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Gu J, Guo L, Zhu Y, Qian L, Shi L, Zhang H, Ji G. Neurodevelopmental Toxicity of Emamectin Benzoate to the Early Life Stage of Zebrafish Larvae ( Danio rerio). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043757. [PMID: 36835165 PMCID: PMC9964762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a widely used pesticide and feed additive in agriculture and aquaculture. It easily enters the aquatic environment through various pathways, thus causing adverse effects on aquatic organisms. However, there are no systematic studies regarding the effects of EMB on the developmental neurotoxicity of aquatic organisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the neurotoxic effects and mechanisms of EMB at different concentrations (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 μg/mL) using zebrafish as a model. The results showed that EMB significantly inhibited the hatching rate, spontaneous movement, body length, and swim bladder development of zebrafish embryos, as well as significantly increased the malformation rate of zebrafish larvae. In addition, EMB adversely affected the axon length of motor neurons in Tg (hb9: eGFP) zebrafish and central nervous system (CNS) neurons in Tg (HuC: eGFP) zebrafish and significantly inhibited the locomotor behavior of zebrafish larvae. Meanwhile, EMB induced oxidative damage and was accompanied by increasing reactive oxygen species in the brains of zebrafish larvae. In addition, gene expression involvement in oxidative stress-related (cat, sod and Cu/Zn-sod), GABA neural pathway-related (gat1, gabra1, gad1b, abat and glsa), neurodevelopmental-related (syn2a, gfap, elavl3, shha, gap43 and Nrd) and swim bladder development-related (foxa3, pbxla, mnx1, has2 and elovlla) genes was significantly affected by EMB exposure. In conclusion, our study shows that exposure to EMB during the early life stages of zebrafish significantly increases oxidative damage and inhibits early central neuronal development, motor neuron axon growth and swim bladder development, ultimately leading to neurobehavioral changes in juvenile zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Liguo Guo
- Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southen China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanhui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lingling Qian
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Lili Shi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Huanchao Zhang
- Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southen China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (G.J.)
| | - Guixiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing 210042, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (G.J.)
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Wu C, Sun T, He M, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Mao L, Zhu L, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Liu X. Sublethal toxicity, transgenerational effects, and transcriptome expression of the neonicotinoid pesticide cycloxaprid on demographic fitness of Coccinella septempunctata. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156887. [PMID: 35753471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating side effects of new neonicotinoids in terms of sublethal doses and transcriptome expression is a crucial but challenging part of integrated pest management (IPM) approaches. To this end, a study of lethal and sublethal effects on Coccinella septempunctata larvae was conducted, and an age-stage, two-sex life table procedure was performed to investigate life-table parameters. Cycloxaprid (CYC) was shown to have adverse effects on survival, development, total longevity, reproductive capacity, and predation ability in C. septempunctata. In addition, demographic growth parameters of the F1 generation such as net reproductive rate, and the intrinsic and finite rates of increase were significantly decreased under sublethal dosage LR30 (1.91 g ai/hm2). These results demonstrated that the population growth of C. septempunctata was impacted by a sublethal dosage of CYC. For transcriptome expression, 544 up- and 338 down-regulated significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), were observed between LR30 treatment and control groups. Moreover, pathways related to metabolism of retinol, carcinogenesis, biosynthesis of steroid hormone, P450 metabolism, and metabolism of xenobiotics were identified in KEGG pathway analysis. Ten DEGs were chosen and confirmed with quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Based on these findings, CYC should be considered as a component of IPM strategies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Tian Sun
- Guangxi SPR Technology Co., Ltd, Guangxi 530000, PR China
| | - Mingyuan He
- Guangxi SPR Technology Co., Ltd, Guangxi 530000, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Liangang Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hongyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Marçal R, Pacheco M, Guilherme S. Unveiling the nexus between parental exposure to toxicants and heritable spermiotoxicity - Is life history a shield or a shadow? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103955. [PMID: 35970510 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge on parental experiences is critical to predict how organisms react to environmental challenges. So, the DNA integrity of Procambarus clarkii spermatozoa exposed ex vivo to the herbicide penoxsulam (Px) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; model genotoxicant) was assessed with and without the influence of in vivo parental exposure to the same agents. The parental exposure alone did not affect the DNA of unexposed spermatozoa. However, the history of Px exposure increased the vulnerability to oxidative lesions in Px-exposed offspring. Otherwise, parental exposure to EMS allowed the development of protection mechanisms expressed when F1 was also exposed to EMS, unveiling life history as a shield. The parental exposure to a different agent adverse and decisively affected Px spermiotoxic potential, pointing out life history as a shadow to progeny. Given the complexity of the aquatic contamination scenarios, involving mixtures, the spermiotoxicity of Px to wild P. clarkii populations emerged as probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marçal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M Pacheco
