby improving patients' life expectancy and curability. In this study, we identified LNC EBLN3P as a regulator of lung cancer cell proliferation and radiosensitivity. The repression of LNC EBLN3P could increase ROS production and mitochondrial injury in NSCLC cells. In addition, knocking down LNC EBLN3P increased the binding of Nrf2 to Keap1, resulting in enhanced Nrf2 degradation, decreased translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus, reduced expression of antioxidant protein HO-1, weakened cellular antioxidant capacity, and increased radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells. These findings suggest that targeting LNC EBLN3P could be a promising strategy for developing novel radiosensitizers in the context of conventional radiotherapy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shanghai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yusheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wentao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Anqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Boopathi E, Den RB, Thangavel C. Innate Immune System in the Context of Radiation Therapy for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3972. [PMID: 37568788 PMCID: PMC10417569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) remains an integral component of modern oncology care, with most cancer patients receiving radiation as a part of their treatment plan. The main goal of ionizing RT is to control the local tumor burden by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis within the tumor cells. The advancement in RT, including intensity-modulated RT (IMRT), stereotactic body RT (SBRT), image-guided RT, and proton therapy, have increased the efficacy of RT, equipping clinicians with techniques to ensure precise and safe administration of radiation doses to tumor cells. In this review, we present the technological advancement in various types of RT methods and highlight their clinical utility and associated limitations. This review provides insights into how RT modulates innate immune signaling and the key players involved in modulating innate immune responses, which have not been well documented earlier. Apoptosis of cancer cells following RT triggers immune systems that contribute to the eradication of tumors through innate and adoptive immunity. The innate immune system consists of various cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, which serve as key mediators of innate immunity in response to RT. This review will concentrate on the significance of the innate myeloid and lymphoid lineages in anti-tumorigenic processes triggered by RT. Furthermore, we will explore essential strategies to enhance RT efficacy. This review can serve as a platform for researchers to comprehend the clinical application and limitations of various RT methods and provides insights into how RT modulates innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettickan Boopathi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Robert B. Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Chellappagounder Thangavel
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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Oronsky B, Takahashi L, Gordon R, Cabrales P, Caroen S, Reid T. RRx-001: a chimeric triple action NLRP3 inhibitor, Nrf2 inducer, and nitric oxide superagonist. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1204143. [PMID: 37313460 PMCID: PMC10258348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1204143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
RRx-001 is a shape shifting small molecule with Fast Track designation for the prevention/amelioration of chemoradiation-induced severe oral mucositis (SOM) in newly diagnosed Head and Neck cancer. It has been intentionally developed or "engineered" as a chimeric single molecular entity that targets multiple redox-based mechanisms. Like an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), RRx-001 contains, at one end a "targeting" moiety, which binds to the NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibits it as well as Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), the negative regulator of Nrf2, and, at the other end, a conformationally constrained, dinitro containing 4 membered ring, which fragments under conditions of hypoxia and reduction to release therapeutically active metabolites i.e., the payload. This "payload", which is delivered specifically to hypoperfused and inflamed areas, includes nitric oxide, nitric oxide related species and carbon-centered radicals. As observed with ADCs, RRx-001 contains a backbone amide "linker" attached to a binding site, which correlates with the Fab region of an antibody, and to the dinitroazetidine payload, which is microenvironmentally activated. However, unlike ADCs, whose large size impacts their pharmacokinetic properties, RRx-001 is a nonpolar small molecule that easily crosses cell membranes and the blood brain barrier (BBB) and distributes systemically. This short review is organized around the de novo design and in vivo pro-oxidant/pro-inflammatory and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activity of RRx-001, which, in turn, depends on the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio and the oxygenation status of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Oronsky
- Drug Development, EpicentRx, Torrey Pines, CA, United States
| | - Lori Takahashi
- Drug Development, EpicentRx, Torrey Pines, CA, United States
| | - Richard Gordon
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Scott Caroen
- Drug Development, EpicentRx, Torrey Pines, CA, United States
| | - Tony Reid
- Drug Development, EpicentRx, Torrey Pines, CA, United States
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Izadi F, Szczyrba A, Datta M, Ciupak O, Demkowicz S, Rak J, Denifl S. Electron-Induced Decomposition of 5-Bromo-4-thiouracil and 5-Bromo-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine: The Effect of the Deoxyribose Moiety on Dissociative Electron Attachment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108706. [PMID: 37240053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
When modified uridine derivatives are incorporated into DNA, radical species may form that cause DNA damage. This category of molecules has been proposed as radiosensitizers and is currently being researched. Here, we study electron attachment to 5-bromo-4-thiouracil (BrSU), a uracil derivative, and 5-bromo-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine (BrSdU), with an attached deoxyribose moiety via the N-glycosidic (N1-C) bond. Quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to detect the anionic products of dissociative electron attachment (DEA), and the experimental results were supported by quantum chemical calculations performed at the M062X/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Experimentally, we found that BrSU predominantly captures low-energy electrons with kinetic energies near 0 eV, though the abundance of bromine anions was rather low compared to a similar experiment with bromouracil. We suggest that, for this reaction channel, proton-transfer reactions in the transient negative ions limit the release of bromine anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Izadi
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Adrian Szczyrba
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Datta
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Olga Ciupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Rak
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Pihlava L, Berholts M, Niskanen J, Vladyka A, Kooser K, Stråhlman C, Eng-Johnsson P, Kivimäki A, Kukk E. Photodissociation of bromine-substituted nitroimidazole radiosensitizers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:13004-13011. [PMID: 37165880 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy elements and some nitroimidazoles both exhibit radiosensitizing properties through different mechanisms. In an effort to see how the overall radiosensitivity might be affected when the two radiosensitizers are combined in the same molecule, we studied the gas-phase photodissociation of two brominated nitroimidazoles and a bromine-free reference sample. Synchrotron radiation was employed to initiate the photodynamics and energy-resolved multiparticle coincidence spectroscopy was used to study the ensuing dissociation. We observed the brominated samples releasing high amounts of potentially radiosensitizing fragments upon dissociation. Since bromination also increases the likelihood of the drug molecule being ionised per a given X-ray dose, we conclude that heavy-element substitution of nitroimidazoles appears to be a viable path towards new, potent radiosensitizer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassi Pihlava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Marta Berholts
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Anton Vladyka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, EE-50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Christian Stråhlman
- Department of Materials Science and Applied Mathematics, Malmö University, SE-20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Antti Kivimäki
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, SE-20100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, UMR 7614, CNRS, Sorbonne University, FR-75005 Paris, France
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9
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Aiyappa-Maudsley R, Elsalem L, Ibrahim AIM, Pors K, Martin SG. In vitro radiosensitization of breast cancer with hypoxia-activated prodrugs. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4577-4590. [PMID: 35841287 PMCID: PMC9357624 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
KP167 is a novel hypoxia‐activated prodrug (HAP), targeting cancer cells via DNA intercalating and alkylating properties. The single agent and radiosensitizing efficacy of KP167 and its parental comparator, AQ4N, were evaluated in 2D and 3D cultures of luminal and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and compared against DNA damage repair inhibitors. 2D normoxic treatment with the DNA repair inhibitors, Olaparib or KU‐55933 caused, as expected, substantial radiosensitization (sensitiser enhancement ratio, SER0.01 of 1.60–3.42). KP167 induced greater radiosensitization in TNBC (SER0.01 2.53 in MDAMB‐231, 2.28 in MDAMB‐468, 4.55 in MDAMB‐436) and luminal spheroids (SER0.01 1.46 in MCF‐7 and 1.76 in T47D cells) compared with AQ4N. Significant radiosensitization was also obtained using KP167 and AQ4N in 2D normoxia. Although hypoxia induced radioresistance, radiosensitization by KP167 was still greater under 2D hypoxia, yielding SER0.01 of 1.56–2.37 compared with AQ4N SER0.01 of 1.13–1.94. Such data show KP167 as a promising single agent and potent radiosensitiser of both normoxic and hypoxic breast cancer cells, with greater efficacy in TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Aiyappa-Maudsley
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lina Elsalem
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Jordan University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ali I M Ibrahim
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Klaus Pors
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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10
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Kumar S, Ben Chouikha I, Kerkeni B, García G, Limão-Vieira P. Bound Electron Enhanced Radiosensitisation of Nimorazole upon Charge Transfer. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134134. [PMID: 35807379 PMCID: PMC9268075 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This novel work reports nimorazole (NIMO) radiosensitizer reduction upon electron transfer in collisions with neutral potassium (K) atoms in the lab frame energy range of 10–400 eV. The negative ions formed in this energy range were time-of-flight mass analyzed and branching ratios were obtained. Assignment of different anions showed that more than 80% was due to the formation of the non-dissociated parent anion NIMO•− at 226 u and nitrogen dioxide anion NO2− at 46 u. The rich fragmentation pattern revealed that significant collision induced the decomposition of the 4-nitroimidazole ring, as well as other complex internal reactions within the temporary negative ion formed after electron transfer to neutral NIMO. Other fragment anions were only responsible for less than 20% of the total ion yield. Additional information on the electronic state spectroscopy of nimorazole was obtained by recording a K+ energy loss spectrum in the forward scattering direction (θ ≈ 0°), allowing us to determine the most accessible electronic states within the temporary negative ion. Quantum chemical calculations on the electronic structure of NIMO in the presence of a potassium atom were performed to help assign the most significant lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals participating in the collision process. Electron transfer was shown to be a relevant process for nimorazole radiosensitisation through efficient and prevalent non-dissociated parent anion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Kumar
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Islem Ben Chouikha
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Boutheïna Kerkeni
- Département de Physique, LPMC, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis el Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
- ISAMM, Université de La Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.L.-V.)
