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Naffrichoux J, Poupin P, Pouillot W, Linassier C, Rioux-Leclercq N, De Vries-Brilland M, Mourey L, Laguerre B, Oudard S, Gross-Goupil M, Mousset C, Gravis G, Rolland F, Moise L, Emambux S, Vassal C, Zanetta S, Penel N, Albiges L, Fromont G, Cancel M. PD-L1 expression and its prognostic value in metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma: Results from a GETUG multicenter retrospective cohort. Eur J Cancer 2024; 205:114121. [PMID: 38749111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is a rare and aggressive cancer with no specifically established therapeutic strategy in the metastatic setting. Combinations of tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are a promising option. We aimed to study the immune landscape of metastatic pRCC, and its interactions with angiogenesis pathways, to search for potential therapeutic targets. METHODS The expression of immune markers (PD-L1, PD-1, PD-L2, LAG-3) and angiogenic pathways (CAIX, c-MET), was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on 68 metastatic pRCC retrieved from a retrospective multicenter GETUG cohort. Our primary endpoint was to estimate the prevalence of PD-L1 expression and its prognostic impact in metastatic pRCC. Secondary endpoints included the evaluation of other immune markers (PD-1, PD-L2, and LAG-3) and their association with PD-L1. We also assessed angiogenic markers and their association with PD-L1. RESULTS Overall, 27.9 % of tumors were PD-L1 positive. PD-L2 was more frequently expressed (45.6 %), PD-1 and LAG-3 were positive in 17.6 % and 19.1 % respectively. None of these markers was correlated with PD-L1 expression. 66 % (45/68) expressed at least one immune marker, and 43 % (29/68) were "double-positive", as they expressed both immune and angiogenic markers. OS was significantly shorter for patients with PD-L1 positive pRCC. A multivariate analysis confirmed a significant association between PD-L1 expression and shorter overall survival (HR = 4.0, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION These results reinforce clinical data on the expected benefit of ICI in metastatic pRCC treatment, as PD-L1 expression is a factor of poor prognosis in this multicenter cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claude Linassier
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Loïc Mourey
- Department of Medical Oncology, IUCT Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Brigitte Laguerre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Eugène Marquis Cancer Center, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges Pompidou Hospital, University Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marine Gross-Goupil
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saint-André University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Gwenaelle Gravis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Rolland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Laura Moise
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Sheik Emambux
- Department of Medical Oncology, La Milétrie University Hospital, Poitiers, France
| | - Cécile Vassal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Sylvie Zanetta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Penel
- Lille University and Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France
| | - Laurence Albiges
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Gaëlle Fromont
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Tours, France; INSERM UMR 1069, N2COx, Tours University, Tours, France
| | - Mathilde Cancel
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital, Tours, France; INSERM UMR 1069, N2COx, Tours University, Tours, France.
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Tang P, Zheng G, Xu C, Yu N, Du J, Hu L, Zhou Z, Zheng Y. Function of NEK2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its effect on the tumor microenvironment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37939. [PMID: 38758909 PMCID: PMC11098263 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have revealed the critical functions of NEK2 in controlling the cell cycle which is linked to poor prognosis in multiple tumor types, but less research has been devoted to clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). METHODS We downloaded clinical data from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) and TCGA databases together with transcriptional and mutational datasets. Strongly coexpressed genes with NEK2 were extracted from TCGA-KIRC cohort, and were submitted to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) for functional analyses. According to NEK2 levels, the survival status, mutational characteristics, response to immunotherapy and sensitivity to drugs of the patients were studied. The potential correlations between NEK2 levels and immune cell state as well as immune cell infiltration were examined using the GEPIA, TIMER and TISIDB databases. Double immunofluorescence (IF) was performed to identify the NEK2 overexpression and relationship with CD8 in ccRCC. RESULTS The NEK2 gene was overexpressed and would enhance the nuclear division and cell cycle activities in ccRCC. ccRCC patients with high NEK2 expression had worse clinical outcomes, higher mutation burden and better therapeutic response. Moreover, NEK2 gene overexpression was positively related to various immune cell marker sets, which was also proved by validation cohort, and more infiltration of various immune cells. CONCLUSION ccRCC patients with NEK2 high expression have a poorer prognosis than those with NEK2 low expression, resulting from its function of promoting proliferation, accompanied by increased infiltration of CD8 + T cells and Tregs and T-cell exhaustion and will respond better to proper treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Tang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Linping District of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gangfu Zheng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Congcong Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nengfeng Yu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Jiaqi Du
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Liqian Hu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of An-ti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yichun Zheng
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Mukherjee S, Chakraborty S, Basak U, Pati S, Dutta A, Dutta S, Roy D, Banerjee S, Ray A, Sa G, Das T. Breast cancer stem cells generate immune-suppressive T regulatory cells by secreting TGFβ to evade immune-elimination. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:220. [PMID: 38038865 PMCID: PMC10692020 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), being the primary contributors in tumor initiation, metastasis, and relapse, ought to have seminal roles in evasion of immune surveillance. Tumor-promoting CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-regulatory cells (Tregs) have been described to abolish host defense mechanisms by impeding the activities of other immune cells including effector T cells. However, whether CSCs can convert effector T cells to immune-suppressive Treg subset, and if yes, the mechanism underlying CSC-induced Treg generation, are limitedly studied. In this regard, we observed a positive correlation between breast CSC and Treg signature markers in both in-silico and immunohistochemical analyses. Mirroring the conditions during tumor initiation, low number of CSCs could successfully generate CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells from infiltrating CD4+ T lymphocytes in a contact-independent manner. Suppressing the proliferation potential as well as IFNγ production capacity of effector T cells, these Treg cells might be inhibiting antitumor immunity, thereby hindering immune-elimination of CSCs during tumor initiation. Furthermore, unlike non-stem cancer cells (NSCCs), CSCs escaped doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, thus constituting major surviving population after three rounds of chemotherapy. These drug-survived CSCs were also able to generate CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells. Our search for the underlying mechanism further unveiled the role of CSC-shed immune-suppressive cytokine TGFβ, which was further increased by chemotherapy, in generating tumor Treg cells. In conclusion, during initiation as well as after chemotherapy, when NSCCs are not present in the tumor microenvironment, CSCs, albeit present in low numbers, generate immunosuppressive CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells in a contact-independent manner by shedding high levels of immune-suppressive Treg-polarizing cytokine TGFβ, thus escaping immune-elimination and initiating the tumor or causing tumor relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Sourio Chakraborty
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Udit Basak
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Subhadip Pati
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Apratim Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Saikat Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Dia Roy
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Shruti Banerjee
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Arpan Ray
- Department of Pathology, ESI-PGIMSR, Medical College Hospital and ODC (EZ), Kolkata, India
| | - Gaurisankar Sa
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Tanya Das
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, Calcutta Improvement Trust Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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Varisli L, Dancik GM, Tolan V, Vlahopoulos S. Critical Roles of SRC-3 in the Development and Progression of Breast Cancer, Rendering It a Prospective Clinical Target. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5242. [PMID: 37958417 PMCID: PMC10648290 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in women and is also one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Most breast tumors are hormone-dependent and estrogen signaling plays a critical role in promoting the survival and malignant behaviors of these cells. Estrogen signaling involves ligand-activated cytoplasmic estrogen receptors that translocate to the nucleus with various co-regulators, such as steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) family members, and bind to the promoters of target genes and regulate their expression. SRC-3 is a member of this family that interacts with, and enhances, the transcriptional activity of the ligand activated estrogen receptor. Although SRC-3 has important roles in normal homeostasis and developmental processes, it has been shown to be amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer and to promote malignancy. The malignancy-promoting potential of SRC-3 is diverse and involves both promoting malignant behavior of tumor cells and creating a tumor microenvironment that has an immunosuppressive phenotype. SRC-3 also inhibits the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes with effector function and promotes stemness. Furthermore, SRC-3 is also involved in the development of resistance to hormone therapy and immunotherapy during breast cancer treatment. The versatility of SRC-3 in promoting breast cancer malignancy in this way makes it a good target, and methodical targeting of SRC-3 probably will be important for the success of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Varisli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey;
| | - Garrett M. Dancik
- Department of Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT 06226, USA;
| | - Veysel Tolan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Dicle University, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey;
| | - Spiros Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias 8, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Choi JE, Ahn AR, Zhang J, Kim KM, Park HS, Lee H, Chung MJ, Moon WS, Jang KY. FAM83H Expression Is Associated with Tumor-Infiltrating PD1-Positive Lymphocytes and Predicts the Survival of Breast Carcinoma Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2959. [PMID: 37761326 PMCID: PMC10529262 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND FAM83H has been implicated in cancer progression, and PD1 is an important target for anti-cancer immune checkpoint therapy. Recent studies suggest an association between FAM83H expression and immune infiltration. However, studies on the roles of FAM83H and its relationship with PD1 in breast carcinomas have been limited. METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of FAM83H and PD1 and their prognostic significance were evaluated in 198 breast carcinomas. RESULTS The expression of FAM83H in cancer cells was significantly associated with the presence of PD1-positive lymphoid cells within breast carcinoma tissue. Individual and co-expression patterns of nuclear FAM83H and PD1 were significantly associated with shorter survival of breast carcinomas in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, the expression of nuclear FAM83H (overall survival, p < 0.001; relapse-free survival, p = 0.003), PD1 (overall survival, p < 0.001; relapse-free survival, p = 0.003), and co-expression patterns of nuclear FAM83H and PD1 (overall survival, p < 0.001; relapse-free survival, p < 0.001) were the independent indicators of overall survival and relapse-free survival of breast carcinoma patients. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a close association between FAM83H expression and the infiltration of PD1-positive lymphoid cells in breast carcinomas and their expression as the prognostic indicators for breast carcinoma patients, and further studies are needed to clarify this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Ri Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (A.R.A.); (J.Z.); (K.M.K.); (H.S.P.); (M.J.C.); (W.S.M.)
| | - Junyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (A.R.A.); (J.Z.); (K.M.K.); (H.S.P.); (M.J.C.); (W.S.M.)
| | - Kyoung Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (A.R.A.); (J.Z.); (K.M.K.); (H.S.P.); (M.J.C.); (W.S.M.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sung Park
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (A.R.A.); (J.Z.); (K.M.K.); (H.S.P.); (M.J.C.); (W.S.M.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Myoung Ja Chung
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (A.R.A.); (J.Z.); (K.M.K.); (H.S.P.); (M.J.C.); (W.S.M.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Moon
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (A.R.A.); (J.Z.); (K.M.K.); (H.S.P.); (M.J.C.); (W.S.M.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; (A.R.A.); (J.Z.); (K.M.K.); (H.S.P.); (M.J.C.); (W.S.M.)