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Guilherme
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Cheng Z, Qin Q, Wang D, Han S, Zhang S, He Y. Sublethal and transgenerational effects of exposures to the thiamethoxam on the seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 243:114002. [PMID: 36030681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The seven-spot ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has been used as the major natural enemy insect against many kinds of aphids in environment. Thiamethoxam is a second-generation neonicotinoid insecticide and commonly used to control various aphids, but it also has adverse effects on natural enemies. Therefore, the sublethal effects of thiamethoxam on the offspring of C. septempunctata were studied. For the adults of C. septempunctata, the LD30 of F0, F5, F10 and F15 generations were 0.039, 0.136, 0.243, 0.417 μg adult-1, respectively. The LD50 of F0, F5, F10 and F15 generations were 0.072, 0.275, 0.435, 0.819 μg adult-1, respectively. The resistance ratio of the F15 generation was 11.4-fold higher than that of the F0 generation. The preadult duration ( F0 = 17.4 d, F5 = 20.0 d, F10 = 19.1 d, F15 = 18.0 d) and adult preoviposition period ( F0 = 7.39 d, F5 = 8.07 d, F10 = 9.32 d, F15 = 8.03 d) of C. septempunctata were prolonged, and the fecundity ( F0 = 1690.10, F5 =1686.93, F10 = 1119.40, F15 = 752.87), oviposition period ( F0 = 42.84 d, F5 =40.33 d, F10 = 40.72 d, F15 = 30.84 d) and total longevity ( F0 = 86.7 d, F5 =81.3 d, F10 = 82.0 d, F15 = 74.0 d) were reduced by long-term exposure to sublethal dosage (LD30) of thiamethoxam. Population parameters (r, λ, R0, and T) were significantly reduced in F5, F10 and F15 generation. In addition, the predation function of F15 generation was reduced by sublethal dosage exposure of thiamethoxam. These results showed the negative impacts of sublethal thiamethoxam on the offspring of predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cheng
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Qiuju Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Da Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Shipeng Han
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Yunzhuan He
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China.
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Ward CM, Perry KD, Baker G, Powis K, Heckel DG, Baxter SW. A haploid diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) genome assembly resolves 31 chromosomes and identifies a diamide resistance mutation. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 138:103622. [PMID: 34252570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a highly mobile brassica crop pest with worldwide distribution and can rapidly evolve resistance to insecticides, including group 28 diamides. Reference genomes assembled using Illumina sequencing technology have provided valuable resources to advance our knowledge regarding the biology, origin and movement of diamondback moth, and more recently with its sister species, Plutella australiana. Here we apply a trio binning approach to sequence and annotate a chromosome level reference genome of P. xylostella using PacBio Sequel and Dovetail Hi-C sequencing technology and identify a point mutation that causes resistance to commercial diamides. A P. xylostella population collected from brassica crops in the Lockyer Valley, Australia (LV-R), was reselected for chlorantraniliprole resistance then a single male was crossed to a P. australiana female and a hybrid pupa sequenced. A chromosome level 328 Mb P. xylostella genome was assembled with 98.1% assigned to 30 autosomes and the Z chromosome. The genome was highly complete with 98.4% of BUSCO Insecta genes identified and RNAseq informed protein prediction annotated 19,002 coding genes. The LV-R strain survived recommended field application doses of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and cyclaniliprole. Some hybrids also survived these doses, indicating significant departure from recessivity, which has not been previously documented for diamides. Diamide chemicals modulate insect Ryanodine Receptors (RyR), disrupting calcium homeostasis, and we identified an amino acid substitution (I4790K) recently reported to cause diamide resistance in a strain from Japan. This chromosome level assembly provides a new resource for insect comparative genomics and highlights the emergence of diamide resistance in Australia. Resistance management plans need to account for the fact that resistance is not completely recessive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ward
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - K D Perry
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
| | - G Baker
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
| | - K Powis
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, 5064, Australia
| | - D G Heckel
- Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - S W Baxter
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, 3052, Australia.
