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Benning JW, Clark EI, Hufbauer RA, Weiss-Lehman C. Environmental gradients mediate dispersal evolution during biological invasions. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14472. [PMID: 39011649 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Rapid evolution of increased dispersal at the edge of a range expansion can accelerate invasions. However, populations expanding across environmental gradients often face challenging environments that reduce fitness of dispersing individuals. We used an eco-evolutionary model to explore how environmental gradients influence dispersal evolution and, in turn, modulate the speed and predictability of invasion. Environmental gradients opposed evolution of increased dispersal during invasion, even leading to evolution of reduced dispersal along steeper gradients. Counterintuitively, reduced dispersal could allow for faster expansion by minimizing maladaptive gene flow and facilitating adaptation. While dispersal evolution across homogenous landscapes increased both the mean and variance of expansion speed, these increases were greatly dampened by environmental gradients. We illustrate our model's potential application to prediction and management of invasions by parameterizing it with data from a recent invertebrate range expansion. Overall, we find that environmental gradients strongly modulate the effect of dispersal evolution on invasion trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Benning
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Eliza I Clark
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ruth A Hufbauer
- Department of Agricultural Biology and Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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2
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Lankinen P, Kastally C, Hoikkala A. Plasticity in Photoperiodism: Drosophila montana Females Have a Life-Long Ability to Switch From Reproduction to Diapause. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:516-527. [PMID: 35924307 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221108968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiodic reproductive diapause is an essential part of female life cycle in several insect species living on high latitudes, where overwintering in reproductive stage involves high risks for survival and progeny production. The sensitive period (SP), during which photoperiodic cues can trigger the switch from direct development to diapause, can last from a few hours or days after emergence to the entire life span of females. Moreover, in some species, sexually mature females can enter post-reproductive diapause as a response to decreasing day length and/or temperature. We studied the duration of SP for diapause induction and the females' ability to enter post-reproductive diapause at short day lengths in Drosophila montana strains from different latitudes in Europe, North America, and Japan. Our study shows that the females of this species have a life-long SP and that they retain an ability to switch between reproduction and diapause as a response to back-and-forth changes in day length for at least 3 months. D. montana strains from different latitudes showed high variation in females' ability to enter post-reproductive diapause; females of the southern strains generally requiring longer time and/or lower temperature to enter this stage than those of the northern strains. Moreover, the proportion of females that switched to post-reproductive diapause in 3 weeks in short day conditions at 16 °C showed positive correlation with the critical day length (CDL) for diapause induction and the latitudinal and continental origin of the strains. Life-long SP increases females' flexibility to respond to short-term changes in environmental conditions and enables reproducing females to switch to post-reproductive diapause when the days get shorter and colder toward the autumn. This ability can play a major role in species phenology and should be taken into account in theoretical and empirical studies on insect adaptation to seasonal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pekka Lankinen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Chedly Kastally
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Present address: Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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3
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Grevstad FS, Wepprich T, Barker B, Coop LB, Shaw R, Bourchier RS. Combining photoperiod and thermal responses to predict phenological mismatch for introduced insects. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2557. [PMID: 35112752 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of organisms use the regular seasonal changes in photoperiod as a cue to align their life cycles with favorable conditions. Yet the phenological consequences of photoperiodism for organisms exposed to new climates are often overlooked. We present a conceptual approach and phenology model that maps voltinism (generations per year) and the degree of phenological mismatch that can arise when organisms with a short-day diapause response are introduced to new regions or are otherwise exposed to new climates. Our degree-day-based model combines continent-wide spatialized daily climate data, calculated date-specific and latitude-specific day lengths, and experimentally determined developmental responses to both photoperiod and temperature. Using the case of the knotweed psyllid Aphalara itadori, a new biological control agent being introduced from Japan to North America and Europe to control an invasive weed, we show how incorporating a short-day diapause response will result in geographic patterns of attempted voltinism that are strikingly different from the potential number of generations based on degree-days alone. The difference between the attempted and potential generations represents a quantitative measure of phenological mismatch between diapause timing and the end of the growing season. We conclude that insects moved from lower to higher latitudes (or to cooler climates) will tend to diapause too late, potentially resulting in high mortality from inclement weather, and those moved from higher to lower latitude (to warmer climates) may be prone to diapausing too early, therefore not fully exploiting the growing season and/or suffering from insufficient reserves for the longer duration in diapause. Mapped output reveals a central region with good phenology match that shifts north or south depending on the geographic source of the insect and its corresponding critical photoperiod for diapause. These results have direct relevance for efforts to establish populations of classical biocontrol agents. More generally, our approach and model could be applied to a wide variety of photoperiod- and temperature-sensitive organisms that are exposed to changes in climate, including resident and invasive agricultural pests and species of conservation concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritzi S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Tyson Wepprich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Brittany Barker