| | - Gustavo García
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 113-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (P.L.-V.)
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11
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Chang YC, Chang PMH, Li CH, Chan MH, Lee YJ, Chen MH, Hsiao M. Aldolase A and Phospholipase D1 Synergistically Resist Alkylating Agents and Radiation in Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 11:811635. [PMID: 35127525 PMCID: PMC8813753 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.811635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to alkylating agents and radiation may cause damage and apoptosis in cancer cells. Meanwhile, this exposure involves resistance and leads to metabolic reprogramming to benefit cancer cells. At present, the detailed mechanism is still unclear. Based on the profiles of several transcriptomes, we found that the activity of phospholipase D (PLD) and the production of specific metabolites are related to these events. Comparing several particular inhibitors, we determined that phospholipase D1 (PLD1) plays a dominant role over other PLD members. Using the existing metabolomics platform, we demonstrated that lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) are the most critical metabolites, and are highly dependent on aldolase A (ALDOA). We further demonstrated that ALDOA could modulate total PLD enzyme activity and phosphatidic acid products. Particularly after exposure to alkylating agents and radiation, the proliferation of lung cancer cells, autophagy, and DNA repair capabilities are enhanced. The above phenotypes are closely related to the performance of the ALDOA/PLD1 axis. Moreover, we found that ALDOA inhibited PLD2 activity and enzyme function through direct protein–protein interaction (PPI) with PLD2 to enhance PLD1 and additional carcinogenic features. Most importantly, the combination of ALDOA and PLD1 can be used as an independent prognostic factor and is correlated with several clinical parameters in lung cancer. These findings indicate that, based on the PPI status between ALDOA and PLD2, a combination of radiation and/or alkylating agents with regulating ALDOA-PLD1 may be considered as a new lung cancer treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peter Mu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiu Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yi-Jang Lee
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center of Immuno-Oncology, Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Michael Hsiao,
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12
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Brender JR, Saida Y, Devasahayam N, Krishna MC, Kishimoto S. Hypoxia Imaging As a Guide for Hypoxia-Modulated and Hypoxia-Activated Therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:144-159. [PMID: 34428981 PMCID: PMC8856011 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Oxygen imaging techniques, which can probe the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumor oxygenation, could be of significant clinical utility in radiation treatment planning and in evaluating the effectiveness of hypoxia-activated prodrugs. To fulfill these goals, oxygen imaging techniques should be noninvasive, quantitative, and capable of serial imaging, as well as having sufficient temporal resolution to detect the dynamics of tumor oxygenation to distinguish regions of chronic and acute hypoxia. Recent Advances: No current technique meets all these requirements, although all have strengths in certain areas. The current status of positron emission tomography (PET)-based hypoxia imaging, oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 19F MRI, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry are reviewed along with their strengths and weaknesses for planning hypoxia-guided, intensity-modulated radiation therapy and detecting treatment response for hypoxia-targeted prodrugs. Critical Issues: Spatial and temporal resolution emerges as a major concern for these areas along with specificity and quantitative response. Although multiple oxygen imaging techniques have reached the investigative stage, clinical trials to test the therapeutic effectiveness of hypoxia imaging have been limited. Future Directions: Imaging elements of the redox environment besides oxygen by EPR and hyperpolarized MRI may have a significant impact on our understanding of the basic biology of the reactive oxygen species response and may extend treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yu Saida
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nallathamby Devasahayam
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Satta M, Casavola AR, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Catone D, Chiarinelli J, Borocci S, Avaldi L, Bolognesi P. Ionization of 2- and 4(5)-Nitroimidazoles Radiosensitizers: A "Kinetic Competition" Between NO 2 and NO Losses. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2387-2391. [PMID: 34597457 PMCID: PMC9293481 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles are a class of chemicals with a remarkable broad spectrum of applications from the production of explosives to the use as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. The understanding of thedynamics of their fragmentation induced by ionizing sources is of fundamental interest. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the kinetic competition between the two most important decomposition channels of 2, 4 and 5‐Nitroimidazole cations: the NO and NO2 losses. The calculated rate constants of the two processes are in very good agreement with the experimental Photoelectron‐Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) branching ratio. This study solves the intriguing and theoretically unexplained experimental observation that 2‐Nitroimidazole, at variance with the other two regio‐isomers is a source for only NO at low energies (<12.76 eV). This is a key point for biomedical application of the nitroimidazoles, because NO is the vasodilator that favors the reoxigenation of hypoxic tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Satta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Casavola
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 2, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 10, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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14
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Kaynak A, Davis HW, Vallabhapurapu SD, Pak KY, Gray BD, Qi X. SapC-DOPS as a Novel Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agent for Glioblastoma Therapy and Detection: Alternative to Old Drugs and Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1193. [PMID: 34832975 PMCID: PMC8619974 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common type of brain cancer, is extremely aggressive and has a dreadful prognosis. GBM comprises 60% of adult brain tumors and the 5 year survival rate of GBM patients is only 4.3%. Standard-of-care treatment includes maximal surgical removal of the tumor in combination with radiation and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. TMZ is the "gold-standard" chemotherapy for patients suffering from GBM. However, the median survival is only about 12 to 18 months with this protocol. Consequently, there is a critical need to develop new therapeutic options for treatment of GBM. Nanomaterials have unique properties as multifunctional platforms for brain tumor therapy and diagnosis. As one of the nanomaterials, lipid-based nanocarriers are capable of delivering chemotherapeutics and imaging agents to tumor sites by enhancing the permeability of the compound through the blood-brain barrier, which makes them ideal for GBM therapy and imaging. Nanocarriers also can be used for delivery of radiosensitizers to the tumor to enhance the efficacy of the radiation therapy. Previously, high-atomic-number element-containing particles such as gold nanoparticles and liposomes have been used as radiosensitizers. SapC-DOPS, a protein-based liposomal drug comprising the lipid, dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), and the protein, saposin C (SapC), has been shown to be effective for treatment of a variety of cancers in small animals, including GBM. SapC-DOPS also has the unique ability to be used as a carrier for delivery of radiotheranostic agents for nuclear imaging and radiotherapeutic purposes. These unique properties make tumor-targeting proteo-liposome nanocarriers novel therapeutic and diagnostic alternatives to traditional chemotherapeutics and imaging agents. This article reviews various treatment modalities including nanolipid-based delivery and therapeutic systems used in preclinical and clinical trial settings for GBM treatment and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kaynak
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Harold W. Davis
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Subrahmanya D. Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Koon Y. Pak
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380, USA; (K.Y.P.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Brian D. Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, PA 19380, USA; (K.Y.P.); (B.D.G.)