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Muraro DS, de Oliveira Abbade Neto D, Kanno RH, Kaiser IS, Bernardi O, Omoto C. Inheritance patterns, cross-resistance and synergism in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistant to emamectin benzoate. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5049-5057. [PMID: 34216515 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a relevant global pest due to severe damage caused on agricultural crops and its capacity to evolve resistance to insecticides. Here, we selected a strain of S. frugiperda resistant to emamectin benzoate under laboratory conditions to understand the inheritance patterns, cross-resistance and synergism involved in the resistance. RESULTS The emamectin benzoate-resistant (Ben-R) strain was isolated by using F2 screen in a field population collected in Lucas do Rio Verde, Mato Grasso state, Brazil. After ten generations of selection pressure with emamectin benzoate, the estimated LC50 of the Ben-R strain was 678.38 μg a.i. mL-1 whereas that of the susceptible (Sus) strain was 0.29 μg a.i.mL-1 , resulting in a resistance ratio (RR) of ~ 2340-fold. The LC50 values of the offspring from reciprocal crosses of Sus and Ben-R strains were 93.37 and 105.32 μg a.i. mL-1 , suggesting that resistance is an autosomal incompletely dominant trait. The high survival of heterozygous and Ben-R strains (>92%) on non-Bt maize sprayed with the field rate of emamectin benzoate confirmed that resistance is functionally dominant. The minimum number of segregations influencing resistance was 3.55, suggesting a polygenic effect. Low cross-resistance was detected between emamectin benzoate and the insecticides methomyl, chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, spinetoram, indoxacarb and chlorantraniliprole (RR <5.75-fold). There was no effect of synergists piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate and S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithiotate on the Ben-R strain, suggesting a minor role of metabolic resistance. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed a high risk of resistance evolution of S. frugiperda to emamectin benzoate, based on incompletely dominant inheritance. Rotation of insecticides with different modes of action can be one of the resistance management strategies to be implemented to delay the evolution of resistance of S. frugiperda to emamectin benzoate in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionei S Muraro
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens H Kanno
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ingrid S Kaiser
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oderlei Bernardi
- Department of Plant Protection, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Celso Omoto
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Chi W, Mingyuan H, Fengshou D, Jun X, Xiaohu W, Bing C, Changbin W, Tian S, Yongquan Z, Xingang L. The influence of tolfenpyrad on fitness, development, and reproduction in parents and offspring of Coccinella septempunctata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111875. [PMID: 33454577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coccinella septempunctata (ladybird) is one of the foremost natural predators that feed on aphids. Thus, C. septempunctata serves as an effective biological control agent in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. To supplement the activity of biological control agents, IPM programs often incorporate chemical pesticides to bolster crop protection. To evaluate the effects of a potent insecticide, tolfenpyrad, on C. septempunctata, we tested the sublethal effects of tolfenpyrad on all developmental stages of the life cycle of C. septempunctata and its effects on the next generation. For sublethal testing of the parent generation, the LR50 of tolfenpyrad for C. septempunctata was determined to range from 1.04 to 8.43 g a.i. /hm2 within a set exposure period, while the hazard quotient (HQ) values were above our threshold value of 2 during the entire observation period. These data indicated a potential toxicity risk from tolfenpyrad exposure. The no observed effect application rates (NOERs) of tolfenpyrad on parents (F0) were determined for survival (0.485 g a.i. /hm2), developmental time of pupation (0.242 g a.i. /hm2), and fecundity (0.485 g a.i. /hm2). Application of sublethal doses to unexposed progeny (F1) of exposed parents, prolonged the L1 (1st instar of larvae) and L2 (2nd instar of larvae) stage, while the total longevity, intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (γ), net reproductive rate (R0), and mean generation time (T) were significantly reduced. These results demonstrated the negative influence of sublethal concentrations of tolfenpyrad on C. septempunctata and its persistent effects on subsequent generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Chi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Beijing ECO-SAF Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 1011021, PR China