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Xu S, Hu X, Chong Y, Zhu G. Investigating the Role of FoxP3 in Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastasis with BAP1 or SEDT2 Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12301. [PMID: 37569676 PMCID: PMC10419232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3) primarily functions as the master regulator in regulatory T cells (Tregs) differentiation, but its high level of expression has also been found in tumor cells recently. The aim of our study was to clarify the role of FoxP3 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression and metastasis. We verified the FoxP3 characteristic clinicopathological data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database using bioinformatics tools. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing was performed to determine the FoxP3 biofunction in RCC progression. Our results showed that high expression of FoxP3 was found in BAP1- or SETD2-mutant patients with RCC, and a higher FoxP3 expression was related to worse prognosis. However, there was no statistically significant relationship between the FoxP3 IHC score and RCC malignant progression owning to the limited number of patients in our tissue microarray. Using in vitro FoxP3 loss-of-function assays, we verified that silencing FoxP3 in 786-O and ACHN cells could inhibit the cell migration/invasion capability, which was consistent with the data from RNA sequencing in 786-O cells and from the TCGA datasets. Using an in vivo nude mice orthotopic kidney cancer model, we found that silencing FoxP3 could inhibit tumor growth. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that BAP1 or SEDT2 mutation could lead to higher expression of FoxP3 in RCC patients, and FoxP3 could eventually stimulate RCC cells' invasion and metastasis, which might indicate that FoxP3 could function as a potential oncogene in RCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xinfeng Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yue Chong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Guodong Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Oncology Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory for Tumor Precision Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
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Chatwal MS, Chahoud J, Spiess PE. Revisiting mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies in metastatic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:314-326. [PMID: 37457132 PMCID: PMC10344725 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Renal-cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Though newer therapeutic combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies have greatly improved outcomes, resistance to these therapies is becoming a challenge for long-term control. Mechanisms of resistance have been explored in a variety of solid tumors, including RCC. Based upon our review of the current literature on the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies for the management of metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (mccRCC), the ensuing conclusions have been made: The management of mccRCC has progressed substantially with the advent of checkpoint inhibitors and targeted oral therapies, alone and/or in combination. Nevertheless, innate or developed resistance to these therapies remains an ongoing challenge, particularly to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Several of the known mechanisms of resistance have been well defined, but recent progression in cellular therapies helps to expand the armamentarium of potential combination options that may overcome these modes of resistance and improve long-term disease control and survival for an otherwise dismal disease. In the ensuing review and update of the literature on the mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapies in mccRCC, we have revisited the known resistance mechanisms of immunotherapies in metastatic clear-cell RCC and explored ongoing and future strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sheila Chatwal
- Correspondence to: Dr. Monica Sheila Chatwal, Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL33612, USA. E-mail:
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Xian F, Ren D, Bie J, Xu G. Prognostic value of programmed cell death ligand 1 expression in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a meta-analysis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119168. [PMID: 37138876 PMCID: PMC10149806 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is highly expressed in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) tissues. But there is still a dispute over the prognostic value of PD-L1 in patients with ICC. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in patients with ICC. Methods We performed a meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Guidelines. We searched the literature from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to December 5, 2022. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to analyze the overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and time to relapse. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test. Results Ten trials with 1944 cases were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that the low-PD-L1 group had a statistically significant advantage in OS (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.38-1.79, P <0.00001), RFS (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.34-1.97, P <0.00001), and time to relapse (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.25-2.05, P = 0.0002) compared with the high-PD-L1 group. High programmed cell death (PD1)levels, on the other hand, were correlated with poorer OS (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.43-2.70; P <0.0001) and RFS (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.21-2.91; P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis showed that PD-L1 could act as an independent predictor for OS (HR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14-1.91; P = 0.003) and RFS (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.22-2.47; P = 0.002), and PD1 acted as an independent predictor for OS (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.15-2.38; P = 0.006). Conclusion This meta-analysis demonstrated that high PD-L1/PD1 expression is associated with poor survival in ICC. PD-L1/PD1 may be a valuable prognostic and predictive biomarker and potential therapeutic target in ICC. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42022380093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xian
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Oncology, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Oncology, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jun Bie
- Department of Oncology, Nanchong Central Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Guohui Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Guohui Xu,
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Chow A, Perica K, Klebanoff CA, Wolchok JD. Clinical implications of T cell exhaustion for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19:775-790. [PMID: 36216928 PMCID: PMC10984554 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a remarkable clinical advancement in the treatment of cancer. T cells are pivotal to the efficacy of current cancer immunotherapies, including immune-checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies. However, cancer is associated with T cell exhaustion, a hypofunctional state characterized by progressive loss of T cell effector functions and self-renewal capacity. The 'un-exhausting' of T cells in the tumour microenvironment is commonly regarded as a key mechanism of action for immune-checkpoint inhibitors, and T cell exhaustion is considered a pathway of resistance for cellular immunotherapies. Several elegant studies have provided important insights into the transcriptional and epigenetic programmes that govern T cell exhaustion. In this Review, we highlight recent discoveries related to the immunobiology of T cell exhaustion that offer a more nuanced perspective beyond this hypofunctional state being entirely undesirable. We review evidence that T cell exhaustion might be as much a reflection as it is the cause of poor tumour control. Furthermore, we hypothesize that, in certain contexts of chronic antigen stimulation, interruption of the exhaustion programme might impair T cell persistence. Therefore, the prioritization of interventions that mitigate the development of T cell exhaustion, including orthogonal cytoreduction therapies and novel cellular engineering strategies, might ultimately confer superior clinical outcomes and the greatest advances in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chow
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Karlo Perica
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cell Therapy Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Cell Therapy Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Manole B, Damian C, Giusca SE, Caruntu ID, Porumb-Andrese E, Lunca C, Dorneanu OS, Iancu LS, Ursu RG. The Influence of Oncogenic Viruses in Renal Carcinogenesis: Pros and Cons. Pathogens 2022; 11:757. [PMID: 35890003 PMCID: PMC9319782 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are major contributors to the global cancer burden. Recent advances have revealed that known oncogenic viruses promote carcinogenesis through shared host cell targets and pathways. The aim of this review is to point out the connection between several oncogenic viruses from the Polyomaviridae, Herpesviridae and Flaviviridae families and renal carcinogenesis, highlighting their involvement in the carcinogenic mechanism. We performed a systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases, which was carried out for all the published studies on RCC in the last 10 years, using the following search algorithm: renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and urothelial carcinoma, and oncogenic viruses (BKPyV, EBV, HCV, HPV and Kaposi Sarcoma Virus), RCC and biomarkers, immunohistochemistry (IHC). Our analysis included studies that were published in English from the 1st of January 2012 to the 1st of May 2022 and that described and analyzed the assays used for the detection of oncogenic viruses in RCC and urothelial carcinoma. The virus most frequently associated with RCC was BKPyV. This review of the literature will help to understand the pathogenic mechanism of the main type of renal malignancy and whether the viral etiology can be confirmed, at a minimum, as a co-factor. In consequence, these data can contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies. A virus-induced tumor could be efficiently prevented by vaccination or treatment with oncolytic viral therapy and/or by targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Manole
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I-Histolgy, Pathology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.M.); (S.-E.G.); (I.D.C.)
| | - Costin Damian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (O.S.D.); (L.S.I.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Simona-Eliza Giusca
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I-Histolgy, Pathology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.M.); (S.-E.G.); (I.D.C.)
| | - Irina Draga Caruntu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences I-Histolgy, Pathology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (B.M.); (S.-E.G.); (I.D.C.)
| | - Elena Porumb-Andrese
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Catalina Lunca
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (O.S.D.); (L.S.I.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Olivia Simona Dorneanu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (O.S.D.); (L.S.I.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Luminita Smaranda Iancu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (O.S.D.); (L.S.I.); (R.G.U.)
| | - Ramona Gabriela Ursu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (O.S.D.); (L.S.I.); (R.G.U.)
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11
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Association of PD-L1 gene polymorphisms and circulating sPD-L1 levels with HBV infection susceptibility and related liver disease progression. Gene 2022; 806:145935. [PMID: 34478821 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Soluble molecules of programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) are known to modulate T-cell depletion, an important mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence and liver disease progression. In addition, PD-L1 polymorphisms in the 3'-UTR can influence PD-L1 expression and have been associated with cancer risk, although not definitively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of PD-L1 polymorphisms and circulating levels of sPD-L1 in HBV infection and live disease progression. In this study, five hundred fifty-one HBV infected patients of the three clinically well-defined subgroups chronic hepatitis B (CHB, n = 186), liver cirrhosis (LC, n = 142) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 223) and 240 healthy individuals (HC) were enrolled. PD-L1 polymorphisms (rs2297136 and rs4143815) were genotyped by in-house validated ARMS assays. Logistic regression models were applied in order to determine the association of PD-L1 polymorphisms with HBV infection as well as with progression of related liver diseases. Plasma sPD-L1 levels were quantified by ELISA assays. The PD-L1 rs2297136 AA genotype was associated with HBV infection susceptibility (HBV vs. HC: OR = 1.6; 95%CI = 1.1-2.3; p = 0.0087) and disease progression (LC vs. CHB: OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 1.1-2.9; p = 0.018). Whereas, the rs2297136 GG genotype was a protective factor for HCC development. Plasma sPD-L1 levels were significantly high in HBV patients (p < 0.0001) and higher in the LC followed by CHB and HCC groups. High sPD-L1 levels correlated with increased liver enzymes and with advanced liver disease progression (Child-pugh C > B > A, p < 0.0001) and BCLC classification (BCLC D > C > B > A, p = 0.031). We could, for the first time, conclude that PD-L1 rs2297136 polymorphism and plasma sPD-L1 protein levels associate with HBV infection and HBV-related liver disease progression.