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and Brain Tumor Center at UC Neuroscience Institute, 3512 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; (A.K.); (H.W.D.); (S.D.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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15
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Bibb E, Alajlan N, Alsuwailem S, Mitchell B, Brady A, Maqbool M, George R. Internalized Nanoceria Modify the Radiation-Sensitivity Profile of MDA MB231 Breast Carcinoma Cells. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111148. [PMID: 34827141 PMCID: PMC8614948 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its unique redox properties, cerium oxide (nanoceria) nanoparticles have been shown to confer either radiosensitization or radioprotection to human cells. We investigated nanoceria's ability to modify cellular health and reactive oxygen species (ROS) at various absorbed doses (Gray) of ionizing radiation in MDA-MB231 breast carcinoma cells. We used transmission electron microscopy to visualize the uptake and compartmental localization of nanoceria within cells at various treatment concentrations. The effects on apoptosis and other cellular health parameters were assessed using confocal fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry without and with various absorbed doses of ionizing radiation, along with intracellular ROS levels. Our results showed that nanoceria were taken up into cells mainly by macropinocytosis and segregated into concentration-dependent large aggregates in macropinosomes. Confocal imaging and flow cytometry data showed an overall decrease in apoptotic cell populations in proportion to increasing nanoparticle concentrations. This increase in cellular health was observed with a corresponding reduction in ROS at all tested absorbed doses. Moreover, this effect appeared pronounced at lower doses compared to unirradiated or untreated populations. In conclusion, internalized nanoceria confers radioprotection with a corresponding decrease in ROS in MDA-MB231 cells, and this property confers significant perils and opportunities when utilized in the context of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emory Bibb
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.B.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (B.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Noura Alajlan
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.B.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (B.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Saad Alsuwailem
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.B.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (B.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Benjamin Mitchell
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.B.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (B.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Amy Brady
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.B.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (B.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Muhammad Maqbool
- Health Physics Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Remo George
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Sciences Program, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.B.); (N.A.); (S.A.); (B.M.); (A.B.)
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16
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Vilaplana-Lopera N, Besh M, Moon EJ. Targeting Hypoxia: Revival of Old Remedies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1604. [PMID: 34827602 PMCID: PMC8615589 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour hypoxia is significantly correlated with patient survival and treatment outcomes. At the molecular level, hypoxia is a major driving factor for tumour progression and aggressiveness. Despite the accumulative scientific and clinical efforts to target hypoxia, there is still a need to find specific treatments for tumour hypoxia. In this review, we discuss a variety of approaches to alter the low oxygen tumour microenvironment or hypoxia pathways including carbogen breathing, hyperthermia, hypoxia-activated prodrugs, tumour metabolism and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitors. The recent advances in technology and biological understanding reveal the importance of revisiting old therapeutic regimens and repurposing their uses clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eui Jung Moon
- Department of Oncology, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; (N.V.-L.); (M.B.)
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17
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Sood A, Dev A, Sardoiwala MN, Choudhury SR, Chaturvedi S, Mishra AK, Karmakar S. Alpha-ketoglutarate decorated iron oxide-gold core-shell nanoparticles for active mitochondrial targeting and radiosensitization enhancement in hepatocellular carcinoma. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112394. [PMID: 34579913 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of some tumours to impart radioresistance serves as a barrier in the cancer therapeutics. Mitochondrial metabolism significantly persuades this cancer cell survival, incursion and plays a crucial role in conferring radioresistance. It would be of great importance to target the active mitochondria to overcome this resistance and achieve tumoricidal efficacy. The current report investigates the improved radiosensitization effect (under Gamma irradiation) in hepatocellular carcinoma through active mitochondrial targeting of alpha-ketoglutarate decorated iron oxide-gold core-shell nanoparticles (GNP). The loading of a chemotherapeutic drug N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in GNP allows adjuvant chemotherapy, which further sensitizes cancerous cells for radiotherapy. The GNP shows a drug loading efficiency of 8.5 wt% with a sustained drug release kinetics. The X-Ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and High-Resolution Transmission Electron microscopy (HRTEM) indicates the synthesis of core iron oxide nanoparticles with indications of a thin layer of gold shell on the surface with 1:7 ratios of Fe: Au. The GNP application significantly reduced per cent cell viability in Hepatocellular carcinoma cells through improved radiosensitization at 5 Gy gamma radiation dose. The molecular mechanism revealed a sharp increment in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA fragmentation. The mitochondrial targeting probes confirm the presence of GNP in the mitochondria, which could be the possible reason for such improved cellular damage. In addition to the active mitochondrial targeting, the currently fabricated nanoparticles work as a potent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)/Computed Tomography (CT) contrast agent. This multifunctional therapeutic potential makes GNP as one of the most promising theragnostic molecules in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sood
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Atul Dev
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | | | | | - Shubhra Chaturvedi
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mishra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences (INMAS), Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, New Delhi, India.
| | - Surajit Karmakar
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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18
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Parama D, Rana V, Girisa S, Verma E, Daimary UD, Thakur KK, Kumar A, Kunnumakkara AB. The promising potential of piperlongumine as an emerging therapeutics for cancer. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2021; 2:323-354. [PMID: 36046754 PMCID: PMC9400693 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2021.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the immense advancement in the diagnostic and treatment modalities, cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of mortality across the globe, responsible for the death of around 10 million patients every year. The foremost challenges faced in the treatment of this disease are chemoresistance, adverse effects of the drugs, and the high cost of treatment. Though scientific studies over the past few decades have foreseen and are focusing on the cancer-preventive and therapeutic potential of natural products and their underlying mechanism of action, many more of these agents are not still explored. Piperlongumine (PL), or piplartine, is one such alkaloid isolated from Piper longum Linn. which is shown to be safe and has significant potential in the prevention and therapy of cancer. Numerous shreds of evidence have established the ability of this alkaloid and its analogs and nanoformulations in modulating various complex molecular pathways such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin, nuclear factor kappa-B, Janus kinases/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, etc. and inhibit different hallmarks of cancer such as cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal-transition, metastases, etc. In addition, PL was also shown to inhibit radioresistance and chemoresistance and sensitize the cancer cells to the standard chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, this compound has high potential as a drug candidate for the prevention and treatment of different cancers. The current review briefly reiterates the anti-cancer properties of PL against different types of cancer, which permits further investigation by conducting clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dey Parama
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Varsha Rana
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Elika Verma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Krishan Kumar Thakur
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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19
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Oronsky B, Guo X, Wang X, Cabrales P, Sher D, Cannizzo L, Wardle B, Abrouk N, Lybeck M, Caroen S, Oronsky A, Reid TR. Discovery of RRx-001, a Myc and CD47 Downregulating Small Molecule with Tumor Targeted Cytotoxicity and Healthy Tissue Cytoprotective Properties in Clinical Development. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7261-7271. [PMID: 34043360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
After extensive screening of aerospace compounds in an effort to source a novel anticancer agent, RRx-001, a first-in-class dinitroazetidine small molecule, was selected for advancement into preclinical and clinical development. RRx-001 is a minimally toxic small molecule with a distinct chemical structure and mechanism of action. The paradox of RRx-001 is that it mediates both antitumor cytotoxicity and normal tissue protection. The question of exactly how RRx-001 does this, and by means of what mechanism(s), depending on the route of delivery, intravenous or intratumoral, are explored. RRx-001 is currently in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of multiple solid tumor malignancies and as a supportive care drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Oronsky
- EpicentRx Inc., 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 160, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - XiaoNing Guo
- SciClone Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 22 Floor, Shanghai Central Plaza, No. 381 Middle Huaihai Road, Huangpu, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - XiaoHui Wang
- SciClone Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 22 Floor, Shanghai Central Plaza, No. 381 Middle Huaihai Road, Huangpu, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David Sher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 2280 Inwood Road, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Lou Cannizzo
- Department of Space Systems, Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2980 Fairview Park Drive, Falls Church, Virginia 22042, United States
| | - Bob Wardle
- Department of Space Systems, Northrop Grumman Corporation, 2980 Fairview Park Drive, Falls Church, Virginia 22042, United States
| | - Nacer Abrouk
- EpicentRx Inc., 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 160, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michelle Lybeck
- EpicentRx Inc., 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 160, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Scott Caroen
- EpicentRx Inc., 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 160, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Arnold Oronsky
- InterWest Partners, 467 First Street, Suite 201, Los Altos, California 94022, United States
| | - Tony R Reid
- EpicentRx Inc., 11099 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 160, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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20
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Arthur-Baidoo E, Ameixa J, Ončák M, Denifl S. Ring-Selective Fragmentation in the Tirapazamine Molecule upon Low-Energy Electron Attachment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063159. [PMID: 33808887 PMCID: PMC8003736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate dissociative electron attachment to tirapazamine through a crossed electron-molecule beam experiment and quantum chemical calculations. After the electron is attached and the resulting anion reaches the first excited state, D1, we suggest a fast transition into the ground electronic state through a conical intersection with a distorted triazine ring that almost coincides with the minimum in the D1 state. Through analysis of all observed dissociative pathways producing heavier ions (90-161 u), we consider the predissociation of an OH radical with possible roaming mechanism to be the common first step. This destabilizes the triazine ring and leads to dissociation of highly stable nitrogen-containing species. The benzene ring is not altered during the process. Dissociation of small anionic fragments (NO2-, CN2-, CN-, NH2-, O-) cannot be conclusively linked to the OH predissociation mechanism; however, they again do not require dissociation of the benzene ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Arthur-Baidoo
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.-B.); (J.A.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Joao Ameixa
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.-B.); (J.A.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, Department of Physics, CEFITEC, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.-B.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (S.D.)
