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Lorch MS, Collado MS, Argüelles MH, Rota RP, Spinsanti LI, Lozano ME, Goñi SE. Production of recombinant NS1 protein and its possible use in encephalitic flavivirus differential diagnosis. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 153:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Channon RB, Yang Y, Feibelman KM, Geiss BJ, Dandy DS, Henry CS. Development of an Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Device for Trace Detection of Virus Particles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7777-7783. [PMID: 29790331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathogens are a serious health threat around the world, particularly in resource limited settings, where current sensing approaches are often insufficient and slow, compounding the spread and burden of these pathogens. Here, we describe a label-free, point-of-care approach toward detection of virus particles, based on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device with integrated microwire Au electrodes. The device is initially characterized through capturing of streptavidin modified nanoparticles by biotin-modified microwires. An order of magnitude improvement in detection limits is achieved through use of a microfluidic device over a classical static paper-based device, due to enhanced mass transport and capturing of particles on the modified electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy detection of West Nile virus particles was carried out using antibody functionalized Au microwires, achieving a detection limit of 10.2 particles in 50 μL of cell culture media. No increase in signal is found on addition of an excess of a nonspecific target (Sindbis). This detection motif is significantly cheaper (∼$1 per test) and faster (∼30 min) than current methods, while achieving the desired selectivity and sensitivity. This sensing motif represents a general platform for trace detection of a wide range of biological pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Channon
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Kristen M Feibelman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Brian J Geiss
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - David S Dandy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States.,School of Biomedical Engineering , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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Ramírez AL, van den Hurk AF, Meyer DB, Ritchie SA. Searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack: advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:320. [PMID: 29843778 PMCID: PMC5975710 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance is critical for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne arboviruses. Detection of elevated or emergent virus activity serves as a warning system to implement appropriate actions to reduce outbreaks. Traditionally, surveillance of arboviruses has relied on the detection of specific antibodies in sentinel animals and/or detection of viruses in pools of mosquitoes collected using a variety of sampling methods. These methods, although immensely useful, have limitations, including the need for a cold chain for sample transport, cross-reactivity between related viruses in serological assays, the requirement for specialized equipment or infrastructure, and overall expense. Advances have recently been made on developing new strategies for arbovirus surveillance. These strategies include sugar-based surveillance, whereby mosquitoes are collected in purpose-built traps and allowed to expectorate on nucleic acid preservation cards which are submitted for virus detection. New diagnostic approaches, such as next-generation sequencing, have the potential to expand the genetic information obtained from samples and aid in virus discovery. Here, we review the advancement of arbovirus surveillance systems over the past decade. Some of the novel approaches presented here have already been validated and are currently being integrated into surveillance programs. Other strategies are still at the experimental stage, and their feasibility in the field is yet to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Ramírez
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
| | - Andrew F van den Hurk
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, QLD, 4108, Australia
| | - Dagmar B Meyer
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.,Astralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.,Astralian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
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4