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12
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Synnott NC, Poeta ML, Costantini M, Pfeiffer RM, Li M, Golubeva Y, Lawrence S, Mutreja K, Amoreo C, Dabrowska M, Simone G, Pescarmona E, Lenz P, Olanich M, Duggan M, Abubakar M, Fazio VM, Gallucci M, Sentinelli S, Landi MT. Characterizing the tumor microenvironment in rare renal cancer histological types. J Pathol Clin Res 2022; 8:88-98. [PMID: 34618413 PMCID: PMC8682943 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), including immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adjacent normal cells, and others, plays a crucial role in influencing tumor behavior and progression. Here, we characterized the TME in 83 primary renal tumors and matched metastatic or recurrence tissue samples (n = 15) from papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) types 1 (n = 20) and 2 (n = 49), collecting duct carcinomas (CDC; n = 14), and high-grade urothelial carcinomas (HGUC; n = 5). We investigated 10 different markers of immune infiltration, vasculature, cell proliferation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by using machine learning image analysis in conjunction with immunohistochemistry. Marker expression was compared by Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests and correlations across markers using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was used to compare marker expression between histological types, while accounting for variation in tissue size. Several immune markers showed different rates of expression across histological types of renal carcinoma. Using pRCC1 as reference, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of CD3+ T cells (IRR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 2.48 [1.53-4.01]) and CD20+ B cells (IRR [95% CI] = 4.38 [1.22-5.58]) was statistically significantly higher in CDC. In contrast, CD68+ macrophages predominated in pRCC1 (IRR [95% CI] = 2.35 [1.42-3.9]). Spatial analysis revealed CD3+ T-cell and CD20+ B-cell expressions in CDC to be higher at the proximal (p < 0.0001) and distal (p < 0.0001) tumor periphery than within the central tumor core. In contrast, expression of CD68+ macrophages in pRCC2 was higher in the tumor center compared to the proximal (p = 0.0451) tumor periphery and pRCC1 showed a distance-dependent reduction, from the central tumor, in CD68+ macrophages with the lowest expression of CD68 marker at the distal tumor periphery (p = 0.004). This study provides novel insights into the TME of rare kidney cancer types, which are often understudied. Our findings of differences in marker expression and localization by histological subtype could have implications for tumor progression and response to immunotherapies or other targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoise C Synnott
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Maria Luana Poeta
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and BiopharmaceuticsUniversity of BariBariItaly
| | - Manuela Costantini
- Department of UrologyIRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer InstituteRomeItaly
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Mengying Li
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Yelena Golubeva
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical ResearchFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Scott Lawrence
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical ResearchFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Karun Mutreja
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical ResearchFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Carla Amoreo
- Department of PathologyIRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer InstituteRomeItaly
| | | | - Giuseppe Simone
- Department of UrologyIRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer InstituteRomeItaly
| | - Edoardo Pescarmona
- Department of PathologyIRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer InstituteRomeItaly
| | - Petra Lenz
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical ResearchFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Mary Olanich
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical ResearchFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMDUSA
| | - Maire Duggan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Mustapha Abubakar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and BiotechnologyUniversity Campus Bio‐Medico of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Steno Sentinelli
- Department of PathologyIRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer InstituteRomeItaly
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthRockvilleMDUSA
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Kumar U, Anthony ML, Sahai R, Mittal A, Durgapal P, Kishore S. Immunoexpression of PD-L1 and PD-1 and Its Clinicopathological Correlation in Urothelial Carcinomas. J Lab Physicians 2021; 14:197-201. [PMID: 35982880 PMCID: PMC9381309 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Urothelial carcinomas are the most common types of bladder tumors that have recently shown a changing trend in treatment protocols with the introduction and approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The most important immune checkpoint lies with the PD-1–PD-L1 axis. Although multiple drugs have been approved, there is uncertainty about patient selection criteria and diagnostic assays. Recent studies related to the laboratory-developed tests have opened up the horizon of PD-1 and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry even at resource-constrained laboratories. We propose to study these immunohistochemistry markers in our laboratory using newer clones.
Materials and Methods
We selected 116 consecutive cases of transurethral bladder tumor resection from our laboratory archive and applied PD-1 and PD-L1 immunohistochemistry. The study was approved by the institution's ethics committee.
Results
We found high expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in urothelial carcinoma even with different cut-offs of PD-L1. Muscle invasion, lamina invasion, and grade of carcinoma had a statistically significant effect on the expression; however, age and sex did not affect the expression.
Conclusion
Based on our current study, we can conclude that the clones used in our study show high expression in urothelial carcinoma and can aid in patient selection and treatment protocol, irrespective of age and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utpal Kumar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Rishabh Sahai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankur Mittal
- Department of Urology, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prashant Durgapal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sanjeev Kishore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, AIIMS, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
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14
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Recruitment and Expansion of Tregs Cells in the Tumor Environment-How to Target Them? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081850. [PMID: 33924428 PMCID: PMC8069615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The immune response against cancer is generated by effector T cells, among them cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that destroy cancer cells and helper CD4+ T cells that mediate and support the immune response. This antitumor function of T cells is tightly regulated by a particular subset of CD4+ T cells, named regulatory T cells (Tregs), through different mechanisms. Even if the complete inhibition of Tregs would be extremely harmful due to their tolerogenic role in impeding autoimmune diseases in the periphery, the targeted blockade of their accumulation at tumor sites or their targeted depletion represent a major therapeutic challenge. This review focuses on the mechanisms favoring Treg recruitment, expansion and stabilization in the tumor microenvironment and the therapeutic strategies developed to block these mechanisms. Abstract Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present in a large majority of solid tumors and are mainly associated with a poor prognosis, as their major function is to inhibit the antitumor immune response contributing to immunosuppression. In this review, we will investigate the mechanisms involved in the recruitment, amplification and stability of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We will also review the strategies currently developed to inhibit Tregs’ deleterious impact in the TME by either inhibiting their recruitment, blocking their expansion, favoring their plastic transformation into other CD4+ T-cell subsets, blocking their suppressive function or depleting them specifically in the TME to avoid severe deleterious effects associated with Treg neutralization/depletion in the periphery and normal tissues.
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15
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Lv D, Wu X, Wang M, Chen W, Yang S, Liu Y, Zeng G, Gu D. Functional Assessment of Four Novel Immune-Related Biomarkers in the Pathogenesis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:621618. [PMID: 33796525 PMCID: PMC8007883 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.621618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma whose pathogenesis is not well understood. We aimed at identifying novel immune-related biomarkers that could be valuable in the diagnosis and prognosis of ccRCC. Methods The Robust Rank Aggregation (RRA) method was used to integrate differently expressed genes (DEGs) of 7 Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and obtain robust DEGs. Weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA) were performed to identify hub genes associated with clinical traits in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Comprehensive bioinformatic analyses were used to explore the role of hub genes in ccRCC. Results Four hub genes IFI16, LMNB1, RHBDF2 and TACC3 were screened by the RRA method and WGCNA. These genes were found to be up-regulated in ccRCC, an upregulation that could be due to their associations with late TNM stages and tumor grades. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the four hub genes had great diagnostic and prognostic values for ccRCC, while Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed that they were involved in immune signaling pathways. They were also found to be closely associated with multiple tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and critical immune checkpoint expressions. The results of Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) analysis were consistent with bioinformatics analysis results. Conclusion The four hub genes were shown to have great diagnostic and prognostic values and played key roles in the tumor microenvironment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daojun Lv
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangkun Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Chen
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxin Yang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongda Liu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Gu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
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Xu Y, Miller CP, Warren EH, Tykodi SS. Current status of antigen-specific T-cell immunotherapy for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1882-1896. [PMID: 33667140 PMCID: PMC8189101 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1870846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In renal-cell carcinoma (RCC), tumor-reactive T-cell responses can occur spontaneously or in response to systemic immunotherapy with cytokines and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer vaccines and engineered T-cell therapies are designed to selectively augment tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses with the goal to elicit tumor regression and avoid toxicities associated with nonspecific immunotherapies. In this review, we provide an overview of the central role of T-cell immunity in the treatment of advanced RCC. Clinical outcomes for antigen-targeted vaccines or other T-cell-engaging therapies for RCC are summarized and evaluated, and emerging new strategies to enhance the effectiveness of antigen-specific therapy for RCC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Xu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris P Miller
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edus H Warren
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott S Tykodi
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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17
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Wang B, Bai W, Ma H, Li F. Regulatory Effect of PD1/PD-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) on Treg Cells in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e927577. [PMID: 33386384 PMCID: PMC7786833 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a serious irreversible lung disease. The mechanism of immune checkpoint in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is still unknown. Material/Methods First, the expression levels of PD-1/PD-L1 on the surface of CD4+ T cells and the proportion of Treg cells in IPF or controls were detected by flow cytometry. Then, expression of TGF-β in blood samples was detected with ELISA. Moreover, a co-culture system was composed of fibroblasts stimulated by TGF-β and CD4+ T cells from healthy people. The proportions of Treg cells and PD-1 in the co-culture system were detected. In addition, we detected the proportion of Treg cells and the level of collagen-1 after adding PD-1 or PD-L1 protein antibody blocker to the co-culture system. Results Flow cytometry revealed the upregulated expression of PD-1/PD-L1 in CD4+ T cells of IPF patients. PD-1 appears to inhibit the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Treg cells. Co-culture of myofibroblasts and CD4+ T cells induced the generation of collagen-1 and reduced the proliferation of CD4+ T cells. When PD-1 was blocked, the inhibition of Treg cell differentiation was reversed, accompanied by decreased collagen-1 production. Conclusions This work identified the molecular mechanism of PD-1 in patients with IPF. It may provide a new perspective on the therapeutic effect of PD-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Wenmei Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Fengsen Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China (mainland)
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18
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Miao Y, Wang J, Li Q, Quan W, Wang Y, Li C, Wu J, Mi D. Prognostic value and immunological role of PDCD1 gene in pan-cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107080. [PMID: 33069926 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify the prognostic value and investigate the association between programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene expression and immune infiltration in pan-cancer. METHODS We used a series of bioinformatics methods to comprehensively analyze the relationship between PDCD1 gene and prognosis, tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), immune cell infiltration of various cancers from the existing public database, and try to find the potential prognostic value of PDCD1 for in pan-cancer. RESULTS High expression of PDCD1 was closely related to better overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) in breast invasive carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma; have a better disease-free interval (DFI) and progression-free interval (PFI) in several cancer types. Meanwhile, the high level of PDCD1 gene expression was associated with poorer OS, DSS, and PFI in brain lower grade glioma and uveal melanoma; poorer OS in acute myeloid leukemia and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma; poorer OS and DSS in glioblastoma multiforme; poorer DSS in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, by Kaplan-Meier and Cox survival analysis. PDCD1 gene expression was significantly correlated with TMB and MSI in 14 and 12 cancer types, respectively, and infiltrating levels of immune cells, especially Macrophages M0, M1, CD4-T-cells, CD8-T-cells, and T cells follicular helper, in most of eight cancer types. CONCLUSION PDCD1 can be used as a prognostic marker in multiple cancers, owing to it is closely associated with TMB, MSI, and immune cells infiltration.