- Oregon Integrated Pest Management Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Leonard B Coop
- Oregon Integrated Pest Management Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Robert S Bourchier
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Finn DS, Johnson SL, Gerth WJ, Arismendi I, Li JL. Spatiotemporal patterns of emergence phenology reveal complex species‐specific responses to temperature in aquatic insects. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debra S. Finn
- Department of Biology Missouri State University Springfield Missouri USA
| | - Sherri L. Johnson
- U.S. Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - William J. Gerth
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Ivan Arismendi
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
| | - Judith L. Li
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA
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5
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Wepprich T, Grevstad FS. Divergence in Photoperiod Responses of a Classical Biological Control Agent, Galerucella calmariensis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Across a Climatic and Latitudinal Gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:306-316. [PMID: 33346818 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A key knowledge gap in classical biological control is to what extent insect agents evolve to novel environments. The introduction of biological control agents to new photoperiod regimes and climates may disrupt the coordination of diapause timing that evolved to the growing season length in the native range. We tested whether populations of Galerucella calmariensis L. have evolved in response to the potential mismatch of their diapause timing since their intentional introduction to the United States from Germany in the 1990s. Populations collected from 39.4° to 48.8° latitude in the western United States were reared in growth chambers to isolate the effects of photoperiod on diapause induction and development time. For all populations, shorter day lengths increased the proportion of beetles that entered diapause instead of reproducing. The critical photoperiods, or the day length at which half of a population diapauses, differed significantly among the sampled populations, generally decreasing at lower latitudes. The latitudinal trend reflects changes in growing season length, which determines the number of generations possible, and in local day lengths, at the time when beetles are sensitive to this cue. Development times were similar across populations, with one exception, and did not vary with photoperiod. These results show that there was sufficient genetic variation from the two German source populations to evolve different photoperiod responses across a range of environmental conditions. This study adds to the examples of rapid evolution of seasonal adaptations in introduced insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Wepprich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Fritzi S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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6
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Gaffke AM, Sing SE, Millar JG, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Peterson RKD, Weaver DK. An Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile From Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) Is Repellent to Diorhabda carinulata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1063-1070. [PMID: 32725136 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The leaf beetle Diorhabda carinulata Desbrochers (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was introduced into the United States in 1999 for classical biological control of the exotic woody invader saltcedar (Tamarix spp. L. [Caryophyllales: Tamaricaceae]). The recent southern expansion of the range of D. carinulata in the United States has precipitated conflict between proponents of biological control of Tamarix and those with concerns over habitat conservation for avian species. Several semiochemicals that mediate aggregations by this species have been reported, but no repellent compounds have been recorded thus far. We now report a repellent compound, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal, induced by adult D. carinulata feeding on saltcedar foliage. Collection of headspace volatiles, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and electroantennographic analyses identified 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal as an insect-induced compound that is antennally active. Behavioral and exposure assays were conducted to test for repellency and toxicity in adults and larvae. Headspace volatiles were also collected from adult males exposed to 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal to determine the impact exposure might have on the emission of the aggregation pheromone. 4-Oxo-(E)-2-hexenal elicited electrophysiological responses in adults of both sexes. Behavioral responses indicated repellency across multiple doses for reproductive D. carinulata adults but not in nonreproductive adults. Exposure assays indicated altered behaviors in first instar larvae and adults, but not in third instar larvae. Collection of headspace volatiles indicated that exposure to 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal did not alter emission of the D. carinulata aggregation pheromone by adult males. The continued development and field deployment of this repellent compound may provide a new tool for the management of D. carinulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gaffke
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
- Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL
| | - Sharlene E Sing
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Bozeman, MT
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade Insectary, Palisade, CO
| | - Robert K D Peterson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - David K Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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Jones IM, Seehausen ML, Bourchier RS, Smith SM. The Effects of Photoperiod on Diapause Induction in Hypena opulenta (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), a Biological Control Agent Against Invasive Swallow-Worts in North America. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:580-585. [PMID: 32270200 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many insects exhibit a short-day diapause response, whereby diapause is induced when daylength falls below a critical threshold. This response is an adaptation to ensure synchrony between periods of insect activity, and the availability of resources, but it can cause problems when organisms are moved to new locations, where early or late-induced diapause can prove a barrier to establishment. We explored the role of photoperiod in diapause induction in Hypena opulenta, a recently introduced classical biological control agent for invasive swallow-worts in North America. We conducted four experimental cage releases as well as a growth chamber experiment to determine the threshold photoperiod for diapause induction in H. opulenta. We determined that the critical photoperiod for inducing diapause in 50% of H. opulenta is 15 h 35 min, which the moth only experiences in the Ottawa release site around summer solstice. This may lead to univoltinism, premature diapause, and poor establishment at some North American release sites. Our results can inform practical aspects of the biological control program for H. opulenta, such as fine-tuning methodologies for stockpiling diapausing pupae in the laboratory and narrowing down the optimal time window for releases at a given location. Additionally, our results will be important for the development of a temperature-based phenology model to more accurately predict voltinism in H. opulenta across the invasive range of swallow-worts in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Jones