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Boken J, Soni SK, Kumar D. Microfluidic Synthesis of Nanoparticles and their Biosensing Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:538-61. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1169912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Reeves WK, Szymczak MS, Burkhalter KL, Miller MM. Laboratory Validation of the Sand Fly Fever Virus Antigen Assay. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:380-3. [PMID: 26675463 PMCID: PMC7111559 DOI: 10.2987/moco-31-04-380-383.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sandfly fever group viruses in the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae) are widely distributed across the globe and are a cause of disease in military troops and indigenous peoples. We assessed the laboratory sensitivity and specificity of the Sand Fly Fever Virus Antigen Assay, a rapid dipstick assay designed to detect sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) against a panel of phleboviruses. The assay detected SFNV and TOSV, as well as other phleboviruses including Aguacate, Anahanga, Arumowot, Chagres, and Punta Toro viruses. It did not detect sandfly fever Sicilian, Heartland, Rio Grande, or Rift Valley fever viruses. It did not produce false positive results in the presence of uninfected sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis) or Cache Valley virus, a distantly related bunyavirus. Results from this laboratory evaluation suggest that this assay may be used as a rapid field-deployable assay to detect sand flies infected with TOSV and SFNV, as well as an assortment of other phleboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will K Reeves
- 1 U.S Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Epidemiology Consult Service, 2510 5th Street, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433
| | - Mitchell Scott Szymczak
- 2 Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070
| | - Kristen L Burkhalter
- 3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, DVBD, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Myrna M Miller
- 2 Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, 1174 Snowy Range Road, Laramie, WY 82070
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6
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Hinson JM, Davé S, McMenamy SS, Davé K, Turell MJ. Immuno-Chromatographic Wicking Assay for the Rapid Detection of Chikungunya Viral Antigens in Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:699-704. [PMID: 26335477 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of disease caused by chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 2006 and the recent spread of this virus to the Americas in 2013 indicate the potential for this virus to spread and cause significant disease. However, there are currently no accurate and reliable field-usable, diagnostic methods to provide critical, real-time information for early detection of CHIKV within the vector populations in order to implement appropriate vector control and personal protective measures. In this article, we report the ability of an immuno-chromatographic assay developed by VecTOR Test Systems Inc. to detect CHIKV in a pool of female Aedes mosquitoes containing a single CHIKV-infected mosquito. The CHIKV dipstick assay was simple to use, did not require a cold chain, and provided clear results within 1 h. It was highly specific and did not cross-react with samples spiked with a variety of other alpha, bunya, and flaviviruses. The CHIKV assay can provide real-time critical information on the presence of CHIKV in mosquitoes to public health personnel. Results from this assay will allow a rapid threat assessment and the focusing of vector control measures in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita M Hinson
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702.
| | - Sonia Davé
- VecTOR Test Systems, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Scott S McMenamy
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702
| | - Kirti Davé
- VecTOR Test Systems, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Michael J Turell
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702.
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Wanja E, Parker ZF, Odusami O, Rowland T, Davé K, Davé S, Turell MJ. Immuno-chromatographic wicking assay for the rapid detection of dengue viral antigens in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:220-225. [PMID: 24605472 DOI: 10.1603/me12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a threat for dengue virus (DENV) reemergence in many regions of the world, particularly in areas where the DENV vectors, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), are readily available. However, there are currently no accurate and reliable diagnostic methods to provide critical, real-time information for early detection of DENV within the vector populations to implement appropriate vector control and personal protective measures. In this article, we report the ability of an immuno-chromatographic assay developed by VecTOR Test Systems Inc. to detect DENV in a pool of female Aedes mosquitoes infected with any of the four viral serotypes. The DENV dipstick assay was simple to use, did not require a cold chain, and provided clear results within 30 min. It was highly specific and did not cross-react with samples spiked with West Nile, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, Rift Valley fever, chikungunya, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, Ross River, LaCrosse, or Caraparu viruses. The DENV assay can provide real-time critical information on the presence of DENV in mosquitoes to public health personnel. Results from this assay will allow a rapid threat assessment and the focusing of vector control measures in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wanja
- Malaria Diagnostic Center, U.S. Army Medical Research Unit, Kisumu, Kenya.