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Clinical Impact of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and PD-L1-Positive Cells as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers in Urological Malignancies and Retroperitoneal Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113153. [PMID: 33121123 PMCID: PMC7692684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Two host-dependent biological characteristics, “avoiding immune destruction” and “tumor-promoting inflammation” have been added to cancer hallmarks in 2011. The interaction and cross-talk among tumor cells and several immune cells in a tumor microenvironment are dynamic and complex processes. The purpose of this review is to discuss the prognostic impact of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibitors in four urological solid tumors, the urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma, through summarizing the findings of observation studies and clinical trials. Abstract Over the past decade, an “immunotherapy tsunami”, more specifically that involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has overtaken the oncological field. The interaction and cross-talk among tumor cells and several immune cells in the tumor microenvironment are dynamic and complex processes. As immune contexture can vary widely across different types of primary tumors and tumor microenvironments, there is still a significant lack of clinically available definitive biomarkers to predict patient response to ICIs, especially in urogenital malignancies. An increasing body of evidence evaluating urological malignancies has proven that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are a double-edged sword in cancer. There is an urgent need to shed light on the functional heterogeneity in the tumor-infiltrating immune system and to explore its prognostic impact following surgery and other treatments. Notably, we emphasized the difference in the immunological profile among urothelial carcinomas arising from different primary origins, the bladder, renal pelvis, and ureter. Significant differences in the density of FOXP3-positive TILs, CD204-positive tumor-infiltrating macrophages, PD-L1-positive cells, and colony-stimulating factors were observed. This review discusses two topics: (i) the prognostic impact of TILs and (ii) predictive biomarkers for ICIs, to shed light on lymphocyte migration in four solid tumors, the urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and retroperitoneal sarcoma.
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20
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Wu X, Zhao Z, Khan A, Cai C, Lv D, Gu D, Liu Y. Identification of a Novel Signature and Construction of a Nomogram Predicting Overall Survival in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:1017. [PMID: 33101364 PMCID: PMC7500318 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for majority of RCC-related deaths. It is clearly essential to further identify more novel prognostic signatures and therapeutic targets. Material and Methods We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ccRCC and adjacent normal tissues in GEO database using a Robust Rank Aggregation (RRA) method. An mRNA signature (mRNASig) based on DEGs was developed using Cox and LASSO analysis in the TCGA database and validated in the ICGC database. Afterward, the influence of mRNASig mRNAs on the immune microenvironment in ccRCC was explored using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Results A total of 957 robust DEGs were identified using the RRA method. mRNASig comprised CEP55, IFI44, NCF4, and TCIRG1 and was developed and validated to identify high-risk patients who had poorer prognosis than low-risk patients. A nomogram was also constructed based on mRNASig, AJCC stage, and tumor grade. The mRNASig were closely related to a variety of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, especially including CD8+ T cells, activated CD4+ memory T cells, regulatory T cells, activated NK cells, and resting NK cells. The mRNASig were also correlated positively with the expression of CTLA4, LAG3, PDCD1, TIGIT, and HAVCR2. Conclusion We developed and validated mRNASig to assist clinicians in making personalized treatment decisions. Furthermore, CEP55, IFI44, NCF4, and TCIRG1 may be novel potential targets for future treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aisha Khan
- Department of Family Medicine, Yunshan Medical Hospital Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daojun Lv
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Gu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongda Liu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Institute of Urology, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Singh D. Current updates and future perspectives on the management of renal cell carcinoma. Life Sci 2020; 264:118632. [PMID: 33115605 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) refers to renal-epithelial cancer, which represents over 90% of kidney cancer and is a cause for cancer related deaths in the world. Studies suggested somatic VHL mutations to be the cause for the occurrence of cancer, but with the time, more latest genomic and biological studies have detected variation in epigenetic regulatory genes and showed significant heterogeneity of the intratumor that may lead to strategies of diagnostic, predictive, and therapeutic importance. Immune dysfunction is responsible for almost all types of renal cancer, and angiogenesis and immunosuppression function together in the tumor microenvironment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Over the past few years, advancement in the management of the RCC has finally revolutionized with the arrival of the entrapped immune inhibitors which particularly concentrated on the receptor (programmed cell death-1) and focus on the new generation receptor i.e. TKRI (tyrosine-kinase receptor inhibitors). The present review deals with the comprehensive review of RCC and emphasizes on its types, pathogenesis and advancement in these diseases. This review also overviews the role of innate and adaptive immune response-related mechanism, the function of cancer stem cell in this diseases, therapeutic targeted drugs and hormonal signaling pathways as an emerging strategy in the management of the renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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22
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Sardana R, Mishra SK, Williamson SR, Mohanty A, Mohanty SK. Immune checkpoints and their inhibitors: Reappraisal of a novel diagnostic and therapeutic dimension in the urologic malignancies. Semin Oncol 2020; 47:367-379. [PMID: 33160642 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in molecular immunology have unveiled some of the complexity of the mechanisms regulating cellular immune responses and led to the successful targeting of immune checkpoints in attempts to enhance antitumor T cell responses. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have been the mainstay of treatment in urologic malignancies. Immune checkpoint molecules such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4, programmed cell death protein-1, and programmed death-ligand 1 have been shown to play central roles in evading cancer immunity. Thus these molecules have been targeted by inhibitors for the management of cancers forming the basis of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy is now among the first line therapeutic options for metastatic renal cell carcinomas. In advanced bladder cancer, immunotherapy is the standard of care in the second line and the first line for cisplatin ineligible patients. There continues to be ongoing research to identify the role if any of immunotherapy in testicular, prostatic, and penile cancers. The ideal biomarker for response to immunotherapy is still elusive. Although programmed death-ligand 1 immunohistochemical testing has been widely used across the globe as a biomarker for immunotherapy, companion diagnostic tests have inherent issues with testing and reporting and cannot have universal applicability. Additional biomarkers including, tumor mutational burden, deficient mismatch repair, high microsatellite instability, and immune gene expression profiling are being evaluated in various clinical trials. This review appraises the data of immunotherapy in the management of urologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Sardana
- Department of Hematopathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Sourav K Mishra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Abhishek Mohanty
- Principal Research Officer Head of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Sambit K Mohanty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Blum KA, Gupta S, Tickoo SK, Chan TA, Russo P, Motzer RJ, Karam JA, Hakimi AA. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: biology, natural history and management. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 17:659-678. [PMID: 33051619 PMCID: PMC7551522 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomatoid dedifferentiation is an uncommon feature that can occur in most histological subtypes of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and carries a decidedly poor prognosis. Historically, conventional treatments for sarcomatoid RCCs (sRCCs) have shown little efficacy, and median survival is commonly 6–13 months. Despite being first described in 1968, the mechanisms driving sarcomatoid dedifferentiation remain poorly understood, and information and treatment options available to physicians and patients are limited. When diagnosed at an early stage, surgical intervention remains the treatment of choice. However, preoperative identification through routine imaging or biopsy is unreliable and most patients present with advanced disease and systemic symptoms. For these patients, the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy is disputed. The expansion of immunotherapies approved for RCCs has generated a search for biomarkers that might be indicative of treatment response in sRCCs, although a proven effective systemic agent remains elusive. PDL1 expression is increased in sarcomatoid dedifferentiated renal tumours, which suggests that patients with sRCCs could benefit from PD1 and/or PDL1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Treatment outcomes for sarcomatoid tumours have remained relatively consistent compared with other RCCs, but further investigation of the tumour–immune cell microenvironment might yield insights into further therapeutic possibilities. In this Review, Blum et al. summarize the current knowledge on sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma, a diagnosis characterized by the presence of sarcomatoid dedifferentiation and a poor prognosis. They discuss the origin, presentation, molecular biology and treatment of this disease. Sarcomatoid dedifferentiation is not considered to be a unique histological subtype of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs); rather, it can be present within any subtype of RCCs. Sarcomatoid dedifferentiation appears in ~4% of all RCCs, but is present in ~20% of all metastatic RCCs. According to WHO guidelines, any RCC with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation is a WHO–International Society of Urological Pathology grade 4 lesion. Sarcomatoid dedifferentiation is often heterogeneously present within RCCs, making routine imaging and biopsy unreliable for preoperative detection. Surgical resection for localized disease is the standard of care, with subsequent close monitoring of patients following surgery. In patients with metastatic disease, conventional therapies such as surgery and systemic agents have been ineffective and overall 5-year survival remains at 23.5–33%. Previous genomic analyses have failed to identify definitive mutational drivers of disease. However, sarcomatoid RCCs (sRCCs) have been shown to have higher PD1 and PDL1 expression than other subtypes of RCCs. Newer combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies could yield improved responses and outcomes. Studies investigating sRCCs are limited by patient numbers owing to the low incidence of sRCCs and their advanced stage at presentation. Multi-institutional efforts to establish a consensus on treatment recommendations based on highly powered data are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Blum
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sounak Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satish K Tickoo
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Russo
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Motzer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose A Karam
- Departments of Urology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Kryst P, Poletajew S, Wyczałkowska-Tomasik A, Gonczar S, Wysocki M, Kapuścińska R, Krajewski W, Zgliczyński W, Pączek L. Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Adenovirus Viremia in Renal Tumors Is Associated with Histological Features of Malignancy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103195. [PMID: 33023077 PMCID: PMC7601937 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is growing evidence that viral infections may impact the risk and clinical course of malignancies, including solid tumors. The aim of this study was to assess the possible association of selected chronic/latent viral infections with the clinical course of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods: In this prospective study we enrolled 27 patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy due to the histologically confirmed RCC and followed them up for one year post-operation. Isolation of the nucleic acids was performed using the NucleoSpin Tissue Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany) from tumor tissue and using the EZ1 Virus Mini Kit v2.0 from plasma. The number of viral copies of human adenovirus (ADV), herpes simplex virus HSV-1 and HSV-2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), BK virus (BKV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) in the tissue and plasma was assessed with real-time PCR. Results: Viral infections were diagnosed in ten patients (37.0%), including three ADV cases (11.1%) and eight EBV cases (29.6%). Infected patients tended to be significantly older (71.3 vs. 57.6 years, p < 0.05), more commonly presented with chronic renal disease (OR 2.4, p < 0.05), diabetes (OR 4.2, p < 0.05) and overweight (OR 2.0, p < 0.05). Regarding oncological data, infected patients were found to have a higher rate of high-grade cancers (OR 5.0, p < 0.05) and a higher rate of papillary RCCs (OR 8.3, p < 0.05). Status of viral infections had no influence on the clinical cancer stage, surgical procedure or survival. Conclusions: EBV and ADV infections are common in renal cancer patients and increase the risk of high-grade RCC presence. While there is no significant impact on short term survival, further studies are needed to assess the relevance of these findings in a long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kryst
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Sławomir Poletajew
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-569-0148; Fax: +48-22-569-0150
| | - Aleksandra Wyczałkowska-Tomasik
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.-T.); (L.P.)
| | - Stefan Gonczar
- Second Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (P.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Maciej Wysocki
- Department of Pathology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Renata Kapuścińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (R.K.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wojciech Krajewski
- Department of Urology and Oncological Urology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Zgliczyński
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (R.K.); (W.Z.)
| | - Leszek Pączek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-005 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.-T.); (L.P.)