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (E.A.-B.); (J.A.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence: (M.O.); (S.D.)
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21
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Meißner R, Feketeová L, Bayer A, Limão-Vieira P, Denifl S. Formation of negative and positive ions in the radiosensitizer nimorazole upon low-energy electron collisions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:074306. [PMID: 33607883 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation of low-energy electron attachment and electron ionization of the nimorazole radiosensitizer used in cancer radiation therapy is reported by means of a gas-phase crossed beam experiment in an electron energy range from 0 eV to 70 eV. Regarding negative ion formation, we discuss the formation of fifteen fragment anions in the electron energy range of 0 eV-10 eV, where the most intense signal is assigned to the nitrogen dioxide anion NO2 -. The other fragment anions have been assigned to form predominantly from a common temporary negative ion state close to 3 eV of the nitroimidazole moiety, while the morpholine moiety seems to act only as a spectator in the dissociative electron attachment event to nimorazole. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to help interpreting the experimental data with thermochemical thresholds, electron affinities, and geometries of some of the neutral molecules. As far as positive ion formation is concerned, the mass spectrum at the electron energy of 70 eV shows a weakly abundant parent ion and C5H10NO+ as the most abundant fragment cation. We report appearance energy (AE) measurements for six cations. For the intact nimorazole molecular cation, the AE of 8.16 ± 0.05 eV was obtained, which is near the presently calculated adiabatic ionization energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Meißner
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L Feketeová
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - A Bayer
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - P Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - S Denifl
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics and Center for Biomolecular Sciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Gong L, Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhang M, Han S. Application of Radiosensitizers in Cancer Radiotherapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1083-1102. [PMID: 33603370 PMCID: PMC7886779 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s290438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Although great success has been achieved on radiotherapy, there is still an intractable challenge to enhance radiation damage to tumor tissue and reduce side effects to healthy tissue. Radiosensitizers are chemicals or pharmaceutical agents that can enhance the killing effect on tumor cells by accelerating DNA damage and producing free radicals indirectly. In most cases, radiosensitizers have less effect on normal tissues. In recent years, several strategies have been exploited to develop radiosensitizers that are highly effective and have low toxicity. In this review, we first summarized the applications of radiosensitizers including small molecules, macromolecules, and nanomaterials, especially those that have been used in clinical trials. Second, the development states of radiosensitizers and the possible mechanisms to improve radiosensitizers sensibility are reviewed. Third, the challenges and prospects for clinical translation of radiosensitizers in oncotherapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyun Gong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suxia Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710061, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Bernauer C, Man YKS, Chisholm JC, Lepicard EY, Robinson SP, Shipley JM. Hypoxia and its therapeutic possibilities in paediatric cancers. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:539-551. [PMID: 33106581 PMCID: PMC7851391 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01107-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In tumours, hypoxia-a condition in which the demand for oxygen is higher than its availability-is well known to be associated with reduced sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and with immunosuppression. The consequences of hypoxia on tumour biology and patient outcomes have therefore led to the investigation of strategies that can alleviate hypoxia in cancer cells, with the aim of sensitising cells to treatments. An alternative therapeutic approach involves the design of prodrugs that are activated by hypoxic cells. Increasing evidence indicates that hypoxia is not just clinically significant in adult cancers but also in paediatric cancers. We evaluate relevant methods to assess the levels and extent of hypoxia in childhood cancers, including novel imaging strategies such as oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Preclinical and clinical evidence largely supports the use of hypoxia-targeting drugs in children, and we describe the critical need to identify robust predictive biomarkers for the use of such drugs in future paediatric clinical trials. Ultimately, a more personalised approach to treatment that includes targeting hypoxic tumour cells might improve outcomes in subgroups of paediatric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bernauer
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Y K Stella Man
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Julia C Chisholm
- Children and Young People's Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
- Sarcoma Clinical Trials in Children and Young People Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elise Y Lepicard
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Simon P Robinson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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24
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Metronidazole-conjugates: A comprehensive review of recent developments towards synthesis and medicinal perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112994. [PMID: 33234343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles based compounds remain a hot topic of research in medicinal chemistry due to their numerous biological activities. Moreover, many clinical candidates based on this chemical core have been reported to be valuable in the treatment of human diseases. Metronidazole (MTZ) derived conjugates demonstrated a potential application in medicinal chemistry research over the last decade. In this review, we summarize the synthesis, key structure-activity-relationship (SAR) and associated biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV and anti-parasitic (Anti-trichomonas, antileishmanial, antiamoebic and anti-giardial) of explored MTZ-conjugates. The molecular docking analysis is also presented simultaneously, which will assist in developing an understanding towards designing of new MTZ-conjugates for target-based drug discovery against multiple disease areas.