| | - Zahra F Parker
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Oluwakemi Odusami
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Tobin Rowland
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kirti Davé
- VecTOR Test Systems, Inc., 3537 Old Conejo Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Sonia Davé
- VecTOR Test Systems, Inc., 3537 Old Conejo Road, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Michael J Turell
- Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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8
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Roehrig JT. West nile virus in the United States - a historical perspective. Viruses 2013; 5:3088-108. [PMID: 24335779 PMCID: PMC3967162 DOI: 10.3390/v5123088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) was a bit player in the screenplay of global vector-borne viral diseases. First discovered in the West Nile District of Uganda in 1937, this Culex sp.-transmitted virus was known for causing small human febrile outbreaks in Africa and the Middle East. Prior to 1995, the last major human WNV outbreak was in the 1950s in Israel. The epidemiology and ecology of WNV began to change in the mid-1990s when an epidemic of human encephalitis occurred in Romania. The introduction of WNV into Eastern Europe was readily explained by bird migration between Africa and Europe. The movement of WNV from Africa to Europe could not, however, predict its surprising jump across the Atlantic Ocean to New York City and the surrounding areas of the United States (U.S.). This movement of WNV from the Eastern to Western Hemisphere in 1999, and its subsequent dissemination throughout two continents in less than ten years is widely recognized as one of the most significant events in arbovirology during the last two centuries. This paper documents the early events of the introduction into and the spread of WNV in the Western Hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Roehrig
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN. Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination. Vet Res 2012; 43:16. [PMID: 22380523 PMCID: PMC3311072 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, a large family with 3 main genera (flavivirus, hepacivirus and pestivirus). Among these viruses, there are several globally relevant human pathogens including the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Since the mid-1990s, outbreaks of WN fever and encephalitis have occurred throughout the world and WNV is now endemic in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe and the Unites States. This review describes the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and highlights recent progress regarding diagnosis and vaccination against WNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Wanja E, Parker Z, Rowland T, Turell MJ, Clark JW, Davé K, Davé S, Sang R. Field evaluation of a wicking assay for the rapid detection of Rift Valley fever viral antigens in mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2011; 27:370-375. [PMID: 22329268 DOI: 10.2987/11-6176.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes outbreaks of severe disease in domestic ungulates as well as humans in Africa. There is a concern that outbreaks of Rift Valley fever may continue and that this virus may spread into regions where it had not previously been detected. Surveillance and rapid detection are critical to the initiation of an effective disease control program. Here we report on the field evaluation in Kenya of the VectorTest RVFV antigen assay, modeled on the VecTest assay for West Nile virus. The dipsticks provided results in <20 min, were easy to use, and did not require a laboratory with containment facilities. Although none of the field-collected mosquitoes were infected with RVFV, the dipstick provided a clear positive result with pools of field-collected mosquitoes spiked with a single positive, irradiated (to inactivate any infectious virus) mosquito. Similarly, the dipstick was able to detect virus from pools of mosquitoes captured during the RVFV outbreak in 2007. The RVFV dipstick assay was highly specific with only a single weak false positive out of 266 pools tested (specificity > 99.6%). The RVFV assay can provide a rapid, safe, easy-to-use preliminary test to alert public health personnel to the presence of RVFV in mosquitoes in a given area. Results from this assay will allow for more rapid medical threat assessments and the focusing of vector control measures on high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Wanja
- Division of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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Turell M, Davé K, Mayda M, Parker Z, Coleman R, Davé S, Strickman D. Wicking assay for the rapid detection of Rift Valley fever viral antigens in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 48:628-633. [PMID: 21661324 DOI: 10.1603/me10219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes outbreaks of severe disease in domestic ungulates as well as humans in Africa. There is a logical concern that RVFV could be introduced into the Americas and cause significant health and economic damage based on the precedent of the introduction and spread of West Nile virus (WNV). Unfortunately, there are currently no licensed diagnostic assays available for RVFV in the Americas. In this work, we report on the ability of a novel dipstick assay, VectorTest RVFV antigen assay, modeled on the VecTest assay for WNV, to detect a RVFV-infected female within a pool of mosquitoes. The dipsticks provided results in <20 min, were easy to use, and did not require a laboratory with containment facilities. Although readily able to detect a mosquito with a disseminated RVFV infection, it only occasionally detected RVFV in a mosquito with a nondisseminated infection, and therefore may fail to detect some pools that actually contain one or more positive mosquitoes. The RVFV dipstick assay was highly specific and did not react with samples to which had been added yellow fever, West Nile, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, sandfly fever Naples, sandfly fever Sicilian, or sandfly fever Toscana viruses. The RVFV assay can provide a rapid, safe, easy-to-use assay to alert public health personnel to the presence of RVFV in mosquitoes. Results from this assay will allow a rapid threat assessment and the focusing of vector control measures in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Turell
- Department of Vector Assessment Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Liu KK, Wu RG, Chuang YJ, Khoo HS, Huang SH, Tseng FG. Microfluidic systems for biosensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 10:6623-61. [PMID: 22163570 PMCID: PMC3231127 DOI: 10.3390/s100706623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, Micro Fluidic Systems (MFS) have emerged as a powerful tool for biosensing, particularly in enriching and purifying molecules and cells in biological samples. Compared with conventional sensing techniques, distinctive advantages of using MFS for biomedicine include ultra-high sensitivity, higher throughput, in-situ monitoring and lower cost. This review aims to summarize the recent advancements in two major types of micro fluidic systems, continuous and discrete MFS, as well as their biomedical applications. The state-of-the-art of active and passive mechanisms of fluid manipulation for mixing, separation, purification and concentration will also be elaborated. Future trends of using MFS in detection at molecular or cellular level, especially in stem cell therapy, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, are also prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Kang Liu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ren-Guei Wu
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; E-Mails: (R.-G.W.), (H.S.K.)