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25
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Davis D, Tretiakova MS, Kizzar C, Woltjer R, Krajbich V, Tykodi SS, Lanciault C, Andeen NK. Abundant CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and beta-2-microglobulin are associated with better outcome and response to interleukin-2 therapy in advanced stage clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 47:151537. [PMID: 32454441 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies assessing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and clinical outcomes have mixed results. Given fundamental interaction of MHC class I with CD8+ T-cells, we hypothesized that expression of MHC class I associated protein, beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), may be an important immunologic marker in RCC. We sought to understand potential implications of CD8 + TILs and tumor B2M expression on overall survival and response to high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy, in a cohort of patients with high-stage (clinical stage III and IV) ccRCC. Four tumor regions from 56 patients with ccRCC were retrospectively assessed immunohistochemically. At a median follow-up time of 33 months, 22 (39%) patients had died of disease, 23 (41%) were alive disease, and 11 (20%) had no evidence of disease. Tumors with high CD8 + TILs had a significantly lower death rate [hazard ratio (HR): 0.33, p = 0.02]. CD8 + TILs correlated with B2M expression (p = 0.007). On multivariable analyses, patients with both high B2M and CD8 + TILs had lower death rate (HR: 0.27, p = 0.03). Within the subgroup treated with IL-2 (n = 27, 48%), tumors with high CD8 + TILs were more likely to respond to IL-2 therapy [coefficient (coef): 1.6, p = 0.05]. On multivariable analyses, tumors with a combination of both high B2M expression and high CD8 + TILs also showed trend to responding to IL-2 therapy (coef: 2.5, p = 0.06). In conclusion, abundant CD8+ TILs and high tumor expression of beta-2-microglobulin were good prognostic indicators associated with longer survival in patients with high-stage ccRCC. Abundant CD8+ TILs may predict response to IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Davis
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Pathology, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Maria S Tretiakova
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Chris Kizzar
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Pathology, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Randy Woltjer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Pathology, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Victoria Krajbich
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Pathology, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Scott S Tykodi
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, United States of America
| | - Christian Lanciault
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Pathology, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - Nicole K Andeen
- Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Pathology, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America.
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Immune Cell Subtypes and Cytokines in Lung Tumor Microenvironment: Influence of COPD. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051217. [PMID: 32414037 PMCID: PMC7281434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The immune microenvironment plays a role in tumorigenesis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an independent risk factor for lung cancer (LC). We hypothesized that immune profile characterized by T regulatory (Treg), natural killer (NK), and plasma cells, as well as interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon-gamma, may differ within tumors of LC patients with/without COPD. Methods: Treg (anti-CD3 and anti-forkhead boxP3 antibodies), NK (anti-NCR1 antibody), IgG (anti-CD138-IgG antibody), IgA (anti-CD138-IgA antibody) using immunohistochemistry, and both IL-10 and interferon-gamma (ELISA) were quantified in tumor and non-tumor specimens (thoracotomy for lung tumor resection) from 33 LC–COPD patients and 20 LC-only patients. Results: Immune profile in tumor versus non-tumor specimens: Treg cell counts significantly increased in tumors of both LC and LC–COPD patients, while in tumors of the latter group, IgG-secreting plasma cells significantly decreased and IL-10 increased. No significant differences were seen in levels of NK cells, IgA-secreting cells, IgA/IgG, or interferon-gamma. Immune profile in tumors of LC–COPD versus LC: No significant differences were observed in tumors between LC–COPD and LC patients for any study marker. Conclusions: Immune cell subtypes and cytokines are differentially expressed in lung tumors, and the presence of COPD elicited a decline in IgG-secreting plasma cell levels but not in other cell types.
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27
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Payandeh Z, Khalili S, Somi MH, Mard-Soltani M, Baghbanzadeh A, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Samadi N, Baradaran B. PD-1/PD-L1-dependent immune response in colorectal cancer. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5461-5475. [PMID: 31960962 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still considered as the third most frequent cancer in the world. Microsatellite instability (MSI), inflammation, and microRNAs have been demonstrated as the main contributing factors in CRC. Subtype 1 CRC is defined by NK cells infiltration, induction of Th1 lymphocyte and cytotoxic T cell responses as well as upregulation of immune checkpoint proteins including programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Based on the diverse features of CRC, such as the stage and localization of the tumor, several treatment approaches are available. However, the efficiency of these treatments may be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. It has been proven that monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can increase the effectiveness of CRC treatments. Nowadays, several mAbs including nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for the treatment of CRC. Immune checkpoint receptors including PD-1 can be inhibited by these antibodies. Combination therapy gives an opportunity for advanced treatment for CRC patients. In this review, an update has been provided on the molecular mechanisms involved in MSI colorectal cancer immune microenvironment by focusing on PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and treatment of patients with advanced immunotherapy, which were examined in the different clinical trial phases. Considering induced expression of PD-L1 by conventional chemotherapeutics, we have summarized the role of PD-L1 in CRC, the chemotherapy effects on the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and novel combined approaches to enhance immunotherapy of CRC by focusing on PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maysam Mard-Soltani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nasser Samadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical, Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Guisier F, Barros-Filho MC, Rock LD, Strachan-Whaley M, Marshall EA, Dellaire G, Lam WL. Janus or Hydra: The Many Faces of T Helper Cells in the Human Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:35-51. [PMID: 32036603 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T helper (TH) cells are key regulators in the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME), mediating the adaptive immunological response towards cancer, mainly through the activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. After antigen recognition and proper co-stimulation, naïve TH cells are activated, undergo clonal expansion, and release cytokines that will define the differentiation of a specific effector TH cell subtype. These different subtypes have different functions, which can mediate both anti- and pro-tumour immunological responses. Here, we present the dual role of TH cells restraining or promoting the tumour, the factors controlling their homing and differentiation in the TIME, their influence on immunotherapy, and their use as prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guisier
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Pneumology, Thoracic Oncology and Intensive Respiratory Care, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
| | - Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,International Research Center, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leigha D Rock
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Oral and Biological Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Erin A Marshall
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network (CE2C.ca), Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wan L Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Canadian Environmental Exposures in Cancer (CE2C) Network (CE2C.ca), Halifax, NS, Canada
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29
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Eich M, Chaux A, Mendoza Rodriguez MA, Guner G, Taheri D, Rodriguez Pena MDC, Sharma R, Allaf ME, Netto GJ. Tumour immune microenvironment in primary and metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2019; 76:423-432. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Lisa Eich
- Department of Pathology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Alcides Chaux
- Department of Scientific Research School of Postgraduate Studies Norte University Asunción Paraguay
| | | | - Gunes Guner
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
- Department of Pathology Isfahan Kidney Disease Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
| | | | - Rajni Sharma
- Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - Mohamad E Allaf
- Department of Urology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
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30
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Kim HR, Park HJ, Son J, Lee JG, Chung KY, Cho NH, Shim HS, Park S, Kim G, In Yoon H, Kim HG, Jung YW, Cho BC, Park SY, Rha SY, Ha SJ. Tumor microenvironment dictates regulatory T cell phenotype: Upregulated immune checkpoints reinforce suppressive function. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:339. [PMID: 31801611 PMCID: PMC6894345 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T (Treg) cells have an immunosuppressive function in cancer, but the underlying mechanism of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is unclear. Methods We compared the phenotypes of T cell subsets, including Treg cells, obtained from peripheral blood, malignant effusion, and tumors of 103 cancer patients. Our primary focus was on the expression of immune checkpoint (IC)-molecules, such as programmed death (PD)-1, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing (TIM)-3, T cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4, on Treg cells in paired lymphocytes from blood, peritumoral tissue, and tumors of 12 patients with lung cancer. To identify the immunosuppressive mechanisms acting on tumor-infiltrating Treg cells, we conducted immunosuppressive functional assays in a mouse model. Results CD8+, CD4+ T cells, and Treg cells exhibited a gradual upregulation of IC-molecules the closer they were to the tumor. Interestingly, PD-1 expression was more prominent in Treg cells than in conventional T (Tconv) cells. In lung cancer patients, higher levels of IC-molecules were expressed on Treg cells than on Tconv cells, and Treg cells were also more enriched in the tumor than in the peri-tumor and blood. In a mouse lung cancer model, IC-molecules were also preferentially upregulated on Treg cells, compared to Tconv cells. PD-1 showed the greatest increase on most cell types, especially Treg cells, and this increase occurred gradually over time after the cells entered the TME. PD-1 high-expressing tumor-infiltrating Treg cells displayed potent suppressive activity, which could be partially inhibited with a blocking anti-PD-1 antibody. Conclusions We demonstrate that the TME confers a suppressive function on Treg cells by upregulating IC-molecule expression. Targeting IC-molecules, including PD-1, on Treg cells may be effective for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryun Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jimin Son
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Gu Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Kyung Young Chung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyo Sup Shim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gamin Kim
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hong In Yoon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Gyung Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Yong Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Byoung Chul Cho
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea
| | - Seong Yong Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Yonsei Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 120-752, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
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31
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Smolle MA, Prinz F, Calin GA, Pichler M. Current concepts of non-coding RNA regulation of immune checkpoints in cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2019; 70:117-126. [PMID: 31582259 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of immune checkpoint molecules as important regulators of immune responses in healthy individuals as well as immune escape of malignant tumours has led to profound changes in understanding, research and treatment of human cancer. Especially the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy has set anti-cancer therapy on a novel level. With increasing experience of approved CTLA-4 and PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors and the evolution of novel immune checkpoint molecules from pre-clinical models to clinical trials, mechanisms of the regulation of these immune system guiding factors, are of paramount importance to overcome mechanisms of resistance. Non-protein coding RNAs (i.e. non-coding RNAs) such as short microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are involved in regulating of various cellular processes and have attracted attention of cancer researchers and immunologists over the last years. In the present review, interactions between non coding RNAs and immune checkpoint molecules, within the framework of human cancer, will be discussed and current and developing concepts between the immunological and non-coding RNA world, will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Smolle
- Department for Orthopaedics & Trauma, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 5, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Felix Prinz
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing in Cancer, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1950, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Martin Pichler
- Research Unit for Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing in Cancer, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1950, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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32
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Tan KW, Chacko AM, Chew V. PD-1 expression and its significance in tumour microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 4:51. [PMID: 31463410 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.06.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wei Tan
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Ann-Marie Chacko
- Laboratory for Translational and Molecular Imaging (LTMI), Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Valerie Chew
- Translational Immunology Institute (TII), SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
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33
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Lin Z, Zhang Y, Cai H, Zhou F, Gao H, Deng L, Li R. A PD-L1-Based Cancer Vaccine Elicits Antitumor Immunity in a Mouse Melanoma Model. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 14:222-232. [PMID: 31384666 PMCID: PMC6667823 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1/2 induces a signal transduction pathway that inhibits the activity of tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Antibodies blocking PD-1 or PD-L1 can restore antitumor T cell responses and cause long-term remission in a subset of cancer patients with advanced or refractory tumors. In this study, we asked whether PD-L1 vaccination could confer tumor control in mouse tumor models. To address the central tolerance toward self-molecules, we fused the extracellular domain of PD-L1 (PD-L1E) to the C-terminal of the translocation domain of diphtheria toxin (DTT). DTT is able to elicit CD4+ T cell responses required for inducing robust immune responses against self-molecules. The fusion molecule is called DPDL1E. When formulated with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA), DPDL1E elicited robust immune responses biased toward the Th1 type and inhibited tumor growth in both preventive and therapeutic mouse tumor models. We further showed that the anti-DPDL1E sera blocked PD-L1 binding to PD-1 in vitro. The DPDL1E vaccination increased the levels of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) and reduced the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as well as exhausted LAG3+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells. All of these data suggest that DPDL1E vaccination reverses the suppressive phenotype of the tumor microenvironment and that it is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaman Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuqiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Gao
- Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Deng
- Shanghai HyCharm, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Rongxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.,Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Ruikang Hospital Affiliated with Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Labriola MK, Batich KA, Zhu J, McNamara MA, Harrison MR, Armstrong AJ, George DJ, Zhang T. Immunotherapy Is Changing First-Line Treatment of Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2019; 17:e513-e521. [PMID: 30858035 PMCID: PMC7004481 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of renal-cell carcinoma has been increasing each year, with nearly one third of new cases diagnosed at advanced or metastatic stage. The advent of targeted therapies for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) has underscored the need to subtype tumors according to tumor-immune expression profiles that may more reliably predict treatment outcomes. Over the past 2 decades, several vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been the mainstay for first- and second-line treatment of mRCC. Very recently, immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors have significantly changed the treatment landscape for patients with mRCC, particularly for first-line treatment of intermediate to poor risk mRCC patients. Now, combination immunotherapy as well as combinations of immunotherapy with targeted agents can significantly alter disease outcomes. The field of immuno-oncology for mRCC has unveiled a deeper understanding of the immunoreactivity inherent to these tumors, and as a result combination therapy is evolving as a first-line modality. This review provides a timeline of advances and controversies in first-line treatment of mRCC, describes recent advances in understanding the immunoreactivity of these tumors, and addresses the future of combination anti-VEGF and immunotherapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Labriola
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Kristen A Batich
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Jason Zhu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Megan A McNamara
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Michael R Harrison
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel J George
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Tian Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC.