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Sandy M Smith
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Kerr NZ, Wepprich T, Grevstad FS, Dopman EB, Chew FS, Crone EE. Developmental trap or demographic bonanza? Opposing consequences of earlier phenology in a changing climate for a multivoltine butterfly. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2014-2027. [PMID: 31833162 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A rapidly changing climate has the potential to interfere with the timing of environmental cues that ectothermic organisms rely on to initiate and regulate life history events. Short-lived ectotherms that exhibit plasticity in their life history could increase the number of generations per year under warming climate. If many individuals successfully complete an additional generation, the population experiences an additional opportunity to grow, and a warming climate could lead to a demographic bonanza. However, these plastic responses could become maladaptive in temperate regions, where a warmer climate could trigger a developmental pathway that cannot be completed within the growing season, referred to as a developmental trap. Here we incorporated detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models to evaluate these demographic consequences of phenological shifts due to a warming climate on the formerly widespread, multivoltine butterfly (Pieris oleracea). Using species-specific temperature- and photoperiod-sensitive vital rates, we estimated the number of generations per year and population growth rate over the set of climate conditions experienced during the past 38 years. We predicted that populations in the southern portion of its range have added a fourth generation in recent years, resulting in higher annual population growth rates (demographic bonanzas). We predicted that populations in the Northeast United States have experienced developmental traps, where increases in the thermal window initially caused mortality of the final generation and reduced growth rates. These populations may recover if more growing degree days are added to the year. Our framework for incorporating detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models demonstrates the importance of using both demography and phenology to predict consequences of phenological shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Z Kerr
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tyson Wepprich
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Fritzi S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Erik B Dopman
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Frances S Chew
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
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9
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Knutson AE, Tracy JL, Ritzi C, Moran PJ, Royer T, Deloach CJ. Establishment, Hybridization, Dispersal, Impact, and Decline of Diorhabda spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Released for Biological Control of Tamarisk in Texas and New Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1297-1316. [PMID: 31603984 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three Diorhabda spp. tamarisk beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were established in Texas from 2003 to 2010 for biological control of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.): Mediterranean tamarisk beetles, D. elongata (Brullé) from Greece, also established in New Mexico; subtropical tamarisk beetles, D. sublineata (Lucas) from Tunisia; and larger tamarisk beetles, D. carinata (Faldermann) from Uzbekistan. More than one million tamarisk beetles were released at 99 sites. Species establishment success ranged from 52 to 83%. All three species now co-occur in New Mexico with the northern tamarisk beetles, D. carinulata (Desbrochers). A phenotypic hybrid scoring system was developed to assess Diorhabda phenotype distributions and character mixing in hybrid zones. Widespread field populations of bispecific hybrid phenotypes for D. carinata/D. elongata and D. sublineata/D. elongata rapidly appeared following contact of parental species. Initial distributions and dispersal of Diorhabda spp. and hybrids are mapped for Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas, where they produced large-scale tamarisk defoliation and localized dieback for 3-4 yr. However, populations subsequently severely declined, now producing only isolated defoliation and allowing tamarisk to recover. Diorhabda sublineata and D. elongata temporarily produced nontarget spillover defoliation of ornamental athel, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, along the Rio Grande. Hybrid phenotypes were generally bimodally distributed, indicating some degree of reproductive isolation. Additional diagnostic phenotypic characters in males allowed more precise hybrid scoring. Character mixing in some hybrid populations approached or reached that of a hybrid swarm. The significance of hybridization for tamarisk biocontrol is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen E Knutson
- Texas A&M AgriLife Extension, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Dallas, TX
| | - James L Tracy
- Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, TAMU, College Station, TX
| | - Chris Ritzi
- Biology, Geology, and Physical Sciences Department, Sul Ross State University, Alpine, TX
| | - Patrick J Moran
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Invasive Species and Pollinator Health, Albany, CA
| | - Tom Royer
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - C Jack Deloach
- USDA Agricultural Research Service (Retired), Austin, TX
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Ramírez-Soria MJ, Wäckers F, Sanchez JA. When natural enemies go to sleep: diapause induction and termination in the pear psyllid predator Pilophorus gallicus (Hemiptera: Miridae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:3293-3301. [PMID: 31006973 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pilophorus gallicus can establish resident populations in orchards by entering diapause in winter. We studied diapause induction and termination to predict seasonal activity and improve its management in IPM programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Ramírez-Soria