| | - Yun-Ju Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ming Chuang University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; E-Mail: (Y.-J.C.)
| | - Hwa Seng Khoo
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; E-Mails: (R.-G.W.), (H.S.K.)
| | - Shih-Hao Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan; E-Mail: (S.-H.H.)
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; E-Mails: (R.-G.W.), (H.S.K.)
- Division of Mechanics, Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail: (F.-G.T.)
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Bustamante DM, Lord CC. Sources of error in the estimation of mosquito infection rates used to assess risk of arbovirus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 82:1172-84. [PMID: 20519620 PMCID: PMC2877431 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection rate is an estimate of the prevalence of arbovirus infection in a mosquito population. It is assumed that when infection rate increases, the risk of arbovirus transmission to humans and animals also increases. We examined some of the factors that can invalidate this assumption. First, we used a model to illustrate how the proportion of mosquitoes capable of virus transmission, or infectious, is not a constant fraction of the number of infected mosquitoes. Thus, infection rate is not always a straightforward indicator of risk. Second, we used a model that simulated the process of mosquito sampling, pooling, and virus testing and found that mosquito infection rates commonly underestimate the prevalence of arbovirus infection in a mosquito population. Infection rate should always be used in conjunction with other surveillance indicators (mosquito population size, age structure, weather) and historical baseline data when assessing the risk of arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce M Bustamante
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, USA.
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Vitek CJ, Richards SL, Robinson HL, Smartt CT. A model to assess the accuracy of detecting arboviruses in mosquito pools. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2009; 25:374-378. [PMID: 19852231 PMCID: PMC2769024 DOI: 10.2987/09-5860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vigilant surveillance of virus prevalence in mosquitoes is essential for risk assessment and outbreak prediction. Accurate virus detection methods are essential for arbovirus surveillance. We have developed a model to estimate the probability of accurately detecting a virus-positive mosquito from pooled field collections using standard molecular techniques. We discuss several factors influencing the probability of virus detection, including the number of virions in the sample, the total sample volume, and the portion of the sample volume that is being tested. Our model determines the probability of obtaining at least 1 virion in the sample that is tested. The model also determines the optimal sample volume that is required in any test to ensure a desired probability of virus detection is achieved, and can be used to support the accuracy of current tests or to optimize existing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Vitek
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
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Coleman RE, Hochberg LP, Swanson KI, Lee JS, McAvin JC, Moulton JK, Eddington DO, Groebner JL, O'Guinn ML, Putnam JL. Impact of phlebotomine sand flies on U.S. military operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 4. Detection and identification of leishmania parasites in sand flies. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 46:649-663. [PMID: 19496439 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sand flies collected between April 2003 and November 2004 at Tallil Air Base, Iraq, were evaluated for the presence of Leishmania parasites using a combination of a real-time Leishmania-generic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and sequencing of a 360-bp fragment of the glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase (GPI) gene. A total of 2,505 pools containing 26,574 sand flies were tested using the real-time PCR assay. Leishmania DNA was initially detected in 536 pools; however, after extensive retesting with the real-time PCR assay, a total of 456 pools were considered positive and 80 were considered indeterminate. A total of 532 samples were evaluated for Leishmania GPI by sequencing, to include 439 PCR-positive samples, 80 PCR-indeterminate samples, and 13 PCR-negative samples. Leishmania GPI was detected in 284 samples that were sequenced, to include 281 (64%) of the PCR-positive samples and 3 (4%) of the PCR-indeterminate samples. Of the 284 sequences identified as Leishmania, 261 (91.9%) were L. tarentolae, 18 (6.3%) were L. donovani-complex parasites, 3 (1.1%) were L. tropica, and 2 were similar to both L. major and L. tropica. Minimum field infection rates were 0.09% for L. donovani-complex parasites, 0.02% for L. tropica, and 0.01% for the L. major/tropica-like parasite. Subsequent sequencing of a 600-bp region of the "Hyper" gene of 12 of the L. donovani-complex parasites showed that all 12 parasites were L. infantum. These data suggest that L. infantum was the primary leishmanial threat to U.S. military personnel deployed to Tallil Air Base. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Sutherland GL, Nasci RS. Detection of West Nile virus in large pools of mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2007; 23:389-395. [PMID: 18240515 DOI: 10.2987/5630.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a laboratory evaluation of the ability of commercial antigen-capture assays, the Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP) and the VecTest wicking assay, as well as Real Time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR, Taqman) and Vero cell plaque assay to detect West Nile virus (WNV) in large mosquito pools. Real-Time PCR (Taqman) was the most sensitive, detecting WNV ribonucleic acid (RNA) in 100% of samples containing a single infected mosquito in pool sizes of up to 500 mosquitoes. Mosquito body tissues minimally impacted the ability of Real Time RT-PCR to detect WNV in a pool size of 500, reducing sensitivity by 0.6 log10 plaque-forming units (PFU)/ml. Vero cell plaque assay detected live virus from a single infected mosquito in 100% of pools containing up to 200 mosquitoes, but was unreliable at larger pool sizes. VecTest detected 100% of positive pools containing 50 mosquitoes with 5.8 log10 PFU/ml virus, 100 mosquitoes with 5.9 log10 PFU/ml, and 200 mosquitoes with 5.2 log10 PFU/ ml. The RAMP assay detected 100% of positive pools containing 50 mosquitoes with 3.3 log10 PFU/ml virus, 100 mosquitoes with 3.7 log10 PFU/ml, and 200 mosquitoes with 4.0 log10 PFU/ml. Results indicate that WNV can be reliably detected by all 4 assays in pools of mosquitoes exceeding 50 specimens, though there is some loss of sensitivity with very large pool sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve L Sutherland
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA
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Padgett KA, Cahoon-Young B, Carney R, Woods L, Read D, Husted S, Kramer V. Field and Laboratory Evaluation of Diagnostic Assays for Detecting West Nile Virus in Oropharyngeal Swabs from California Wild Birds. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2006; 6:183-91. [PMID: 16796516 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2006.6.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three diagnostic assays for detecting West Nile virus (WNV) in avian oral swabs were evaluated in California in 2004 and 2005: two commercial antigen-capture assays, VecTest and Rapid Analyte Measurement Platform (RAMP), and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of oral swabs in a specialized viral transport medium (VTM). Results from this study demonstrated that VTM was excellent for transportation and maintenance of WNV in avian oral swab samples and allowed for detection by RT-PCR and subsequent confirmation by virus isolation. Oral swabs and kidney tissue in VTM tested by RT-PCR were found to have similar accuracy in detecting WNV in corvids. The two antigen-capture assays, VecTest and RAMP, provided few false positives for corvids, with over 95% specificity. When performed by multiple local agencies throughout the state, VecTest and RAMP were similarly sensitive for oral swabs of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (70% and 64%, respectively). Data from known WNV positive corvid oral swabs in VTM tested by antigen-capture assays at a diagnostic laboratory suggested that RAMP was more sensitive than VecTest. Due to high probability of false negatives, neither test is recommended for use on non-corvids. While WNV antigen-capture assays were effective screening tools for corvids, they were markedly less sensitive for Western Scrub Jays (Aphelocoma californica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Padgett
- Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of Health Services, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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Lampman RL, Krasavin NM, Szyska M, Novak RJ. A comparison of two West Nile virus detection assays (TaqMan reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and VecTest antigen assay) during three consecutive outbreaks in northern Illinois. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2006; 22:76-86. [PMID: 16646326 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[76:acotwn]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes identified as female Culex (Culex) species, primarily mixtures or uniform batches of Culex pipiens and Culex restuans, were collected daily from gravid traps by 2 mosquito abatement districts (MADs) in Cook County, Illinois. From 2002 through 2004, batches (pools) of mosquitoes were tested by the MADs for West Nile virus (WNV) by using VecTest WNV antigen assays and the same samples were retested, usually within 1-2 wk, for WNV RNA by the TaqMan reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). There were 952 TaqMan-positive pools out of 3,953 pools over the 3 years, and about one half of that number were VecTest-positive. The difference between the 2 detection assays varied between and within years. The VecTest assays detected about 57% and 69% of the TaqMan RT-PCR-positive pools from Des Plaines Valley MAD and Northwest MAD in 2002, but only about 40% and 46% in 2003, and 36% and 55% in 2004, respectively. Based on a subset of the 2004 data, a linear relationship was found between VecTest detection of WNV and TaqMan cycle threshold between 18 and 28 cycles. A temporal decrease in the difference between the 2 assays was observed in 2003 and 2004, which we conjecture is due, at least partially, to a seasonal decline in the proportion of recently infected mosquitoes. This trend was not observed in 2002 because infection rates indicated a high likelihood of more than 1 infected mosquito per pool at the peak of transmission. Unlike a previous study, the 95% confidence intervals of infection rates based on the 2 detection methods did not always overlap. The highest infection rates occurred in 2002 when mean monthly temperatures were above average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Lampman
- Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Burkhalter KL, Lindsay R, Anderson R, Dibernardo A, Fong W, Nasci RS. Evaluation of commercial assays for detecting West Nile virus antigen. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2006; 22:64-9. [PMID: 16646324 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2006)22[64:eocafd]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two commercially available West Nile virus (WNV) detection assays (RAMP WNV test, Response Biomedical Corp., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; and VecTest WNV antigen assay, Medical Analysis Systems, Inc., Camarillo, CA) were compared for sensitivity, specificity, and ability to detect WNV in field-collected mosquito pools. Serially diluted stock seed WNV and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) were used to determine sensitivity and specificity. The RAMP WNV test detected WNV at concentrations as low as 3.17 log10 plaque-forming units per milliliter (PFU/ml), whereas the VecTest assay detected WNV at concentrations as low as 5.17 log10 PFU/ml. Neither test cross-reacted with SLEV. A WNV-specific reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to identify positives among field-collected mosquito pools. The RAMP WNV test detected 94% of positive pools and the VecTest assay detected 65% of the positive field-collected pools. Despite these differences, both assays have characteristics that make them useful in WNV surveillance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Burkhalter
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, PO 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA
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Panella NA, Burkhalter KL, Langevin SA, Brault AC, Schooley LM, Biggerstaff BJ, Nasci RS, Komar N. Rapid West Nile virus antigen detection. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1633-5. [PMID: 16318713 PMCID: PMC3366728 DOI: 10.3201/eid1110.040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the VecTest WNV antigen assay with standard methods of West Nile virus (WNV) detection in swabs from American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus). The VecTest detected WNV more frequently than the plaque assay and was comparable to a TaqMan reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Panella
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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Komar O, Robbins MB, Contreras GG, Benz BW, Klenk K, Blitvich BJ, Marlenee NL, Burkhalter KL, Beckett S, Gonzálvez G, Peña CJ, Peterson AT, Komar N. West Nile Virus Survey of Birds and Mosquitoes in the Dominican Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2005; 5:120-6. [PMID: 16011427 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2005.5.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report West Nile virus (WNV) activity from a new area on Hispaniola, in the vicinity of Monte Cristi National Park in northwest Dominican Republic. Specific anti-WNV antibodies were detected in 12 of 58 (21%) resident birds sampled in March 2003, representing six species in the orders Cuculiformes (cuckoos), Strigiformes (owls), and Passeriformes (song birds). This seroprevalence is the highest reported from any site in the Caribbean Basin. Virus was not detected in any mosquitoes or tissues from bird specimens. Testing of 20 sick or dead birds was negative for WNV. Undetermined flavivirus antibodies were detected in four resident birds at Monte Cristi, as well as in five resident birds at Sierra de Baoruco National Park in southwest Dominican Republic. These data suggest that an unidentified flavivirus, as well as WNV, is active in the Dominican Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Komar
- University of Kansas Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.