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35
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Expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 Are Negative Prognostic Markers in Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050743. [PMID: 31137694 PMCID: PMC6572544 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-oncological therapy with checkpoint inhibition (CI) has become a new standard treatment in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but the prognostic value of the expression of CI therapy target molecules is still controversial. 342 unselected consecutive RCC tumor samples were analyzed regarding their PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The prognostic values for cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed for those not exposed to CI therapy. The expression of PD-1 in tumor-infiltrating mononuclear cells (TIMC) and PD-L1 in tumor cells was detected in 9.4% and 12.3%, respectively (Immune reactive score (IRS) > 0). Furthermore, PD-L1 expression in TIMC (IRS > 0) and CTLA-4 expression in TIMC (>1% positive cells) was detected in 4.8% and 6.3%. PD-1 expression and CTLA-4 expression were significantly associated with a worse OS and CSS in log rank survival analysis and univariate Cox regression analysis. CTLA-4 expression is a prognostic marker that is independently associated with a worse outcome in multivariate Cox regression analysis in the whole cohort (OS: p = 0.013; CSS: p = 0.048) as well as in a non-metastatic subgroup analysis (OS: p = 0.028; CSS: p = 0.022). Patients with combined CTLA-4 expression and PD-1-expression are at highest risk in OS and CSS. In RCC patients, PD-1 expression in TIMC and CTLA-4 expression in TIMC are associated with a worse OS and CSS. The combination of PD-1 expression in TIMC and CTLA-4 expression in TIMC might identify high risk patients. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of CTLA-4 expression to be a prognostic marker in RCC.
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36
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Eich ML, Chaux A, Guner G, Taheri D, Mendoza Rodriguez MA, Rodriguez Peña MDC, Baras AS, Hahn NM, Drake C, Sharma R, Bivalacqua TJ, Rezaei K, Netto GJ. Tumor immune microenvironment in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Hum Pathol 2019; 89:24-32. [PMID: 31026471 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has gained significance in a variety of tumor types including advanced urothelial carcinoma. Noninvasive urothelial lesions have been treated with intravesical Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for decades. Given treatment failure in a subset of these tumors, ongoing clinical trials investigating the role of checkpoint inhibitors are actively pursued in this group of patients. The present study aims to delineate PD-L1, CD8, and FOXP3 expression in tumor microenvironment in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma samples obtained via sequential biopsies and to assess its potential role in predicting disease outcome. Cases with >1% and> 5% PD-L1 expression in tumor cells showed lower relative risk (RR) to recur at any subsequent biopsy compared with those with lower PD-L1 expression (RRs, 0.83 [P = .009] and 0.81 [P = .03], respectively). Cases with higher expression of FOXP3 in peritumoral lymphocytes were at lower risk for tumor grade progression at any biopsy (RR, 0.2; P = .02). Tumors with FOXP3/CD8 expression ratio of >1 in intratumoral lymphocytes had lower risk of grade progression (RR, 0.28; P = .04). Although higher number of FOXP3-, CD8-, and PD-L1-positive lymphocytes were encountered after BCG treatment, the findings did not reach statistical significance. In patients without BCG treatment, PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and peritumoral lymphocytes varied across serial biopsies, suggesting the need for additional approaches to assess eligibility for immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lisa Eich
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA
| | - Alcides Chaux
- Department of Scientific Research, School of Postgraduate Studies, Norte University, 1614 Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Gunes Guner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander S Baras
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Noah M Hahn
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Charles Drake
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Katayoon Rezaei
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35249, USA.
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Yeong J, Lim JCT, Lee B, Li H, Ong CCH, Thike AA, Yeap WH, Yang Y, Lim AYH, Tay TKY, Liu J, Wong SC, Chen J, Lim EH, Iqbal J, Dent R, Newell EW, Tan PH. Prognostic value of CD8 + PD-1+ immune infiltrates and PDCD1 gene expression in triple negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:34. [PMID: 30728081 PMCID: PMC6366051 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains to be fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of PD-1 as a prognostic marker for TNBC in an Asian cohort (n = 269). Samples from patients with TNBC were labeled with antibodies against PD-L1 and PD-1, and subjected to NanoString assays to measure the expression of immune-related genes. Associations between disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and biomarker expression were investigated. Multivariate analysis showed that tumors with high PD-1+ immune infiltrates harbored significantly increased DFS, and this increase was significant even after controlling for clinicopathological parameters (HR 0.95; P = 0.030). In addition, the density of cells expressing both CD8 and PD-1, but not the density of CD8−PD-1+ immune infiltrates, was associated with improved DFS. Notably, this prognostic significance was independent of clinicopathological parameters and the densities of total CD8+ cell (HR 0.43, P = 0.011). At the transcriptional level, high expression of PDCD1 within the tumor was significantly associated with improved DFS (HR 0.38; P = 0.027). In line with these findings, high expression of IFNG (HR 0.38; P = 0.001) and IFN signaling genes (HR 0.46; p = 0.027) was also associated with favorable DFS. Inclusion of PD-1 immune infiltrates and PDCD1 gene expression added significant prognostic value for DFS (ΔLRχ2 = 6.35; P = 0.041) and OS (ΔLRχ2 = 9.53; P = 0.008), beyond that provided by classical clinicopathological variables. Thus, PD-1 mRNA and protein expression status represent a promising, independent indicator of prognosis in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Yeong
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Chun Tatt Lim
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Huihua Li
- Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clara Chong Hui Ong
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Aye Aye Thike
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Hseun Yeap
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Yi Yang
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ansel Yi Herh Lim
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Kwang Yong Tay
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Jin Liu
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siew-Cheng Wong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Elaine Hsuen Lim
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Jabed Iqbal
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rebecca Dent
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610, Singapore.