- Department of Biological Pest Control and Ecosystemic Services, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario - IMIDA), Murcia, Spain
- Biobest Belgium N.V, Westerlo, Belgium
| | | | - Juan A Sanchez
- Department of Biological Pest Control and Ecosystemic Services, Murcia Institute of Agri-Food Research and Development (Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario - IMIDA), Murcia, Spain
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11
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Gaffke AM, Sing SE, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Russak JA, Mafra-Neto A, Peterson RKD, Weaver DK. Field demonstration of a semiochemical treatment that enhances Diorhabda carinulata biological control of Tamarix spp. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13051. [PMID: 31506519 PMCID: PMC6737090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) was approved for release in the United States for classical biological control of a complex of invasive saltcedar species and their hybrids (Tamarix spp.). An aggregation pheromone used by D. carinulata to locate conspecifics is fundamental to colonization and reproductive success. A specialized matrix formulated for controlled release of this aggregation pheromone was developed as a lure to manipulate adult densities in the field. One application of the lure at onset of adult emergence for each generation provided long term attraction and retention of D. carinulata adults on treated Tamarix spp. plants. Treated plants exhibited greater levels of defoliation, dieback and canopy reduction. Application of a single, well-timed aggregation pheromone treatment per generation increased the efficacy of this classical weed biological control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gaffke
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.,Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Sharlene E Sing
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade Insectary, Palisade, CO, 81526, USA
| | - Justin A Russak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | | | - Robert K D Peterson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - David K Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA.
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Chmura HE, Kharouba HM, Ashander J, Ehlman SM, Rivest EB, Yang LH. The mechanisms of phenology: the patterns and processes of phenological shifts. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen E. Chmura
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
- Institute of Arctic Biology; University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Fairbanks Alaska 99775 USA
| | - Heather M. Kharouba
- Department of Biology; University of Ottawa; Ottawa Ontario K1N 9B4 Canada
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Jaime Ashander
- Center for Population Biology; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Sean M. Ehlman
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
- Center for Population Biology; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Emily B. Rivest
- Bodega Marine Laboratory; University of California, Davis; Bodega Bay California 94923 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences; Virginia Institute of Marine Science; College of William & Mary; Gloucester Point Virginia 23062 USA
| | - Louie H. Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of California, Davis; Davis California 95616 USA
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13
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Gaffke AM, Sing SE, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Russak JA, Mafra‐Neto A, Grieco PA, Peterson RKD, Weaver DK. Semiochemicals to enhance herbivory by Diorhabda carinulata aggregations in saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) infestations. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1494-1503. [PMID: 29314635 PMCID: PMC5969109 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semiochemicals for monitoring, attracting or repelling pest and beneficial organisms are increasingly deployed in agricultural and forest systems for pest management. However, the use of aggregation pheromones and host-plant attractants for the express purpose of increasing the efficacy of classical biological control agents of weeds has not been widely reported. Therefore, we conducted field-based assays to determine if a specialized wax-based matrix impregnated with an aggregation pheromone of the northern tamarisk beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) or host-plant volatiles could increase the efficacy of D. carinulata. RESULTS The aggregation pheromone and host-plant volatiles were formulated for field application using a wax-based matrix. Reported release rates suggest that this matrix is a viable formulation for enhancing D. carinulata aggregations under field conditions. Pheromone-treated saltcedar plants (Tamarix spp.) not only had higher densities of adult and larval D. carinulata, but also sustained greater levels of foliar damage than control plants. Increased damage from the focused feeding of D. carinulata caused an increase in foliar dieback and decrease in live canopy volume of semiochemical-treated plants. CONCLUSION Field deployment of these semiochemical formulations could be useful in directing populations of D. carinulata for increased impact on Tamarix spp. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Gaffke
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Sharlene E Sing
- USDA Forest ServiceRocky Mountain Research StationBozemanMTUSA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Daniel W Bean
- Colorado Department of AgriculturePalisade InsectaryPalisadeCOUSA
| | - Justin A Russak
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | | | - Paul A Grieco
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Robert KD Peterson
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - David K Weaver
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental SciencesMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
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14
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Nagler PL, Nguyen U, Bateman HL, Jarchow CJ, Glenn EP, Waugh WJ, van Riper C. Northern tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda carinulata) and tamarisk (Tamarixspp.) interactions in the Colorado River basin. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L. Nagler
- U. S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center; 520 North Park Avenue, Tucson AZ 85719 U.S.A
| | - Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science; The University of Arizona; 1177 E 4th Street, Tucson AZ 85721-0038 U.S.A
| | - Heather L. Bateman
- College of Integrative Science and Arts; Arizona State University; 6073 S Backus Mall, Mesa AZ 85212 U.S.A
| | - Christopher J. Jarchow
- U. S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center; 520 North Park Avenue, Tucson AZ 85719 U.S.A
| | - Edward P. Glenn