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25
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Itälä E, Niskanen J, Pihlava L, Kukk E. Fragmentation Patterns of Radiosensitizers Metronidazole and Nimorazole upon Valence Ionization. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5555-5562. [PMID: 32513004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We study gas-phase photodissociation of radiosensitizer molecules nimorazole and metronidazole with the focus on the yield of the oxygen mimics nitrogen oxides and nitrous acid. Regardless of photon energy, we find the nimorazole cation to split the intramolecular bridge with little NO2 or NO production, which makes the molecule a precursor of dehydrogenated methylnitroimidazole. Metronidazole cation, on the contrary, has numerous fragmentation pathways with strong energy dependence. Most notably, ejection of NOOH and NO2 takes place within 4 eV from the valence ionization energy. Whereas the NO2 ejection is followed by further fragmentation steps when energy so allows, we find emission of NOOH takes place in microsecond time-scales and as a slow process that is relevant only when no other competing reaction is feasible. These primary dissociation characteristics of the molecules are understood by applying the long-known principle of rapid internal conversion of the initial electronic excitation energy and by studying the energy minima and the saddle points on the potential energy surface of the electronic ground state of the molecular cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Itälä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Johannes Niskanen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Lassi Pihlava
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
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26
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Cao X, Rao Allu S, Jiang S, Jia M, Gunn JR, Yao C, LaRochelle EP, Shell JR, Bruza P, Gladstone DJ, Jarvis LA, Tian J, Vinogradov SA, Pogue BW. Tissue pO 2 distributions in xenograft tumors dynamically imaged by Cherenkov-excited phosphorescence during fractionated radiation therapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:573. [PMID: 31996677 PMCID: PMC6989492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia in solid tumors is thought to be an important factor in resistance to therapy, but the extreme microscopic heterogeneity of the partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) between the capillaries makes it difficult to characterize the scope of this phenomenon without invasive sampling of oxygen distributions throughout the tissue. Here we develop a non-invasive method to track spatial oxygen distributions in tumors during fractionated radiotherapy, using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence, oxygen probe Oxyphor PtG4 and the radiotherapy-induced Cherenkov light to excite and image the phosphorescence lifetimes within the tissue. Mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and FaDu head neck cancer xenografts show different pO2 responses during each of the 5 fractions (5 Gy per fraction), delivered from a clinical linear accelerator. This study demonstrates subsurface in vivo mapping of tumor pO2 distributions with submillimeter spatial resolution, thus providing a methodology to track response of tumors to fractionated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shudong Jiang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Mengyu Jia
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason R Gunn
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Jennifer R Shell
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Petr Bruza
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - David J Gladstone
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Lesley A Jarvis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jie Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular and Neuro Imaging of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Brian W Pogue
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA. .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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27
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Cirrik S, Ugurel E, Aksu AC, Oronsky B, Cabrales P, Yalcin O. Nitrite may serve as a combination partner and a biomarker for the anti-cancer activity of RRx-001. Biorheology 2019; 56:221-235. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-190213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Ugurel
- Koc University School of Medicine, , , Turkey
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28
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Meißner R, Feketeová L, Ribar A, Fink K, Limão-Vieira P, Denifl S. Electron Ionization of Imidazole and Its Derivative 2-Nitroimidazole. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2678-2691. [PMID: 31667709 PMCID: PMC6914720 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Imidazole (IMI) is a basic building block of many biologically important compounds. Thus, its electron ionization properties are of major interest and essential for the comparison with other molecular targets containing its elemental structure. 2-Nitroimidazole (2NI) contains the imidazole ring together with nitrogen dioxide bound to the C2 position, making it a radiosensitizing compound in hypoxic tumors. In the present study, we investigated electron ionization of IMI and 2NI and determined the mass spectra, the ionization energies, and appearance energies of the most abundant fragment cations. The experiments were complemented by quantum chemical calculations on the thermodynamic thresholds and potential energy surfaces, with particular attention to the calculated transition states for the most important dissociation reactions. In the case of IMI, substantially lower threshold values (up to ~ 1.5 eV) were obtained in the present work compared to the only available previous electron ionization study. Closer agreement was found with recent photon ionization values, albeit the general trend of slightly higher values for the case of electron ionization. The only exception for imidazole was found in the molecular cation at m/z 40 which is tentatively assigned to the quasi-linear HCCNH+/ HCNCH+. Electron ionization of 2NI leads to analogous fragment cations as in imidazole, yet different dissociation pathways must be operative due to the presence of the NO2 group. Regarding the potential radiosensitization properties of 2NI, electron ionization is characterized by dominant parent cation formation and release of the neutral NO radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Meißner
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Linda Feketeová
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon; CNRS/IN2P3, UMR5822, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anita Ribar
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina Fink
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paulo Limão-Vieira
- Atomic and Molecular Collisions Laboratory, CEFITEC, Department of Physics, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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29
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Spisz P, Zdrowowicz M, Makurat S, Kozak W, Skotnicki K, Bobrowski K, Rak J. Why Does the Type of Halogen Atom Matter for the Radiosensitizing Properties of 5-Halogen Substituted 4-Thio-2'-Deoxyuridines? Molecules 2019; 24:E2819. [PMID: 31382376 PMCID: PMC6695862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiosensitizing properties of substituted uridines are of great importance for radiotherapy. Very recently, we confirmed 5-iodo-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine (ISdU) as an efficient agent, increasing the extent of tumor cell killing with ionizing radiation. To our surprise, a similar derivative of 4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine (BrSdU), does not show radiosensitizing properties at all. In order to explain this remarkable difference, we carried out a radiolytic (stationary and pulse) and quantum chemical studies, which allowed the pathways to all radioproducts to be rationalized. In contrast to ISdU solutions, where radiolysis leads to 4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine and its dimer, no dissociative electron attachment (DEA) products were observed for BrSdU. This observation seems to explain the lack of radiosensitizing properties of BrSdU since the efficient formation of the uridine-5-yl radical, induced by electron attachment to the modified nucleoside, is suggested to be an indispensable attribute of radiosensitizing uridines. A larger activation barrier for DEA in BrSdU, as compared to ISdU, is probably responsible for the closure of DEA channel in the former system. Indeed, besides DEA, the XSdU anions may undergo competitive protonation, which makes the release of X- kinetically forbidden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Spisz
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zdrowowicz
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Samanta Makurat
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Witold Kozak
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Konrad Skotnicki
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bobrowski
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Rak
- Laboratory of Biological Sensitizers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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30
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Zeng D, Deng S, Sang C, Zhao J, Chen T. Rational Design of Cancer-Targeted Selenadiazole Derivative as Efficient Radiosensitizer for Precise Cancer Therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2039-2049. [PMID: 29771500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delong Zeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shulin Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chengcheng Sang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jianfu Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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31
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Jagiello K, Makurat S, Pereć S, Rak J, Puzyn T. Molecular features of thymidine analogues governing the activity of human thymidine kinase. Struct Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-018-1124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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32
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Westphal K, Skotnicki K, Bobrowski K, Rak J. Radiation damage to single stranded oligonucleotide trimers labelled with 5-iodopyrimidines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:9331-9337. [PMID: 27714271 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01713d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The radiolysis of deoxygenated aqueous solution containing trimeric oligonucleotides labelled with iodinated pyrimidines and Tris-HCl as the hydroxyl radical scavenger leads to electron attachment to the halogenated bases that mainly results in single strand breaks. The iodinated trimers are 2-fold more sensitive to solvated electrons than the brominated oligonucleotides, which is explained by the barrier-free dissociation of the iodinated base anions. The present study fills the literature gap concerning the chemistry triggered by ionizing radiation in the iodinated pyrimidines incorporated into DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Westphal
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Konrad Skotnicki
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bobrowski
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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33
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Wang S, Zhang M, Liu P, Xie S, Cheng F, Wang L. Formation of pyrimidine-pyrimidine type DNA intrastrand cross-links: a theoretical verification. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:28907-28916. [PMID: 29057416 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimidine-type radicals have been demonstrated to be able to attack their 3' or 5' neighboring purine nucleotides forming diverse DNA intrastrand cross-links, but whether or not these radicals can attack their surrounding pyrimidine nucleotides forming pyrimidine-pyrimidine type DNA intrastrand cross-links remains unclear. To resolve this question, probable additions of the uracil-5-methyl (˙UCH2) radical to the C5[double bond, length as m-dash]C6 double bond of its 3'/5' neighboring pyrimidine nucleotides in the four models, 5'-T(˙UCH2)-3', 5'-C(˙UCH2)-3', 5'-(˙UCH2)T-3', and 5'-(˙UCH2)C-3', are explored in the present work employing density functional theory (DFT) methods. The C6 site of its 5' neighboring thymidine is the preferred target for ˙UCH2 radical addition, while additions of the ˙UCH2 radical to the C6 and C5 sites of its 5' neighboring deoxycytidine are found to be competitive reactions. The ˙UCH2 radical can react with both the C6 and C5 sites of its 3' neighboring pyrimidine nucleotides, but the efficiencies of these reactions are predicted to be much lower than those of the corresponding addition reactions to its 5' neighboring pyrimidine nucleotides, indicating the existence of an obvious sequence effect. All the addition products could be finally transformed into closed-shell intrastrand cross-links, the molecular masses of which are found to be exactly the same as certain MS values determined in a recent study of an X-irradiated deoxygenated aqueous solution of calf thymus DNA. The present study thus not only definitely corroborates the fact that the reactive ˙UCH2 radical can attack its 3'/5' neighboring pyrimidine nucleotides forming several pyrimidine-pyrimidine type DNA intrastrand cross-links, but also provides a plausible explanation for the identities of these structurally unknown intrastrand cross-links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoushan Wang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, People's Republic of China.