| | - He Mingyuan
- Beijing ECO-SAF Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 1011021, PR China
| | - Dong Fengshou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xu Jun
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wu Xiaohu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Cai Bing
- Beijing ECO-SAF Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 1011021, PR China
| | - Wang Changbin
- Beijing ECO-SAF Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 1011021, PR China
| | - Sun Tian
- Beijing ECO-SAF Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 1011021, PR China
| | - Zheng Yongquan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Liu Xingang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Cui K, Zhang L, He L, Zhang Z, Zhang T, Mu W, Lin J, Liu F. Toxicological effects of the fungal volatile compound 1-octen-3-ol against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111597. [PMID: 33396118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is an important pest of stored grain, and benzoquinones secreted by this pest are harmful to humans. T. castaneum has developed strong resistance to fumigants, and an ecofriendly alternative for managing T. castaneum is urgently needed. 1-Octen-3-ol is a major volatile compound present in many mushrooms and fungi. In the current study, the direct toxicity and sublethal and transgenerational effects of 1-octen-3-ol on T. castaneum were investigated. Our results showed that 1-octen-3-ol had strong insecticidal activity against all developmental stages of T. castaneum and repelled T. castaneum adults. 1-Octen-3-ol showed negative effects on the development and reproduction of parental T. castaneum and the subsequent generation: LC30 and LC50 treatments significantly decreased the pupa and adult weights, pupation and emergence rates and fecundity of the parental generation. In addition, LC50 treatment shortened the larval and pupal periods. In the unexposed progeny (F1) of 1-octen-3-ol-exposed parents, decreased survival and pupation rates as well as reduced pupa and adult weights were observed under LC30 and LC50 treatments. In addition, a model food-system experiment showed that 1-octen-3-ol at 98 μL/L exhibited an efficacy of 100% after 7 days of fumigation and completely eliminated T. castaneum offspring. Although a higher concentration of 1-octen-3-ol was needed to achieve an efficacy equal to that of the positive control, dichlorvos (DDVP), 1-octen-3-ol promoted the seedling growth of wheat seeds, suggesting that the concentration used was not only acceptable but also beneficial for wheat seeds. Overall, 1-octen-3-ol seems to be a promising candidate for use as a fumigant and repellent against T. castaneum as well as a seed protectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Grain Storage and Logistics, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Mu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Lin
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Kobiela ME, Snell-Rood EC. Genetic Variation Influences Tolerance to a Neonicotinoid Insecticide in 3 Butterfly Species. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2228-2236. [PMID: 32776572 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticides harm nontarget insects, but their sublethal effects on butterflies are understudied. We exposed larvae of 3 butterfly species (Pieris rapae, Colias philodice, and Danaus plexippus) to low levels of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in their host plants and followed individuals to adulthood. Imidacloprid altered adult body size, especially in female monarchs, but its effects varied across maternal families, highlighting the importance of considering genetic variation in ecotoxicological testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2228-2236. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Kobiela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Jiang J, Zhang Z, Yu X, Yu C, Liu F, Mu W. Sublethal and transgenerational effects of thiamethoxam on the demographic fitness and predation performance of the seven-spot ladybeetle Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:168-178. [PMID: 30368081 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seven-spot ladybird beetles, Coccinella septempunctata L., are critical aphidophagous predators in the agricultural environment. Thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid insecticide, is commonly used for controlling pests but impairs their natural enemies at the same time. To improve effective IPM (integrated pest management) strategies, we evaluated the sublethal and transgenerational effects of thiamethoxam on C. septempunctata. Our results showed that