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science; The University of Arizona; 1177 E 4th Street, Tucson AZ 85721-0038 U.S.A
| | - William J. Waugh
- Navarro Research and Engineering; 2597 Legacy Way, Grand Junction CO 81503-1789 U.S.A
| | - Charles van Riper
- U. S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center; 520 North Park Avenue, Tucson AZ 85719 U.S.A
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment; University of Arizona; 1064 E Lowell Street, Tucson AZ 85721 U.S.A
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15
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Invasive Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in South Africa: current research and the potential for biological control. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Grevstad FS, Coop LB. The consequences of photoperiodism for organisms in new climates. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 25:1506-1517. [PMID: 26552260 DOI: 10.1890/14-2071.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A change in climate is known to affect seasonal timing (phenology) of the life stages of poikilothermic organisms whose development depends on temperature. Less understood is the potential for even greater disruption to the life cycle when a phenology shift exposes photoperiod-sensitive life stages to new day lengths. We present a conceptual framework and model to investigate the ways that photoperiod-cued diapause can interact with a change in climate or latitude to influence voltinism in poikilothermic organisms. Our degree-day phenology model combines detailed spatial climate data, latitude- and date-specific photoperiods, and development and photoperiod response parameters. As an example, we model the biological control beetle Galerucella calmariensis and map the number of generations expected following its introduction into diverse climates throughout the continental United States. Incorporation of photoperiodism results in a complex geography of voltinism that differs markedly from predictions of traditional phenology models. Facultative multivoltine species will be prone to univoltism when transported to either warmer or southern climates due to exposure of the sensitive stage to shorter day lengths. When moved to more northern locations, they may attempt too many generations for the season duration thereby exposing vulnerable life stages to harsh weather in the fall. We further show that even small changes in temperature can result in large and unexpected shifts in voltinism. Analogous effects may be expected for organisms from wide variety of taxa that use photoperiod as a seasonal cue during some stage of their life cycle. Our approach is useful for understanding the performance and impacts of introduced pests and beneficial organisms as well as for predicting responses of resident species to climate change and climate variability.
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17
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Hultine KR, Bean DW, Dudley TL, Gehring CA. Species Introductions and Their Cascading Impacts on Biotic Interactions in desert riparian ecosystems. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:587-601. [PMID: 25908667 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert riparian ecosystems of North America are hotspots of biodiversity that support many sensitive species, and are in a region experiencing some of the highest rates of climatic alteration in North America. Fremont cottonwood, Populus fremontii, is a foundation tree species of this critical habitat, but it is threatened by global warming and regional drying, and by a non-native tree/shrub, Tamarix spp., all of which can disrupt the mutualism between P. fremontii and its beneficial mycorrhizal fungal communities. Specialist herbivorous leaf beetles (Diorhabda spp.) introduced for biocontrol of Tamarix are altering the relationship between this shrub and its environment. Repeated episodic feeding on Tamarix foliage by Diorhabda results in varying rates of dieback and mortality, depending on genetic variation in allocation of resources, growing conditions, and phenological synchrony between herbivore and host plant. In this article, we review the complex interaction between climatic change and species introductions and their combined impacts on P. fremontii and their associated communities. We anticipate that (1) certain genotypes of P. fremontii will respond more favorably to the presence of Tamarix and to climatic change due to varying selection pressures to cope with competition and stress; (2) the ongoing evolution of Diorhabda's life cycle timing will continue to facilitate its expansion in North America, and will over time enhance herbivore impact to Tamarix; (3) defoliation by Diorhabda will reduce the negative impact of Tamarix on P. fremontii associations with mycorrhizal fungi; and (4) spatial variability in climate and climatic change will modify the capacity for Tamarix to survive episodic defoliation by Diorhabda, thereby altering the relationship between Tamarix and P. fremontii, and its associated mycorrhizal fungal communities. Given the complex biotic/abiotic interactions outlined in this review, conservation biologists and riparian ecosystem managers should strive to identify and conserve the phenotypic traits that underpin tolerance and resistance to stressors such as climate change and species invasion. Such efforts will greatly enhance conservation restoration efficacy for protecting P. fremontii forests and their associated communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Hultine
- *Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Dan W Bean
- Palisade Insectary, Colorado Department of Agriculture, Palisade, CO, USA
| | - Tom L Dudley
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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18
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Herr JC, Herrera-Reddy AM, Carruthers RI. Field testing Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Crete, Greece, to assess potential impact on nontarget native California plants in the genus Frankenia. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:642-653. [PMID: 24690599 DOI: 10.1603/en12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