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Allender CJ, Easterday WR, Van Ert MN, Wagner DM, Keim P. High-throughput extraction of arthropod vector and pathogen DNA using bead milling. Biotechniques 2005; 37:730, 732, 734. [PMID: 15560126 DOI: 10.2144/04375bm03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Bradford CM, Nascarella MA, Burns TH, Montford JR, Marsland EJ, Pepper CB, Presley SM. First report of West Nile virus in mosquitoes from Lubbock County, Texas. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2005; 21:102-105. [PMID: 15825772 DOI: 10.2987/8756-971x(2005)21[102:frownv]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since July 2002, ongoing surveillance efforts have been conducted to determine potential vectors of West Nile virus (WNV) and Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) in the mosquito population occurring in Lubbock County, Texas. Adult mosquitoes collected in Lubbock County during 2002 and 2003 represented 7 genera, with Culex tarsalis and Ochlerotatus sollicitans being the predominant species collected. Mosquitoes were initially screened for WNV and SLEV by using the VecTest antigen panel assay. Positive VecTest results were confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. West Nile virus-positive pools of mosquitoes were detected in 2002 and 2003, with the majority of the positive pools consisting of Cx. tarsalis. None of the mosquito pools tested positive for SLEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie M Bradford
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA
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Stone WB, Okoniewski JC, Therrien JE, Kramer LD, Kauffman EB, Eidson M. VecTest as diagnostic and surveillance tool for West Nile virus in dead birds. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 10:2175-81. [PMID: 15663856 PMCID: PMC3323400 DOI: 10.3201/eid1012.040836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The VecTest WNV assay is adequate for diagnostic and surveillance purposes in American Crows, Blue Jays, and House Sparrows. The VecTest antigen-capture assay for West Nile virus was performed on oral and tissue swabs from dead birds in New York State from April 2003 through July 2004. Results were compared with those from real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction of kidney or brain. Oral VecTest sensitivity is adequate for surveillance in American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (87%), Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) (80%), and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) (76%). Oral VecTest performed well for small samples of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius), Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), and House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). Poor sensitivity occurred in most raptors, Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus), and American Robins (Turdus migratorius). Specificity was excellent (98%), except for false-positive results that occurred mostly in Gray Catbirds (Dumatella carolinensis), Green Herons (Butorides virescens), and tests of blood and tissues. Feather pulp and kidney may be useful for VecTest assays in corvids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ward B Stone
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, New York, USA.
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Gancz AY, Campbell DG, Barker IK, Lindsay R, Hunter B. Detecting West Nile virus in owls and raptors by an antigen-capture assay. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 10:2204-6. [PMID: 15663862 PMCID: PMC3323376 DOI: 10.3201/eid1012.040168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated a rapid antigen-capture assay (VecTest) for detection of West Nile virus in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, collected at necropsy from owls (N = 93) and raptors (N = 27). Sensitivity was 93.5%–95.2% for northern owl species but <42.9% for all other species. Specificity was 100% for owls and 85.7% for raptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ady Y Gancz
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Siirin M, Sargent C, Langer RC, Parsons R, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S, Tesh RB. Comparative Sensitivity of the VecTest Antigen-Capture Assay, Reverse Transcriptase-PCR, and Cell Culture for Detection of West Nile Virus in Dead Birds. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2004; 4:204-9. [PMID: 15631064 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2004.4.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of the VecTest antigen-capture and RT-PCR assays were compared to brain tissue culture in Vero cells for the detection of WNV in a sample of dead birds collected in East Texas and southern Louisiana during the summer of 2003. Cell culture was used as the gold standard, because it yielded the most positives. Direct culture of brain tissue and the WNV antigen-capture assay, done on oropharyngeal swabs, gave statistically comparable results (46% and 40% positive, respectively). In contrast, RT-PCR done on brain homogenates was significantly less sensitive than direct tissue culture (33% compared to 46%, respectively). Results indicated that RT-PCR may not be consistently the most sensitive assay for detection of WNV in dead bird brain tissue and that the VecTest antigen-capture assay has a number of advantages over the other two detection techniques for routine surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Siirin