thiamethoxam at doses of 0.1 × LC10 (0.053 mg L-1) and LC10 (0.53 mg L-1) significantly reduced adult emergence, fecundity and fertility of the parental generation. In unexposed progeny (F1) of thiamethoxam-exposed parents, at the two doses 0.1 × LC10 and LC10, the larval stage was prolonged, and total longevity was decreased by 18.76 and 24.46%, respectively. The higher concentrations (0.1 × LC10 and LC10) also decreased the fecundity by 33.74 and 46.56%, respectively, and the oviposition period by 19.67 and 25.01%, respectively. In addition, demographic parameters including the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), net reproductive rate (R0), and mean generation time (T) were significantly reduced when exposed to LC10. Moreover, the predation activity of the F1 generation was reduced by the transgenerational effects of LC10. These results disclose negative influence of thiamethoxam at sublethal concentrations on this ladybird predator and its subsequent generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangong Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zhengqun Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018 Shandong, PR China
| | - Caihong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wei Mu
- College of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
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Stoddard PK. Managing Aedes aegypti populations in the first Zika transmission zones in the continental United States. Acta Trop 2018; 187:108-118. [PMID: 30075097 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The African Zika virus swept across the Pacific, reaching the New World in 2014. In July, 2016, Miami-Dade County, Florida became the locus of the first mosquito-borne Zika transmission zones in the continental United States. Control efforts were guided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including aerial and truck sprays of adulticides and larvicides. To improve our understanding of how best to fight Zika transmission in an urban environment in the developed world, trap counts of adult Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) mosquitoes from the treatment zones were analyzed to determine efficacy of the different insecticide treatments. Analysis revealed that application of four different ester pyrethroid and one non-ester pyrethroid had no statistically significant effect on mosquito counts. Aerial application of naled, a potent organophosphate adulticide, produced significant but short-lived drops in Ae. aegypti counts in the first two applications in the first active transmission zone (Wynwood), then lost some efficacy with subsequent application. In the other active transmission zone (Miami Beach), naled produced no measurable effect in the first three applications, and only a small, transient, and marginally significant reduction in the fourth application. Repeated application of the larvicidal bacterium Bti was accompanied by steady declines of Ae. aegypti populations in both sites. Zika transmission ceased in the first transmission zone, but expanded in the second transmission zone during this period. Specific recommendations are proposed for future treatments of urban mosquitoes.
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13
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Del Brio J, Montagna CM, Lares BA, Parolo ME, Venturino A. Chemical characterization and toxicity of water-accommodated fraction of oil on the South American native species Hyalella curvispina. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:209-215. [PMID: 29747152 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and toxicological crude oil analysis was performed on water-accommodated fraction of oil (WAF). This study characterized the chemical composition of WAF and its dissipation over a period of 192 h. Acute (96 h) and chronic (14 d) toxicity of WAF were evaluated on Hyalella curvispina from both reference (Los Barreales lake, LB) and hydrocarbon-contaminated (Durán stream, DS) sites. The total hydrocarbon (TPHs) concentration in WAF was 2.18 mg L-1. The dissipation rates of hydrocarbons in WAF showed a first-order kinetics, with half-lives ranging between 65 h-200 h. Amphipods from LB showed acute and chronic LC50 values of 0.33 and 0.018 mg L-1, respectively. Amphipods from DS exposed to pure WAF showed no mortality in either acute or chronic assays. Further biochemical and molecular research is required to determine the mechanisms underlying the resistance to WAF exposure on DS amphipods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Del Brio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Cristina Mónica Montagna
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Betsabé Ailén Lares
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Parolo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP 8300 Neuquén, Argentina.