When laboratory host specificity tests on weed biological control agents produce ambiguous results or are suspected of producing false-positive findings, field cage or open field tests can be used to help determine the true ecological host range of the agent. The leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Brullé) from Crete, imported to the United States for the control of saltcedar (Tamarix spp., Tamaricaceae), showed a low but variable ovipositional response to nontarget Frankenia spp. (Frankeniaceae) in previous laboratory tests conducted in small cages, where up to 11.4% of eggs were laid on these native plants. Results from field tests presented in this article show that no eggs were laid on Frankenia palmeri S. Watson and significantly more eggs were always laid on Tamarix ramosissima Ledebour than Frankenia salina (Molina) I. M. Johnston. Furthermore, the ovipositional response to F. salina was substantially lower than that recorded in laboratory tests. The percent of eggs laid on F. salina in field tests was 3.7 in a paired choice cage test, 4.3 in a multiple choice cage test, and 2.5 in a multiple choice open field test, suggesting that the true acceptance rate of the nontarget by D. elongata in the field will be lower than laboratory tests predicted. However, some damage was caused to F. salina by adult and larval feeding in the field, although this occurred only at the very end of the open field test, when D. elongata densities were extremely high, and all of the surrounding saltcedar had been totally defoliated. Scientific representatives from various stakeholder organizations (state, county, university, and environmental groups) viewed the open field test when in progress and reviewed the final results before advising State regulatory agencies on beetle redistribution. These test results, and the open review process, led regulators to conclude that redistribution of D. elongata in California was warranted owing to its significant ability to defoliate saltcedar, and its low rate of feeding on nontarget Frankenia spp. The introduction of D. elongata provides an interesting case study for risk assessment of a potentially efficacious weed biocontrol agent that may also be capable of using nontarget native plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Herr
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, Albany, CA 94710, USA
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19
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Acharya K, Sueki S, Conrad B, Dudley TL, Bean DW, Osterberg JC. Life history characteristics of diorhabda carinulata under various temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:564-571. [PMID: 23726066 DOI: 10.1603/en11225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tamarisk leaf beetles, Diorhabda spp., have been released in the western United States as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Tamarix spp. There have been a few studies on the life cycle, host preferences, and field observations of Diorhabda; however, their ecophysiological characteristics under various temperature regimes are not clearly understood. In this study, life history characteristics such as growth, fecundity, and mortality of Diorhabda Carinulata (Desbrochers), the species established in the Colorado River basin, were investigated under various temperatures. Beetles were housed at various temperatures (room, constant high, and variable high) and their life cycle from eggs to reproductive adult was observed. Body size at various larval and adult stages, as well as their developmental time decreased with increasing temperature. Between the two temperature treatments, beetles at diurnally fluctuating temperature (variable high treatment) grew slower and produced fewer eggs per clutch when compared with the constant high treatment. Despite smaller in size, beetles grew fastest at the constant high temperature and produced most eggs per clutch compared with the other two treatments. Overall, severely high temperatures seem to have a debilitating effect on Diorhabda at early larval stages with nearly 50% mortality. The study has potential implications for the tamarisk beetle biocontrol program in the southwestern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Acharya
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA.
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20
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Grevstad FS, O'Casey C, Katz ML. A comparison of four geographic sources of the biocontrol agent Prokelisia marginata (Homoptera: Delphacidae) following introduction into a common environment. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 41:448-454. [PMID: 22732601 DOI: 10.1603/en11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As part of a biological control program against Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (smooth cordgrass), we simultaneously released populations of the planthopper Prokelisia marginata (van Duzee) from four geographic areas in each of five replicate field sites in the Willapa Bay estuary in Washington State. The four sources (California, Georgia, Virginia, and Rhode Island) have varying climate and seasonal regimes. We expected local adaptations would affect performance in the new environment. Using vacuum sampling, we measured population densities in spring and fall for 2 yr after release. In addition, we measured the timing of spring emergence through bi-weekly surveys of the number of nymphs residing in overwintering sites (curled leaves of senesced Spartina culms) versus on live green shoots. The observed sequence of emergence GA>CA>VA>RI was consistent with the hypothesis that this insect responds to a photoperiod cue for emergence timing. The four populations also differed in their reproductive capacity as measured by the increase in population densities over the summer months. Overall, the California and Rhode Island populations had higher population growth than those from Virginia and Georgia. Our results suggest that the climate and seasonal adaptations of biocontrol agents should be carefully considered as they can affect the performance and phenology in the new range. At the same time, it is noteworthy that all four populations were capable of establishing and growing, indicating a degree of resiliency for populations experiencing a rapid change in climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Grevstad
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
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21
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Bean DW, Dalin P, Dudley TL. Evolution of critical day length for diapause induction enables range expansion of Diorhabda carinulata, a biological control agent against tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). Evol Appl 2012; 5:511-23. [PMID: 22949926 PMCID: PMC3407869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical weed biological control, small collections of arthropods are made from one or a few sites in the native range of the target plant and are introduced to suppress the plant where it has become invasive, often across a wide geographic range. Ecological mismatches in the new range are likely, and success using the biocontrol agent may depend on postrelease evolution of beneficial life history traits. In this study, we measure the evolution of critical day length for diapause induction (day length at which 50% of the population enters dormancy), in a beetle (Diorhabda carinulata) introduced into North America from China to control an exotic shrub, Tamarix spp. Beetle populations were sampled from four sites in North America 7 years after introduction, and critical day length was shown to have declined, forming a cline over a latitudinal gradient At one field site, decreased critical day length was correlated with 16 additional days of reproductive activity, resulting in a closer match between beetle life history and the phenology of Tamarix. These findings indicate an enhanced efficacy and an increasingly wider range for D. carinulata in Tamarix control.