| | - Evan W Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A, Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Academia, Level 7, Singapore, 169856, Singapore. .,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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Schiano C, Soricelli A, De Nigris F, Napoli C. New challenges in integrated diagnosis by imaging and osteo-immunology in bone lesions. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:289-301. [PMID: 30570412 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1561283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-resolution imaging is the gold standard to measure the functional and biological features of bone lesions. Imaging markers have allowed the characterization both of tumour heterogeneity and metabolic data. Besides, ongoing studies are evaluating a combined use of 'imaging markers', such as SUVs, MATV, TLG, ADC from PET and MRI techniques respectively, and several 'biomarkers' spanning from chemokine immune-modulators, such as PD-1, RANK/RANKL, CXCR4/CXCL12 to transcription factors, such as TP53, RB1, MDM2, RUNX family, EZH2, YY1, MAD2. Osteoimmunology may improve diagnosis and prognosis leading to precision medicine in bone lesion treatment. Areas covered: We investigated modalities (molecular and imaging approach) useful to identify bone lesions deriving both from primary bone tumours and from osteotropic tumours, which have a higher incidence, prevalence and prognosis. Here, we summarized the recent advances in imaging techniques and osteoimmunology biomarkers which could play a pivotal role in personalized treatment. Expert commentary: Although imaging and molecular integration could allow both early diagnosis and stratification of cancer prognosis, large scale clinical trials will be necessary to translate pilot studies in the current clinical setting. ABBREVIATIONS ADC: apparent diffusion coefficient; ALCAM: Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule; ALP: Alkaline phosphatases; BC: Breast cancer; BSAP: B-Cell Lineage Specific Activator; BSAP: bone-specific alkaline phosphatase; BSP: bone sialoprotein; CRIP1: cysteine-rich intestinal protein 1; CD44: cluster of differentiation 44; CT: computed tomography; CXCL12: C-X-C motif ligand 12; CXCR4: C-X-C C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4; CTX-1: C-terminal end of the telopeptide of type I collagen; DC: dendritic cell; DWI: Diffusion-weighted MR image; EMT: mesenchymal transition; ET-1: endothelin-1; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; FDG: 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; FOXC2: forkhead box protein C2: HK-2: hexokinase-2; ICTP: carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen; IGF-1R: Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor; ILC: innate lymphocytes cells; LC: lung cancer; IL-1: interleukin-1; LYVE1: lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronic acid receptor 1; MAD2: mitotic arrest deficient 2; MATV: metabolically active tumour volume; M-CSF: macrophage colony stimulating factor; MM: multiple myeloma; MIP1a: macrophage inflammatory protein 1a; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PC: prostate cancer; NRP2: neuropilin 2; OPG: osteoprotogerin; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; PD-1: Programmed Cell Death 1; PET: positron emission tomography; PINP: procollagen type I N propeptide; PROX1: prospero homeobox protein 1; PSA: Prostate-specific antigen; PTH: parathyroid hormone; RANK: Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand; RECK: Reversion-inducing-cysteine-rich protein; SEMAs: semaphorins; SPECT: single photon computed tomography; SUV: standard uptake value; TLG: total lesion glycolysis; TP53: tumour protein 53; VCAM-1: vascular endothelial molecule-1; VOI: volume of interest; YY1: Yin Yang 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- a Department of Biochemical and Clinical Diagnostic , IRCCS SDN , Naples , Italy
| | - Andrea Soricelli
- a Department of Biochemical and Clinical Diagnostic , IRCCS SDN , Naples , Italy.,b Department of Motor Sciences and Healthiness , University of Naples Parthenope , Naples , Italy
| | - Filomena De Nigris
- c Department of Precision Medicine , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- a Department of Biochemical and Clinical Diagnostic , IRCCS SDN , Naples , Italy.,d Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences , University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" , Naples , Italy
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Bersanelli M, Gnetti L, Varotti E, Ampollini L, Carbognani P, Leonardi F, Rusca M, Campanini N, Ziglioli F, Dadomo CI, Pilato FP, Cortellini A, Rapacchi E, Caruso G, Silini EM, Maestroni U, Buti S. Immune context characterization and heterogeneity in primary tumors and pulmonary metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:21-35. [PMID: 30702014 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The knowledge of the immune context of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is useful to predict benefit from immunotherapy. We retrospectively characterized the immune context of RCC patients underwent primary nephrectomy and pulmonary metastasectomy. Materials & methods: Intratumoral infiltrating lymphocytes and peritumoral renal infiltrating lymphocytes, lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+), PD-1, PD-L1 were explored in paired samples of primary RCC (T) and respective pulmonary metastases (M). Results: The immune variables demonstrated intralesional and intratumoral heterogeneity. Intralesional lymphocyte heterogeneity reached 76% of cases in T, 28% in M. The heterogeneity rate for PD-L1 expression was from 44% (T) to 56% (M); it correlated with better survival. Conclusion: The immune context of RCC is highly variable both within a given tumor and among primary and metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bersanelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Letizia Gnetti
- Department of Pathological Anatomy & Histology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Elena Varotti
- Department of Pathological Anatomy & Histology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Luca Ampollini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Paolo Carbognani
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Francesco Leonardi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Michele Rusca
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Campanini
- Department of Pathological Anatomy & Histology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Francesco Ziglioli
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Clara I Dadomo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy & Histology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Francesco P Pilato
- Department of Pathological Anatomy & Histology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Alessio Cortellini
- Department of Biotechnological & Applied Clinical Sciences, Medical Oncology, St Salvatore Hospital, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Elena Rapacchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Enrico M Silini
- Department of Pathological Anatomy & Histology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Umberto Maestroni
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Buti
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, 43126, Italy
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FUT4 is involved in PD-1-related immunosuppression and leads to worse survival in patients with operable lung adenocarcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:65-76. [PMID: 30357521 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As an important glycosyltransferase, fucosyltransferase IV (FUT4) is abnormally upregulated in different types of cancers, but its clinical role remains inexplicit. This work aimed to determine the predictive ability of FUT4 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) after curative resection, as well as to explore the role of a possible FUT4 molecular mechanism on LUAD malignant behavior. METHODS A total of 273 LUAD patients after curative resection with complete clinicopathological and RNAseq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort were collected. Correlation of FUT4 with overall survival (OS) was analyzed based on TCGA and further validated by online "Kaplan-Meier Plotter" database and IHC in 70 LUAD patients recruited in the First Hospital of China Medical University cohort. Multivariate Cox regression analysis and 1000 bootstrapping were performed to verify the predictive value of FUT4. Gene set enrichment assay (GSEA) was performed to investigate the biological characteristics. Correlation between PD-1 and FUT4 was analyzed based on TCGA cohort and validated by IHC on cohort from our hospital. RESULTS Increased FUT4 expression led to reduced overall survival (OS) of LUAD patients based on TCGA (p = 0.006 and 0.001 for dichotomous and trichotomous modeling, respectively) and externally validated in KMPLOTTER (p = 0.01) and by IHC based on cohort from our hospital (p = 0.005 and p = 0.019 for dichotomous and trichotomous modeling, respectively). FUT4 overexpression was an independent high risk factor for OS along with advanced pT stage and pTNM stage (p = 0.001, p = 0.037, and p < 0.001, respectively). GSEA revealed that FUT4 overexpression might correlate with shortened survival of LUAD patients by promoting cell proliferation via ERBB signaling, and suppressing immune response-related pathways. FUT4 expression positively correlated with PD-1 in TCGA (p = 0.026) and validated by IHC on cohort from our hospital (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Increased FUT4 expression led to reduced OS in operable LUAD. FUT4 showed significant correlation with immune response and PD-1 expression.
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Murai R, Itoh Y, Kageyama S, Nakayama M, Ishigaki H, Teramoto K, Narita M, Yoshida T, Tomita K, Kobayashi KI, Wada A, Nagasawa M, Kubota S, Ogasawara K, Kawauchi A. Prediction of intravesical recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer by evaluation of intratumoral Foxp3+ T cells in the primary transurethral resection of bladder tumor specimens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204745. [PMID: 30261082 PMCID: PMC6160186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with a history of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer sometimes have recurrence of tumors after transurethral resection of bladder tumor treatment. To find factors related to the recurrence of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, we examined tissue specimens taken at transurethral resection of bladder tumor as an initial treatment. We revealed the association between prognosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and infiltration of Foxp3+ T cells that suppress anti-tumor immunity in 115 primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients retrospectively identified and followed for at least 3 months after primary transurethral resection. In immunohistological staining, we counted the number of cells positive for CD3 and positive for CD3 and Foxp3 together and calculated the percentage of Foxp3+ T cells among the CD3+ T cells. The recurrence-free survival rate was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and a Cox regression analysis of recurrence factors was performed. The median (interquartile range) percentage of Foxp3+ T cells in all cases was 17.1% (11.9, 11.4–23.3%). Compared by risk stratification, it was 11.4% (10.4, 7.8–18.2%) in the low-risk group (n = 32), 16.8% (12.6, 11.6–24.2%) in the intermediate-risk group (n = 45), and 22.0% (9.7, 16.4–26.1%) in the high-risk group (n = 38). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the Foxp3+ T cell high group (≥ 17.1%) had a worse RFS rate than did the low group (< 17.1%) (P = 0.006). In multivariate analysis, the percentage of Foxp3+ T cells was an independent risk factor for intravesical recurrence (hazard ratio 2.25). Thus, peritumoral Foxp3+ T cell infiltration was correlated to risk stratification and recurrence-free survival. Therefore, the percentage of Foxp3+ T cells in tumor specimens may predict a risk for intravesical recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Murai
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Susumu Kageyama
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Misako Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazuo Teramoto
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Narita
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keiji Tomita
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akinori Wada
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nagasawa
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Kubota
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawauchi
- Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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Meng S, Li L, Zhou M, Jiang W, Niu H, Yang K. Distribution and prognostic value of tumor‑infiltrating T cells in breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4247-4258. [PMID: 30221739 PMCID: PMC6172376 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with the response to neoadjuvent chemotherapy and prognosis in breast cancer. However, the distribution, interaction and prognostic value of tumor‑infiltrating T cells, the main component of the tumor microenvironment, have seldom been reported. In the present study, surgical specimens of 72 breast cancer patients were analyzed. Tumor‑infiltrating T cell subsets [cluster of differentiation (CD)4+T, CD8+T and regulatory T cells] and expression of their cytokines [interferon‑γ, interleukin (IL)‑4, and IL‑17] were evaluated by flow cytometry. These parameters together with The Cancer Genome Atlas database were used to demonstrate the distribution, interaction and prognostic value of tumor‑infiltrating T cells in breast cancer. Tumor‑infiltrating lymphocytes were closely associated with histological grade (P=0.03), estrogen receptor status (P=0.006), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status (P=0.047) and molecular subtype in breast cancer (P=0.012). The gene expression of CD4, CD8A and forkhead box protein P3 in the tumor was increased compared with healthy breast tissue, and was positively associated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. HER2+ and triple‑negative breast cancer exhibited a significantly increased percentage of CD4+T cells (P=0.01) and regulatory T cells (P=0.035), and a decreased percentage of CD8+T cells (P=0.006) compared with the luminal subtype. Furthermore, the regulatory T cell number was positively correlated with CD8+T cell number in tumors (R=0.7, P=1.5x10‑162) and significantly inhibited the cytokine secretion of T cells. These results reveal the distribution and interaction of tumor‑infiltrating T cell subsets, and indicate that CD8+T cells and regulatory T cells may be used as reliable predictors of prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoda Meng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650011, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650011, P.R. China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650011, P.R. China
| | - Wanjie Jiang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Heng Niu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650011, P.R. China
| | - Kunxian Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650011, P.R. China