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Müller T, Prosche A, Müller C. Sublethal insecticide exposure affects reproduction, chemical phenotype as well as offspring development and antennae symmetry of a leaf beetle. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:709-717. [PMID: 28719883 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The area of agriculturally used land and following to that the use of pesticides are steadily increasing. Insecticides do not only reduce pest organisms on crops but can also affect non-target organisms when present in sublethal concentrations in the environment. We investigated the effects of an exposure to sublethal pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) concentrations, at doses 20 and 60 times lower than the LC50, respectively, on reproductive traits and adult cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of a leaf beetle (Phaedon cochleariae Fabricius). Furthermore, we tested for effects on growth and antennae symmetry of the offspring generation that was not exposed to the insecticide. Sublethal insecticide concentrations decreased the egg number produced by the adults and the hatching rate. Moreover, the chemical phenotype (CHC profile) of adults was altered in dependence of the insecticide treatment, with sex-specific effects. In the unexposed offspring of insecticide-exposed parents, a prolonged development time and a fluctuating asymmetry of the females' antennae were detected, revealing transgenerational effects. The insecticide effects on the CHC profiles of the parental generation might have been caused by changes in CHC precursors, which were potentially induced by the insecticide treatment of the insect diet. Such altered CHC pattern may have implications for intraspecific communication, e.g., in mate choice, as well as in an interspecific way, e.g., in interactions with other arthropod species. The observed detrimental transgenerational effects might be explainable by a reduced investment in the offspring, maternal transfer or epigenetic processes. An asymmetry of the antennae may lead to defects in the reception of chemical signals. In conclusion, the results disclose that, besides detrimental (transgenerational) effects on reproduction and development, an exposure to sublethal insecticide concentrations can impair the chemical communication between individuals, with impacts on the sender (i.e., the CHC profile) and the receiver (i.e., caused by asymmetry of the antennae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Alexander Prosche
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Bird LJ. Genetics, cross-resistance and synergism of indoxacarb resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:575-581. [PMID: 27282098 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera is a global pest of field and horticultural crops and has developed resistance to insecticides from many chemical classes. Indoxacarb is an important option for selective control of H. armigera in a range of crops that play host to this species. A strain of H. armigera resistant to indoxacarb (designated GY7-39) was detected from the field by F2 screening and characterised by comparison with a near-isogenic indoxacarb-susceptible laboratory strain to determine inheritance, cross-resistance profile and synergism of indoxacarb resistance. RESULTS The level of indoxacarb resistance in the GY7-39 strain was 139-198-fold compared with the susceptible strain. Genetic analysis showed that resistance was autosomal, incompletely dominant and conferred by one or a few closely linked loci. Indoxacarb resistance in the GY7-39 strain did not confer cross-resistance to chlorantraniliprole. The GY7-39 strain was more susceptible to emamectin benzoate, fenvalerate, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab compared with the susceptible strain. Indoxacarb resistance was synergised by the metabolic inhibitor PBO. CONCLUSIONS Rapid selection of indoxacarb resistance in the GY7-39 strain indicates the potential risk of resistance development to indoxacarb in field populations of H. armigera. Lack of cross-resistance indicates that resistance could be managed effectively by the use of rotational strategies that incorporate transgenic technologies. Synergism studies indicate the potential involvement of metabolic detoxification enzymes as the mechanism of resistance to indoxacarb. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Bird
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Australian Cotton Research Institute, Narrabri, NSW, Australia
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16
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Oppold A, Kreß A, Vanden Bussche J, Diogo JB, Kuch U, Oehlmann J, Vandegehuchte MB, Müller R. Epigenetic alterations and decreasing insecticide sensitivity of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:45-53. [PMID: 26188644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A range of environmental factors, including chemicals, can affect epigenetic processes in organisms leading to variations in phenotype. Thus, epigenetics displays an important environmentally responsive element. The transgenerational impact of environmental stressors on DNA methylation and phenotype was the focus of this study. The influence of two known DNA methylation-changing agents, the phytoestrogen genistein and the fungicide vinclozolin, on the overall DNA methylation level in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus was investigated. The experiment comprised four generations in a full life-cycle design with an exposed parental generation and three consecutive non-exposed offspring generations. Application of the methylation agents to the parental generation of the study led to an alteration of the global DNA methylation level of the exposed individuals and those in two subsequent generations. The phenotypic variability of the offspring generations was assessed by examining their insecticide sensitivity. Here, a significant decrease in sensitivity (p<0.01) towards the model insecticide imidacloprid revealed alterations of the mosquito's phenotype in two subsequent generations. Thus, the evaluation of A. albopictus from an epigenetic perspective can contribute important information to the study of the high adaptability of this invasive disease vector to new environments, and its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oppold