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34
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Wang S, Zhang M, Liu P, Xie S, Cheng F, Wang L. 5-(Halomethyl)uridine derivatives as potential antitumor radiosensitizers: A DFT study. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Itälä E, Tanzer K, Granroth S, Kooser K, Denifl S, Kukk E. Fragmentation patterns of 4(5)-nitroimidazole and 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-The effect of the methylation. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:770-776. [PMID: 28763569 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present here the photofragmentation patterns of doubly ionized 4(5)-nitroimidazole and 1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole. The doubly ionized state was created by core ionizing the C 1s orbitals of the samples, rapidly followed by Auger decay. Due to the recent development of nitroimidazole-based radiosensitizing drugs, core ionization was selected as it represents the very same processes taking place under the irradiation with medical X-rays. In addition to the fragmentation patterns of the sample, we study the effects of methylation on the fragmentation patterns of nitroimidazoles. We found that methylation alters the fragmentation significantly, especially the charge distribution between the final fragments. The most characteristic feature of the methylation is that it effectively quenches the production of NO and NO+ , widely regarded as key radicals in the chemistry of radiosensitization by the nitroimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Itälä
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Katrin Tanzer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center of Molecular Biosciences, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Sari Granroth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Stephan Denifl
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik and Center of Molecular Biosciences, Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Edwin Kukk
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
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Youkhana EQ, Feltis B, Blencowe A, Geso M. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles as Radiosensitisers: An In vitro and Phantom-Based Study. Int J Med Sci 2017; 14:602-614. [PMID: 28638277 PMCID: PMC5479130 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.19058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Radiosensitisation caused by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) is investigated using phantoms (PRESAGE® dosimeters) and in vitro using two types of cell lines, cultured human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and prostate cancer (DU145) cells. Methods: Anatase TiO2-NPs were synthesised, characterised and functionalised to allow dispersion in culture-medium for in vitro studies and halocarbons (PRESAGE® chemical compositions). PRESAGE® dosimeters were scanned with spectrophotometer to determine the radiation dose enhancement. Clonogenic and cell viability assays were employed to determine cells survival curves from which the dose enhancement levels "radiosensitisation" are deduced. Results: Comparable levels of radiosensitisation were observed in both phantoms and cells at kilovoltage ranges of x-ray energies (slightly higher in vitro). Significant radiosensitisation (~67 %) of control was also noted in cells at megavoltage energies (commonly used in radiotherapy), compared to negligible levels detected by phantoms. This difference is attributed to biochemical effects, specifically the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which are only manifested in aqueous environments of cells and are non-existent in case of phantoms. Conclusions: This research shows that TiO2-NPs improve the efficiency of dose delivery, which has implications for future radiotherapy treatments. Literature shows that Ti2O3-NPs can be used as imaging agents hence with these findings renders these NPs as theranostic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esho Qasho Youkhana
- Discipline of Medical Radiations, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryce Feltis
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Discipline, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Division of Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Moshi Geso
- Discipline of Medical Radiations, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Westphal K, Zdrowowicz M, Zylicz-Stachula A, Rak J. Chemically–enzymatic synthesis of photosensitive DNA. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 167:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Fens MH, Cabrales P, Scicinski J, Larkin SK, Suh JH, Kuypers FA, Oronsky N, Lybeck M, Oronsky A, Oronsky B. Targeting tumor hypoxia with the epigenetic anticancer agent, RRx-001: a superagonist of nitric oxide generation. Med Oncol 2016; 33:85. [PMID: 27377482 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0798-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reveals a novel interaction between deoxyhemoglobin, nitrite and the non-toxic compound, RRx-001, to generate supraphysiologic levels of nitric oxide (NO) in blood. We characterize the nitrite reductase activity of deoxyhemoglobin, which in the presence of bound RRx-001 reduces nitrite at a much faster rate, leading to markedly increased NO generation. These data expand on the paradigm that hemoglobin generates NO via nitrite reduction during hypoxia and ischemia when nitric oxide synthase (NOS) function is limited. Here, we demonstrate that RRx-001 greatly enhances NO generation from nitrite reduction. RRx-001 is thus the first example of a functional superagonist for nitrite reductase. We hypothesize that physiologically this reaction releases the potentially cytotoxic effector NO selectively in hypoxic tumor regions. It may be that a binary NO-H2O2 trigger is indirectly responsible for the observed tumoricidal activity of RRx-001 since NO is known to inhibit mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel H Fens
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), 5700 M.L.K. Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Pedro Cabrales
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jan Scicinski
- EpicentRx, Inc., 800 W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Sandra K Larkin
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), 5700 M.L.K. Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), 5700 M.L.K. Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Frans A Kuypers
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), 5700 M.L.K. Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Neil Oronsky
- CFLS Data, 560 South Winchester Boulevard, San Jose, CA, 95128, USA
| | - Michelle Lybeck
- EpicentRx, Inc., 800 W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Arnold Oronsky
- InterWest Partners, 2710 Sand Hill Road #200, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Bryan Oronsky
- EpicentRx, Inc., 800 W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA.
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Turning on the Radio: Epigenetic Inhibitors as Potential Radiopriming Agents. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6030032. [PMID: 27384589 PMCID: PMC5039418 DOI: 10.3390/biom6030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced during the late 1800s, radiation therapy is fundamental to the treatment of cancer. In developed countries, approximately 60% of all patients receive radiation therapy (also known as the sixty percenters), which makes radioresistance in cancer an important and, to date, unsolved, clinical problem. Unfortunately, the therapeutic refractoriness of solid tumors is the rule not the exception, and the ubiquity of resistance also extends to standard chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Based on extrapolation from recent clinical inroads with epigenetic agents to prime refractory tumors for maximum sensitivity to concurrent or subsequent therapies, the radioresistant phenotype is potentially reversible, since aberrant epigenetic mechanisms are critical contributors to the evolution of resistant subpopulations of malignant cells. Within the framework of a syllogism, this review explores the emerging link between epigenetics and the development of radioresistance and makes the case that a strategy of pre- or co-treatment with epigenetic agents has the potential to, not only derepress inappropriately silenced genes, but also increase reactive oxygen species production, resulting in the restoration of radiosensitivity.
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Aoyama N, Ogawa Y, Yasuoka M, Takahashi M, Iwasa H, Miyatake K, Yamanishi T, Hamada N, Tamura T, Nishioka A, Yamagami T. Therapeutic response to a novel enzyme-targeting radiosensitization treatment (Kochi Oxydol-Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Carcinomas) in patients with recurrent breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:29-34. [PMID: 27347095 PMCID: PMC4907062 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear accelerator-based radiotherapy has little effect on the majority of locally advanced neoplasms. Thus, the novel radiosensitizer Kochi Oxydol Radiation Therapy for Unresectable Carcinomas, Type II (KORTUC II), which contains hydrogen peroxide and sodium hyaluronate, was developed. The effectiveness of KORTUC II for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant supraclavicular lymph node metastases has been previously demonstrated. The present study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of KORTUC II in patients with recurrent breast cancer. A total of 20 patients (age range, 39–84 years) were enrolled in the study. The majority of patients underwent positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) examinations prior to and 1–7 months following KORTUC II treatment, and every 6 months thereafter when possible. The radiotherapy regimen was 2.75 Gy/fraction, 5 fractions/week, for 16–18 fractions, with a total radiation dose of 44.00–49.50 Gy (X-ray irradiation), or 4.00 Gy/fraction, 3 fractions/week, for 10–12 fractions, with a total radiation dose of 40.00–48.00 Gy (electron beam irradiation). The injection of 3–6 ml of the KORTUC II agent was initiated at the fifth radiotherapy fraction, and was performed twice/week under ultrasonographic guidance. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by PET-CT examinations prior and subsequent to KORTUC II treatment, which was observed to be well tolerated with minimal adverse effects. Of the 24 lesions presented by the 20 patients, 18 exhibited complete response, 5 partial response, 0 stable disease and 1 progressive disease. The overall survival rate was 100% at 1 year and 95% at 2 years. The mean duration of follow-up at the end of June 2014 was 51 months. Based on the results of the PET-CT studies conducted, KORTUC II treatment demonstrated marked therapeutic effects, with satisfactory treatment outcomes and acceptable adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Aoyama
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ogawa
- Hyogo Prefectural Kakogawa Medical Center, Hyogo 675-8555, Japan
| | - Miki Yasuoka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masao Takahashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hitomi Iwasa
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Kana Miyatake
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yamanishi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Norihiko Hamada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Taiji Tamura