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22
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Guenther DA, Gardner KT, Thompson DC. Influence of nutrient levels in Tamarix on Diorhabda sublineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) survival and fitness with implications for biological control. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:66-72. [PMID: 22182613 DOI: 10.1603/en10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of the saltcedar leaf beetle (Diorhabda spp.) has been unpredictable when caged or released in the field for saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) biocontrol. It has been observed that one caged tree might be voraciously fed upon by beetles while an adjacent tree in the cage is left untouched. We hypothesized that differences in the nutrient content of individual trees may explain this behavior. We evaluated survival, development rate, and egg production of beetles fed in the laboratory on saltcedar foliage from trees that had been grown under a range of fertilizer treatments. Tissue samples from the experimental trees and from the field were analyzed for percent nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. There was essentially no survival of beetle larvae fed foliage from saltcedar trees at nitrogen levels below 2.0%. At levels above 2.0% N, beetle larvae had corresponding increased survival rates and shorter development times. Multiple regression analyses indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus are important for larval survival and faster development rates. Higher levels of potassium were important for increased egg cluster production. The plant tissue analysis showed that the percentage of nitrogen in the experimental trees reflected the range of trees in the field and also that there is high variability within trees in the field. Our research indicates that if beetles are released on trees with poor nutrient quality, the larvae will not survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Guenther
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, MSC 3BE, Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Performance of Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent of invasive alligator weed, at low non-freezing temperatures. Biol Invasions 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-010-9932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Dalin P, Bean DW, Dudley TL, Carney VA, Eberts D, Gardner KT, Hebertson E, Jones EN, Kazmer DJ, Michels GJ, O'Meara SA, Thompson DC. Seasonal adaptations to day length in ecotypes of Diorhabda spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) inform selection of agents against saltcedars (Tamarix spp.). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:1666-1675. [PMID: 22546466 DOI: 10.1603/en09270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal adaptations to daylength often limit the effective range of insects used in biological control of weeds. The leaf beetle Diorhabda carinulata (Desbrochers) was introduced into North America from Fukang, China (latitude 44° N) to control saltcedars (Tamarix spp.), but failed to establish south of 38° N latitude because of a mismatched critical daylength response for diapause induction. The daylength response caused beetles to enter diapause too early in the season to survive the duration of winter at southern latitudes. Using climate chambers, we characterized the critical daylength response for diapause induction (CDL) in three ecotypes of Diorhabda beetles originating from 36, 38, and 43° N latitudes in Eurasia. In a field experiment, the timing of reproductive diapause and voltinism were compared among ecotypes by rearing the insects on plants in the field. CDL declined with latitude of origin among Diorhabda ecotypes. Moreover, CDL in southern (<39° N latitude) ecotypes was shortened by more than an hour when the insects were reared under a fluctuating 35-15°C thermoperiod than at a constant 25°C. In the northern (>42° N latitude) ecotypes, however, CDL was relatively insensitive to temperature. The southern ecotypes produced up to four generations when reared on plants in the field at sites south of 38° N, whereas northern ecotypes produced only one or two generations. The study reveals latitudinal variation in how Diorhabda ecotypes respond to daylength for diapause induction and how these responses affect insect voltinism across the introduced range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dalin
- Marine Science Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA.