- Department of Pathology and Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA
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Chiles RE, Green EN, Fang Y, Goddard L, Roth A, Reisen WK, Scott TW. Blinded laboratory comparison of the in situ enzyme immunoassay, the VecTest wicking assay, and a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to detect mosquitoes infected with West Nile and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 41:539-544. [PMID: 15311443 DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-41.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A blinded laboratory evaluation compared the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of an in situ enzyme immunoassay (EIA), VecTest wicking assay, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and distinguish West Nile (WN) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses in pools of 50 mosquitoes. Adult female Culex tarsalis Coquillett were inoculated with either WN or SLE viruses, held for 0-11 d at 28 degrees C, killed by freezing, and then were added to 49 or 48 uninfected mosquitoes to make up 14 pools positive for WN virus, 14 positive for SLE virus, 14 positive for both WN and SLE viruses, and 14 negative for virus. Pools were number coded and tested blindly. Virus was not detected in known negative pools. VecTest and RT-PCR assays were comparably sensitive and accurate, detecting virus in pools containing females held for 3 d postinoculation; only RT-PCR detected SLE virus in pools on days 0-1. The VecTest and RT-PCR produced a single false-positive result for WN and SLE, respectively. RT-PCR detected RNA in samples positive by the VecTest, indicating that the detergent in the wicking buffer did not prevent RT-PCR from confirming VecTest results. Detector antibodies used in the in situ EIA cross-reacted between SLE and WN viruses, reducing accuracy. Both the VecTest and RT-PCR provided rapid and specific results, but they detected only those viruses known to be present. Plaque assay on Vero cells was comparably sensitive and had the added benefit of detecting newly emerging viruses, but this method required virus culture followed by identification, thereby delaying reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Chiles
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Lindsay R, Barker IK, Nayar G, Drebot M, Calvin S, Scammell C, Sachvie C, Fleur TSLF, Dibernardo A, Andonova M, Artsob H. Rapid antigen-capture assay to detect West Nile virus in dead corvids. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 9:1406-10. [PMID: 14718083 PMCID: PMC3035537 DOI: 10.3201/eid0911.030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of the VecTest antigen-capture assay to detect West Nile virus (WNV) in field-collected dead corvids was evaluated in Manitoba and Ontario, Canada, in 2001 and 2002. Swabs were taken from the oropharynx, cloaca, or both of 109 American Crows, 31 Blue Jays, 6 Common Ravens, and 4 Black-billed Magpies from Manitoba, and 255 American Crows and 28 Blue Jays from Ontario. The sensitivity and specificity of the antigen-capture assay were greatest for samples from American Crows; oropharyngeal swabs were more sensitive than cloacal swabs, and interlaboratory variation in the results was minimal. The sensitivity and specificity of the VecTest using oropharyngeal swabs from crows were 83.9% and 93.6%, respectively, for Manitoba samples and 83.3% and 95.8%, respectively, for Ontario birds. The VecTest antigen-capture assay on oropharyngeal secretions from crows is a reliable and rapid diagnostic test that appears suitable for incorporation into a WNV surveillance program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbin Lindsay
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Health Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Yaremych SA, Warner RE, Van de Wyngaerde MT, Ringia AM, Lampman R, Novak RJ. West Nile virus detection in American crows. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 9:1319-21. [PMID: 14609472 PMCID: PMC3033093 DOI: 10.3201/eid0910.030306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A dipstick immunochromatographic assay used for West Nile virus (WNV) detection in mosquitoes was investigated for application to testing of fecal, saliva, and tissue samples from dead American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). Results suggest that VecTest may be an efficient method for WNV detection in field-collected, dead American Crows, although confirmation of results and further investigation are warranted.
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