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Ueda K, Suekane S, Kurose H, Chikui K, Nakiri M, Nishihara K, Matsuo M, Kawahara A, Yano H, Igawa T. Prognostic value of PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2018; 36:499.e9-499.e16. [PMID: 30131293 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), several prognostic biomarkers have been identified and are under investigation. Several reports have shown that the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 is associated with poor outcome for patients with RCC. The present study is aimed at evaluating the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 and to investigate their clinical and prognostic significance in patients with clear cell RCC (CCRCC) having received molecular targeted therapies. In addition, we also evaluated the relationship between the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 and intratumoral tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). METHODS A total of 33 patients with metastatic CCRCC who underwent surgery and received molecular targeted therapies from March 2008 to April 2016 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Tissue specimens from the patients were analyzed for PD-1 and PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The median patient age was 64 years old (range=53-78). The majority of patients were male (81.8%). All Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center risk groups were represented among the patients with 39.4% with favorable-, 51.5% with intermediate- and 9.1% with poor-risk. The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was observed in 16 (48.5%) and 9 (27.3%) patients, respectively. The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was associated with a larger primary renal tumor size, higher nuclear grade and sarcomatoid feature. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that no significant difference in progression free survival of first line molecular targeted therapy was found for PD-1 (P=0.2396) and PD-L1 (P=0.5919) expression. However, PD-1 expression has a significant worse impact on overall survival (OS) (P=0.0385), while for PD-L1 expression only a trend is seen for OS (P=0.1542). The patients with PD-1 and PD-L1 expression showed higher infiltration of CD4 (P<0.0001 and P<0.0001, respectively), CD8 (P=0.0328 and P=0.0044, respectively) and FOXP3 (P<0.0001 and P=0.0033, respectively) positive TILs. CONCLUSION PD-1 and PD-L1 expression is significantly associated with adverse clinicopathological features in CCRCC. Furthermore, PD-1 expression could be one of the biomarkers suggesting poor outcome in patients with metastatic CCRCC receiving molecular targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ueda
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Shigetaka Suekane
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kurose
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Chikui
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakiri
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kiyoaki Nishihara
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kawahara
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Yano
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Igawa
- Department of Urology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Amoils M, Kim J, Lee C, Sunwoo JB, Colevas AD, Aasi SZ, Hollmig ST, Ma Y, Divi V. PD-L1 Expression and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in High-Risk and Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 160:93-99. [PMID: 30012051 DOI: 10.1177/0194599818788057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) positivity for locally aggressive or regionally metastatic cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (cHNSCC). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review, followed by immunohistochemical staining of archived tumor specimens. SETTING Tertiary academic medical center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS After identification of 101 patients treated surgically for locally advanced or regionally metastatic cHNSCC, archived tissue was stained and graded for PD-L1 expression in addition to TIL presence. Cross-tabulation was performed to examine the association between either of these variables and clinicopathologic features and outcomes. RESULTS A total of 101 patients met inclusion criteria, but archived tissue was available only for 83 (31 primaries, 52 metastases). The majority of primary tumors demonstrated grade 1 PD-L1 staining, while grade 2 staining was more likely for metastases. Neither high- nor low-grade PD-L1 expression correlated with any clinicopathologic variable for primary tumors. However, for metastases, high-grade staining was significantly associated with regional recurrence (15 of 19, P = .02). TILs were present for 65% of primary tumors and 90% of regional metastases but did not correlate with any clinicopathologic variables. CONCLUSION Diffuse expression of PD-L1 in this study highlights the possibility of using immunotherapy in the form of programmed death 1/PD-L1 blockade to improve treatment for this devastating disease. However, further studies are needed to clarify the significance of PD-L1 expression and TIL positivity for locally advanced or regionally metastatic cHNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Amoils
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jinah Kim
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Carolyn Lee
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - John B Sunwoo
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - A Dimitrios Colevas
- 3 Division of Oncology, Stanford Department of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sumaira Z Aasi
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - S Tyler Hollmig
- 2 Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yifei Ma
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Vasu Divi
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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The PARP inhibitor olaparib potentiates the effect of the DNA damaging agent doxorubicin in osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:107. [PMID: 29784019 PMCID: PMC5963190 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background PARP1 facilitates the recovery of DNA-damaged cells by recruiting DNA damage response molecules such as γH2AX and BRCA1/2, and plays a role in resistance to antitumor therapies. Therefore, PARP inhibition being evaluated as an anti-cancer therapy. However, there are limited studies regrading PARP inhibition in osteosarcoma. Methods We evaluated the expression of DNA damage response molecules in 35 human osteosarcomas and investigated the effects of co-treatment of the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, and doxorubicin in osteosarcoma cells. Results The expression patterns of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 were significantly associated with shorter survival of osteosarcoma patients. In osteosarcoma cells, knock-down of PARP1 and treatment of olaparib significantly inhibited proliferation of cells and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the anti-tumor effect was more significant with co-treatment of olaparib and doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This study suggests that combined use of a PARP inhibitor with doxorubicin, a DNA damaging agent, might be effective in the treatment of osteosarcoma patients, especially in the poor-prognostic subgroups of osteosarcoma expressing PARP1, γH2AX, or BRCA1/2.
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Intratumoral FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 25:534-542. [PMID: 26862953 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Egypt and worldwide. Gene expression profiling classifies DLBCL into: germinal center B cell-like (GCB) and non germinal center B cell-like (non-GCB) DLBCL. Hans' algorithm has high concordance with gene expression profiling results. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent important modulators for the interaction between lymphoma cells and host microenvironment. FOXP3 is a popular single marker for Tregs. There is little information about the possible role of Tregs in high-grade lymphoma such as DLBCL. This study aims to assess the prognostic impact of FOXP3+ Tregs in DLBCL. The study was carried out on 70 archival cases (61 de novo DLBCL and 9 reactive follicular hyperplasia cases). DLBCL cases were classified into GCB and non-GCB groups using Hans' algorithm. All studied cases are subjected to FOXP3 immunostaining. Density of FOXP3+ Tregs was higher in reactive cases compared with DLBCL (P=0.000). In DLBCL cases, FOXP3 expression was associated with free spleen (P=0.02), early stage (P=0.05), centroblastic variant (P=0.003), and absence of necrosis (P=0.05). In germinal cases, density of FOXP3 was significantly higher in cases with good PS (P=0.02), very good and good revised international prognostic index (P=0.002), and low-risk age-adjusted international prognostic index >60 (P=0.01). Non germinal DLBCL cases with negative FOXP3 were significantly associated with splenic involvement (P=0.005). DLBCL cases with high FOXP3 have longer survival (P=0.03). T cells in the background of DLBCL may play a role in modulation of tumor progression. Their presence is associated with favorable prognostic parameters in DLBCL.
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Kim Y, Wen X, Cho NY, Kang GH. Intratumoral immune cells expressing PD-1/PD-L1 and their prognostic implications in cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 33:1724600818770941. [PMID: 29779430 DOI: 10.1177/1724600818770941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of immune cells expressing programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cancer are controversial, and the potential differential impact of using tissue microarrays and whole tissue sections to assess the positivity of immune cells has not been addressed. METHODS The current study included 30 eligible studies with 7251 patients that evaluated the relationship between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes expressing PD-1/PD-L1 and overall survival and disease-free survival, or progression-free survival. Subgroup analysis was based on the tissue type of cancer and the type of tissue sampling (tissue microarray or whole tissue section). RESULTS In the meta-analysis, PD-1-positive and PD-L1-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes had a positive effect on disease-free survival or progression-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.732; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.565, 0.947; and HR 0.727; 95% CI 0.584, 0.905, respectively). PD-L1-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes had a positive impact on overall survival in studies using tissue microarray (HR 0.586; 95% CI 0.476, 0.721), but had a poor impact when only whole tissue sections were considered (HR 1.558; 95% CI 1.232, 1.969). Lung cancer was associated with good overall survival and disease-free survival (HR 0.639; 95% CI 0.491, 0.831; and HR 0.693; 95% CI 0.538, 0.891, respectively) for PD-1-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and colorectal cancer showed favorable disease-free survival (HR 0.471; 95% CI 0.308, 0.722) for PD-L1-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. CONCLUSION Immune cells expressing PD-1 and PD-L1 within tumors are associated with the prognosis. However, the correlation may vary among different tumor types and by the type of tissue sampling used for the assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Kim
- 1 Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianyu Wen
- 1 Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Yun Cho
- 1 Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- 1 Laboratory of Epigenetics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- 2 Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Fukumoto K, Kikuchi E, Mikami S, Hayakawa N, Matsumoto K, Niwa N, Oya M. Clinical Role of Programmed Cell Death-1 Expression in Patients with Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Recurring After Initial Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Therapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:2484-2491. [PMID: 29717423 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-6498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) pathway has been suggested to play an important role in tumor immune escape. We evaluated changes in PD-1 expression before and after Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy and its prognostic significance in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients. METHODS We examined 78 paired tissue samples of NMIBC in tumors just before BCG therapy and BCG-relapsing tumors, defined as recurrence after achieving disease-free status by initial BCG instillations for 6 months. We counted PD-1-positive cells, and PD-1 expression was defined as high when the number of PD-1-positive cells was more than 18 under ×200 magnification. RESULTS The median number of PD-1-positive cells in tumors just before BCG therapy was 3.5, significantly lower than that in BCG-relapsing tumors (17.0, p < 0.001). High PD-1 expression was observed in 20 tumors just before BCG therapy (25.6%) and 36 BCG-relapsing tumors (46.2%). Fifty-two cases (66.6%) showed an increase in the number of PD-1-positive cells in BCG-relapsing tumors. High PD-1 expression in BCG-relapsing tumors was independently associated with subsequent tumor recurrence (p = 0.011) and stage progression (p = 0.033). The 5-year recurrence-free and progression-free survival rates were 40.7 and 74.1% in patients with high PD-1 expression in BCG-relapsing tumors, significantly lower than those in their counterparts (72.9 and 94.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS PD-1 was induced by BCG therapy, and its expression in BCG-relapsing tumors may be an important indicator for predicting worse clinical outcomes in NMIBC patients treated with BCG therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishiro Fukumoto
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shuji Mikami
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hayakawa
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Niwa
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Tripathi A, Kaymakcalan MD, LeBoeuf NR, Harshman LC. Programmed cell death-1 pathway inhibitors in genitourinary malignancies: specific side-effects and their management. Curr Opin Urol 2018; 26:548-55. [PMID: 27517638 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as those that target the programmed cell death (PD)-1 pathway harness the host immune system to elicit an antitumor response. Their remarkable clinical benefit has led to regulatory approvals in several malignancies including the genitourinary cancers, renal cell carcinoma, and urothelial carcinoma. This review will focus on the management of the toxicities encountered with these agents. RECENT FINDINGS Although generally well tolerated, a small proportion of patients (10-20%) treated with PD-1 directed agents as monotherapy can develop severe autoimmune manifestations, also known as, immune-related adverse events. These include but are not limited to rashes, pneumonitis, endocrinopathy, colitis, and immune-mediated hepatic dysfunction. Combining these agents with the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab can be associated with a higher incidence of these toxicities. Early initiation of immunosuppression with corticosteroids and other agents when needed can help mitigate these toxicities and to date has not been shown to compromise their clinical benefit. SUMMARY The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors represents significant advances in anticancer therapy but their efficacy may come at the cost of autoimmune toxicities secondary to their induction of the immune system. Early recognition of these effects and aggressive upfront management is essential to safely administer these agents in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Tripathi
- aLank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute bThe Center for Cutaneous Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Current therapies of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a highly vascularised tumour, mostly rely on anti-angiogenic treatment options. These include tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and anti-VEGF monoclonal antibodies. Although these strategies aim at restraining vascularisation to control tumour growth, the effects of such therapies are much wider, as affecting the vessel structure deeply modifies the microenvironment of the tumour mass. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge on the global effects of anti-angiogenic treatment, mostly TKIs, on the shaping of the immune component of the RCC microenvironment. The data supporting the modification of immunity by anti-angiogenic therapies are collected to reveal the potential of angiogenesis modulation as a strategy for the adjuvant anti-cancer approach in immunotherapy.
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