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Hammack L, Pikul JL, West MS. Phenology and abundance of bean leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern South Dakota on alfalfa and soybean relative to tillage, fertilization, and yield. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:727-37. [PMID: 20550786 DOI: 10.1603/en09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phenology and abundance of bean leaf beetles, Cerotoma trifurcata (Förster), were examined throughout two eastern South Dakota growing seasons in relation to grain yields in chisel- and ridge-tilled soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] grown in 2-yr rotation with corn (Zea mays L.) with and without added nitrogen (N). Populations were also sampled early and late season in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Beetles were present in alfalfa by late May and most were reproductively active within a week, but their presence in alfalfa did not always precede soybean emergence. Most beetles taken from alfalfa in late fall were teneral; all were previtellogenic and unmated. Reproductively active beetles were detected in soybeans as soon as seedlings emerged. A partial second generation apparently occurred each year. First-generation beetles started to emerge in soybean fields during the first or third week of July but, whether emergence started early or late, most beetles emerging after July seemingly failed to mature their eggs and started leaving soybeans within several weeks of eclosion. This pattern suggested that any second generation arose from only the earliest emerging beetles of the first generation, with later emerging individuals having to overwinter before reproducing. Thus, any factors delaying emergence of the first generation, such as delayed soybean planting, could potentially limit its reproductive capacity through winter mortality. Cumulative seasonal beetle counts were lower in N-treated subplots and in ridge-tilled compared with chisel-tilled plots. Soybean grain yield increased with decreases in peak abundance of first-generation beetles and with N fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Hammack
- USDA-ARS North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.
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Dalin P, O'Neal MJ, Dudley T, Bean DW. Host plant quality of Tamarix ramosissima and T. parviflora for three sibling species of the biocontrol insect Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:1373-1378. [PMID: 19825291 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several sibling species of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Brullé) have been introduced into North America for the biocontrol of saltcedars (Tamarix spp.), but only one, D. carinulata (Desbrochers), has been extensively used in the field. The first open releases took place in 2001, and widespread defoliation occurred at sites infested by Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis, and their hybrid forms. The beetles failed, however, to establish at sites where other Tamarix species are targeted for control. In this study, we compared the preference and performance of three Diorhabda sibling species using adult choice and larval performance experiments on the two formally targeted Tamarix species: T. ramosissima and T. parviflora. In the adult choice experiment, a greater proportion of D. carinulata was found on T. ramosissima than on T. parviflora. For the other two sibling species, D. elongata (Brullé) and D. carinata (Faldermann), adults were found in similar proportions on the two host plants. In the larval performance experiment, larval growth and survival did not differ between Tamarix species for any Diorhabda type; however, D. carinata larval biomass was 35-50% greater than the other beetles regardless of host species. Based on the few adults of D. carinulata found on T. parviflora in the adult choice experiment, we do not recommend introducing this beetle at sites where T. parviflora is targeted for biological control. The species D. carinata seems especially promising for future release because its larvae gained substantially more biomass than the other beetles during the same time period on both Tamarix species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dalin
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-6150, USA.
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Rector BG. A sterile-female technique proposed for control of Striga hermonthica and other intractable weeds: advantages, shortcomings and risk management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:596-602. [PMID: 19288471 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Weeds have posed intractable challenges to farmers since the dawn of agriculture. This article describes in detail a proposed control strategy based on the introduction of genes conferring female sterility into the genome of an intractable target weed. Spread of these genes through target populations via pollen would be facilitated by their incorporation within active transposable elements. Advantages (e.g. self-dissemination, self-proliferation, target specificity) and shortcomings (e.g. high cost, long project incubation period, limited range of possible targets) of this strategy are discussed in depth, as are assessment and management of its attendant biological and ecological risks, such as the risk of introduced genes spreading to non-target species. The parasitic weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. is examined as a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Rector
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Montpellier, France.
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Milbrath LR, Deloach CJ, Tracy JL. Overwintering survival, phenology, voltinism, and reproduction among different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2007; 36:1356-1364. [PMID: 18284763 DOI: 10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[1356:ospvar]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The classical biological control program for exotic saltcedars (various Tamarix species and hybrids) has involved the assessment of different populations of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata (Brullé) s.l. that are promising for release in areas of North America that are located south of 37 degrees N latitude. We report here the overwintering survival, phenology, and voltinism of four D. elongata populations (Tunisia, Crete, Uzbekistan, and Turpan) in eastcentral Texas. In addition, we studied their developmental and reproductive biology, which also included the previously released population from Fukang, China. Overwintering survival of the adult beetles of the Crete and Tunisia populations was 90-99 and 75%, respectively. The Uzbekistan and Turpan beetles had <31% overwintering survival. All D. elongata populations began ovipositing in late March. The Turpan beetle may produce three summer generations and ceased oviposition by September. The Crete beetle produced four summer generations plus a partial fifth generation and ceased ovipositing by mid-October. Both the Tunisia and Uzbekistan beetles produced five summer generations plus an unsuccessful partial sixth generation; oviposition extended into late November. Larval development and survival were generally similar among D. elongata populations. The Turpan and Fukang beetles had a shorter preoviposition period and produced more but smaller egg masses than the other beetle populations. However, this did not alter a female's lifetime fecundity and generally did not affect the innate capacity for increase compared with other populations. The Crete beetle seems to be the most promising for release in central Texas and points further south.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Milbrath
- USDA-ARS, Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory, 808 E. Blackland Rd., Temple, TX 76502, USA.
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