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Akihito Nishioka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Takuji Yamagami
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Kim MM, Parmar H, Cao Y, Pramanik P, Schipper M, Hayman J, Junck L, Mammoser A, Heth J, Carter CA, Oronsky A, Knox SJ, Caroen S, Oronsky B, Scicinski J, Lawrence TS, Lao CD. Whole Brain Radiotherapy and RRx-001: Two Partial Responses in Radioresistant Melanoma Brain Metastases from a Phase I/II Clinical Trial: A TITE-CRM Phase I/II Clinical Trial. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:108-113. [PMID: 27084426 PMCID: PMC4833892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Kim et al. report two patients with melanoma metastases to the brain that responded to treatment with RRx-001 and whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) without neurologic or systemic toxicity in the context of a phase I/II clinical trial. RRx-001 is an reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS)-dependent systemically nontoxic hypoxic cell radiosensitizer with vascular normalizing properties under investigation in patients with various solid tumors including those with brain metastases. SIGNIFICANCE: Metastatic melanoma to the brain is historically associated with poor outcomes and a median survival of 4 to 5 months. WBRT is a mainstay of treatment for patients with multiple brain metastases, but no significant therapeutic advances for these patients have been described in the literature. To date, candidate radiosensitizing agents have failed to demonstrate a survival benefit in patients with brain metastases, and in particular, no agent has demonstrated improved outcome in patients with metastatic melanoma. Kim et al. report two patients with melanoma metastases to the brain that responded to treatment with novel radiosensitizing agent RRx-001 and WBRT without neurologic or systemic toxicity in the context of a phase I/II clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Kim
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Hemant Parmar
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yue Cao
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Priyanka Pramanik
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthew Schipper
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - James Hayman
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Larry Junck
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aaron Mammoser
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jason Heth
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Corey A Carter
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Arnold Oronsky
- InterWest Partners, 2710 Sand Hill Rd #200, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Susan J Knox
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, 875 Blake Wilbur Dr Clinic D, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Scott Caroen
- EpicentRx Inc., 800W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Bryan Oronsky
- EpicentRx Inc., 800W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Jan Scicinski
- EpicentRx Inc., 800W El Camino Real, Suite 180, Mountain View, CA, 94040, USA
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Christopher D Lao
- University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Wang S, Zhao P, Zhang C, Bu Y. Mechanisms Responsible for High Energy Radiation Induced Damage to Single-Stranded DNA Modified by Radiosensitizing 5-Halogenated Deoxyuridines. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:2649-57. [PMID: 26913546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b11432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies showed that high energy radiation induced base release and DNA backbone breaks mainly occur at the neighboring 5' nucleotide when a single-stranded DNA is modified by radiosensitizing 5-halogenated deoxyuridines. However, no mechanism can be used to interpret these experimental observations. To better understand the radiosensitivity of 5-halogenated deoxyuridines, mechanisms involving hydrogen abstraction by the uracil-5-yl radical from the C2' and C3' positions of an adjacent nucleotide separately followed by the C3'-O3' or N-glycosidic bond rupture and the P-O3' bond breakage are investigated in the DNA sequence 5'-TU(•)-3' employing density functional theory calculations in the present study. It is found that hydrogen abstractions from both positions are comparable with the one from the C2' site slightly more favorable. The N-glycosidic bond cleavage in the neighboring 5' nucleotide following the internucleotide C2'-Ha abstraction is estimated to have the lowest activation free energies, indicating that the adjacent 5' base release dominates electron induced damage to single-stranded DNA incorporated by 5-halogenated deoxyuridines. Relative to the P-O3' bond breakage after the internucleotide C3'-H abstraction, the C3'-O3' bond rupture in the neighboring 5' nucleotide following the internucleotide C2'-Ha abstraction is predicted to have a lower activation free energy, implying that single-stranded DNA backbone breaks are prone to occur at the C3'-O3' bond site. The 5'-TU(•)-3' species has substantial electron affinity and can even capture a hydrated electron, forming the 5'-TU(-)-3' anion. However, the electron induced C3'-O3' bond rupture in 5'-TU(-)-3' anion via a pathway of internucleotide proton abstraction is only minor in both the gas phase and aqueous solution. The present theoretical predictions can interpret rationally experimental observations, thereby demonstrating that the mechanisms proposed here are responsible for high energy radiation induced damage to single-stranded DNA incorporated by radiosensitizing 5-halogenated deoxyuridines. By comparing with previous results, our work proves that the radiosensitizing action of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine is not weaker but stronger than its isomer 6-bromo-2-deoxyuridine on the basis of the available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoushan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Peiwen Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Changzhe Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Bu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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Abstract
The ‘holy grail’ in radiation oncology is to improve the outcome of radiation therapy (RT) with a radiosensitizer—a systemic chemical/biochemical agent that additively or synergistically sensitizes tumor cells to radiation in the absence of significant toxicity. Similar to the oxygen effect, in which DNA bases modified by reactive oxygen species prevent repair of the cellular radiation damage, these compounds in general magnify free radical formation, leading to the permanent “fixation” of the resultant chemical change in the DNA structure. The purpose of this review is to present the origin story of the radiosensitizer, RRx-001, which emerged from the aerospace industry. The activity of RRx-001 as a chemosensitizer in multiple tumor types and disease states including malaria, hemorrhagic shock and sickle cell anemia, are the subject of future reviews.
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Zdrowowicz M, Chomicz L, Żyndul M, Wityk P, Rak J, Wiegand TJ, Hanson CG, Adhikary A, Sevilla MD. 5-Thiocyanato-2'-deoxyuridine as a possible radiosensitizer: electron-induced formation of uracil-C5-thiyl radical and its dimerization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:16907-16. [PMID: 26059609 PMCID: PMC4481187 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have synthesized 5-thiocyanato-2'-deoxyuridine (SCNdU) along with the C6-deuterated nucleobase 5-thiocyanatouracil (6-D-SCNU) and studied their reactions with radiation-produced electrons. ESR spectra in γ-irradiated nitrogen-saturated frozen homogeneous solutions (7.5 M LiCl in H2O or D2O) of these compounds show that electron-induced S-CN bond cleavage occurs to form a thiyl radical (dU-5-S˙ or 6-D-U-5-S˙) and CN(-)via the initial π-anion radical (SCNdU˙(-)) intermediate in which the excess electron is on the uracil base. HPLC and LC-MS/MS studies of γ-irradiated N2-saturated aqueous solutions of SCNdU in the presence of sodium formate as a OH-radical scavenger at ambient temperature show the formation of the dU-5S-5S-dU dimer in preference to dU by about 10 to 1 ratio. This shows that both possible routes of electron-induced bond cleavage (dUC5-SCN and S-CN) in SCNdU˙(-) and dU-5-S˙ formation are preferred for the production of the σ-type uracilyl radical (dU˙) by 10 fold. DFT/M06-2x/6-31++G(d,p) calculations employing the polarizable continuum model (PCM) for aqueous solutions show that dU-5-S˙ and CN(-) formation was thermodynamically favored by over 15 kcal mol(-1) (ΔG) compared to dU˙ and SCN(-) production. The activation barriers for C5-S and S-CN bond cleavage in SCNdU˙(-) amount to 8.7 and 4.0 kcal mol(-1), respectively, favoring dU-5-S˙ and CN(-) formation. These results support the experimental observation of S-CN bond cleavage by electron addition to SCNdU that results in the formation of dU-5-S˙ and the subsequent dU-5S-5S-dU dimer. This establishes SCNdU as a potential radiosensitizer that could cause intra- and inter-strand crosslinking as well as DNA-protein crosslinking via S-S dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdrowowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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NO to cancer: The complex and multifaceted role of nitric oxide and the epigenetic nitric oxide donor, RRx-001. Redox Biol 2015; 6:1-8. [PMID: 26164533 PMCID: PMC4529402 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous mediator of vasodilation, nitric oxide (NO), has been shown to be a potent radiosensitizer. However, the underlying mode of action for its role as a radiosensitizer – while not entirely understood – is believed to arise from increased tumor blood flow, effects on cellular respiration, on cell signaling, and on the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), that can act as radiosensitizers in their own right. NO activity is surprisingly long-lived and more potent in comparison to oxygen. Reports of the effects of NO with radiation have often been contradictory leading to confusion about the true radiosensitizing nature of NO. Whether increasing or decreasing tumor blood flow, acting as radiosensitizer or radioprotector, the effects of NO have been controversial. Key to understanding the role of NO as a radiosensitizer is to recognize the importance of biological context. With a very short half-life and potent activity, the local effects of NO need to be carefully considered and understood when using NO as a radiosensitizer. The systemic effects of NO donors can cause extensive side effects, and also affect the local tumor microenvironment, both directly and indirectly. To minimize systemic effects and maximize effects on tumors, agents that deliver NO on demand selectively to tumors using hypoxia as a trigger may be of greater interest as radiosensitizers. Herein we discuss the multiple effects of NO and focus on the clinical molecule RRx-001, a hypoxia-activated NO donor currently being investigated as a radiosensitizer in the clinic. . NO radiosensitizes by reaction with DNA radicals, by its metabolites and by impact on the vasculature. Understanding the local and context-specific activity of NO is key for radiosensitizer development RRx-001 induces NO production under hypoxia with promising radiosensitizing activity.