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - A Kreß
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Vanden Bussche
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J B Diogo
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - U Kuch
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Oehlmann
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiKF), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M B Vandegehuchte
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology (GhEnToxLab), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Jozef Plateaustraat 22, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Müller
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 9b, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abbas N, Mansoor MM, Shad SA, Pathan AK, Waheed A, Ejaz M, Razaq M, Zulfiqar MA. Fitness cost and realized heritability of resistance to spinosad in Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:707-715. [PMID: 25033090 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485314000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The common green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea is a key biological control agent employed in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for managing various insect pests. Spinosad is used for the management of pests in ornamental plants, fruit trees, vegetable and field crops all over the world, including Pakistan. A field-collected population of C. carnea was selected with spinosad and fitness costs and realized heritability were investigated. After selection for five generations, C. carnea developed 12.65- and 73.37-fold resistance to spinosad compared to the field and UNSEL populations. The resistant population had a relative fitness of 1.47, with substantially higher emergence rate of healthy adults, fecundity and hatchability and shorter larval duration, pupal duration, and development time as compared to a susceptible laboratory population. Mean relative growth rate of larvae, intrinsic rate of natural population increase and biotic potential was higher for the spinosad-selected population compared to the susceptible laboratory population. Chrysoperla species are known to show resistance to insecticides which makes the predator compatible with most IPM systems. The realized heritability (h 2) value of spinosad resistance was 0.37 in spinosad-selected population of C. carnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Abbas
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology,Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,Pakistan
| | - M M Mansoor
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology,Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,Pakistan
| | - S A Shad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology,Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,Pakistan
| | - A K Pathan
- Arid Zone Research Institute (PARC),UmerKot,Pakistan
| | - A Waheed
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences,Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,Pakistan
| | - M Ejaz
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology,Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,Pakistan
| | - M Razaq
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology,Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,Pakistan
| | - M A Zulfiqar
- Arid Zone Research Institute (PARC),Multan,Pakistan
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Gong YJ, Wang ZH, Shi BC, Kang ZJ, Zhu L, Jin GH, Weig SJ. Correlation between pesticide resistance and enzyme activity in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:135. [PMID: 24766444 PMCID: PMC4014041 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is one of the most important pests that has developed high pesticide resistance. The resistances of five Chinese populations of this moth, four resistant strains (from Beijing, Henan, Fujian, and Guangdong) and one susceptible strain, to five pesticides were determined, and the activities of carboxylesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholine esterase were tested in all five populations. The correlations between pesticide resistance and enzyme activity were analyzed. The results showed that the resistance status to the five pesticides was different among the five populations. The resistance ratios of the Beijing and Henan populations to spinosad were 5.84 and 8.22, respectively, and those to beta-cypermethrin were 4.91 and 4.98, respectively. These ratios were higher than those for the Fujian and Guangdong populations. The Fujian population was more sensitive to abamectin and chlorpyrifos than the susceptible population (the resistance ratios were 0.14 and 0.91, respectively); in fact, the median lethal concentration for P. xylostella was significantly higher for chlorpyrifos than that for any of the other four pesticides. The carboxylesterase activity in P. xylostella showed positive correlations with the resistance to spinosad, beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and abamectin, but no correlation was observed between the carboxylesterase activity and resistance to emamectin benzoate, between glutathione S-transferase activity and resistance to any of the five pesticides tested, or between acetylcholine esterase activity and any of the pesticides except for emamectin benzoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Gong
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Ze-Hua Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Bao-Cai Shi
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zong-Jiang Kang
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Gui-Hua Jin
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Shu-Jun Weig
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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