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46
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Rak J, Chomicz L, Wiczk J, Westphal K, Zdrowowicz M, Wityk P, Żyndul M, Makurat S, Golon Ł. Mechanisms of Damage to DNA Labeled with Electrophilic Nucleobases Induced by Ionizing or UV Radiation. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:8227-38. [PMID: 26061614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia--a hallmark of solid tumors--makes hypoxic cells radioresistant. On the other hand, DNA, the main target of anticancer therapy, is not sensitive to the near UV photons and hydrated electrons, one of the major products of water radiolysis under hypoxic conditions. A possible way to overcome these obstacles to the efficient radio- and photodynamic therapy of cancer is to sensitize the cellular DNA to electrons and/or ultraviolet radiation. While incorporated into genomic DNA, modified nucleosides, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in particular, sensitize cells to both near-ultraviolet photons and γ rays. It is believed that, in both sensitization modes, the reactive nucleobase radical is formed as a primary product which swiftly stabilizes, leading to serious DNA damage, like strand breaks or cross-links. However, despite the apparent similarity, such radio- and photosensitization of DNA seems to be ruled by fundamentally different mechanisms. In this review, we demonstrate that the most important factors deciding on radiodamage to the labeled DNA are (i) the electron affinity (EA) of modified nucleoside (mNZ), (ii) the local surroundings of the label that significantly influences the EA of mNZ, and (iii) the strength of the chemical bond holding together the substituent and a nucleobase. On the other hand, we show that the UV damage to sensitized DNA is governed by long-range photoinduced electron transfer, the efficiency of which is controlled by local DNA sequences. A critical review of the literature mechanisms concerning both types of damage to the labeled biopolymer is presented. Ultimately, the perspectives of studies on DNA sensitization in the context of cancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Chomicz
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Wiczk
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kinga Westphal
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zdrowowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Wityk
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Żyndul
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Samanta Makurat
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Golon
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Zdrowowicz M, Chomicz L, Miloch J, Wiczk J, Rak J, Kciuk G, Bobrowski K. Reactivity pattern of bromonucleosides induced by 2-hydroxypropyl radicals: photochemical, radiation chemical, and computational studies. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6545-54. [PMID: 25971814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b01904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bromonucleosides (BrdX's) 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine (BrdC), 8-bromo-2'-deoxyadenosine (BrdA), and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyguanosine (BrdG) may substitute for ordinary nucleosides in DNA. As indicated by electron-stimulated desorption experiments, such a modified biopolymer is greater than 2-3-fold more sensitive to damage induced by excess electrons. The other major product of water radiolysis, the (•)OH radical, may form a number of other radicals in chemical reactions with the complex content of the cell. Thus, the well-proved BrdU-labeled DNA radiosensitivity may be, at least in part, related to secondary organic radicals. Therefore, in the current study, the propensity of BrdX's to damage induced by 2-hydroxypropyl radical (OHisop(•))-a prototype radical species-was investigated. The HPLC and LC-MS analyses revealed the formation of two major products from the brominated pyrimidine nucleosides, a native nucleoside and an adduct of BrdX and OHisop(•) , and only an adduct of BrdX from the bromopurine nucleosides. Quantum chemical calculations ascribed this evident difference between purines and pyrimidines to the electron transfer from OHisop(•) to BrdX that is especially favorable in pyrimidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Zdrowowicz
- †Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdañsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lidia Chomicz
- †Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdañsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Miloch
- †Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdañsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Wiczk
- †Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdañsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Rak
- †Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdañsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Gabriel Kciuk
- ‡Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bobrowski
- ‡Centre of Radiation Research and Technology, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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Hajj C, Goodman KA. Role of Radiotherapy and Newer Techniques in the Treatment of GI Cancers. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1737-44. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.9787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of radiotherapy in multidisciplinary treatment of GI malignancies is well established. Recent advances in imaging as well as radiotherapy planning and delivery techniques have made it possible to target tumors more accurately while sparing normal tissues. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy is an advanced method of delivering radiation using cutting-edge technology to manipulate beams of radiation. The role of intensity-modulated radiotherapy is growing for many GI malignancies, such as cancers of the stomach, pancreas, esophagus, liver, and anus. Stereotactic body radiotherapy is an emerging treatment option for some GI tumors such as locally advanced pancreatic cancer and primary or metastatic tumors of the liver. Stereotactic body radiotherapy requires a high degree of confidence in tumor location and subcentimeter accuracy of the delivered dose. New image-guided techniques have been developed to overcome setup uncertainties at the time of treatment, including real-time imaging on the linear accelerator. Modern imaging techniques have also allowed for more accurate pretreatment staging and delineation of the primary tumor and involved sites. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography scans can be particularly useful in radiotherapy planning and assessing treatment response. Molecular biomarkers are being investigated as predictors of response to radiotherapy with the intent of ultimately moving toward using genomic and proteomic determinants of therapeutic strategies. The role of all of these new approaches in the radiotherapeutic management of GI cancers and the evolving role of radiotherapy in these tumor sites will be highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hajj
- All authors: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Karyn A. Goodman
- All authors: Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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Westphal K, Wiczk J, Miloch J, Kciuk G, Bobrowski K, Rak J. Irreversible electron attachment – a key to DNA damage by solvated electrons in aqueous solution. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10362-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In an aqueous solution trinucleotides labeled with bromonucleobases are damaged by ionizing radiation induced electrons while native trimers are insensitive to electrons under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Westphal
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Gdańsk
- 80-308 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - J. Wiczk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Gdańsk
- 80-308 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - J. Miloch
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Gdańsk
- 80-308 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - G. Kciuk
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - K. Bobrowski
- Centre of Radiation Research and Technology
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
- 03-195 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - J. Rak
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Gdańsk
- 80-308 Gdańsk
- Poland
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Walsh JC, Lebedev A, Aten E, Madsen K, Marciano L, Kolb HC. The clinical importance of assessing tumor hypoxia: relationship of tumor hypoxia to prognosis and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1516-54. [PMID: 24512032 PMCID: PMC4159937 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a well-established biological phenomenon that affects the curability of solid tumors, regardless of treatment modality. Especially for head and neck cancer patients, tumor hypoxia is linked to poor patient outcomes. Given the biological problems associated with tumor hypoxia, the goal for clinicians has been to identify moderately to severely hypoxic tumors for differential treatment strategies. The "gold standard" for detecting and characterizing of tumor hypoxia are the invasive polarographic electrodes. Several less invasive hypoxia assessment techniques have also shown promise for hypoxia assessment. The widespread incorporation of hypoxia information in clinical tumor assessment is severely impeded by several factors, including regulatory hurdles and unclear correlation with potential treatment decisions. There is now an acute need for approved diagnostic technologies for determining the hypoxia status of cancer lesions, as it would enable clinical development of personalized, hypoxia-based therapies, which will ultimately improve outcomes. A number of different techniques for assessing tumor hypoxia have evolved to replace polarographic pO2 measurements for assessing tumor hypoxia. Several of these modalities, either individually or in combination with other imaging techniques, provide functional and physiological information of tumor hypoxia that can significantly improve the course of treatment. The assessment of tumor hypoxia will be valuable to radiation oncologists, surgeons, and biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies who are engaged in developing hypoxia-based therapies or treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Walsh
- 1 Siemens Molecular Imaging, Inc. , Culver City, California
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