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Designing a Novel Multi-epitope T Vaccine for “Targeting Protein for Xklp-2” (TPX2) in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Immunoinformatics Approach. Int J Pept Res Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Curigliano G, Spitaleri G, Dettori M, Locatelli M, Scarano E, Goldhirsch A. Vaccine immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment: promising, but still early. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1225-41. [PMID: 17892423 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.9.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine-based immunotherapy should potentiate immunosurveillance function, preventing and protecting against growing tumors. Tumor cells usually activate the immune system, including T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which are able to eliminate the transformed cells. Immunosubversion mechanisms related to tumor cells antigenic immunoediting induces mechanisms of tolerance and immunoescape. This condition impairs not only host-generated immunosurveillance, but also attempts to harness the immune response for therapeutic purposes. Most trials evaluating breast cancer vaccines have been carried out in patients in the metastatic and adjuvant setting. The aim of this review is to analyze the activity of vaccination strategies in current clinical trials. We summarize the differential approaches, protein-based and cell-based vaccines, focusing on vaccines targeting HER2/neu protein. Another focus of the review is to provide the reader with future challenges in the field, taking into account both the immunological and clinical aspects to better target the goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Curigliano
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy.
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Baxevanis CN, Voutsas IF, Gritzapis AD, Perez SA, Papamichail M. HER-2/neu as a target for cancer vaccines. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:213-26. [PMID: 20635929 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel modality toward the treatment of HER-2/neu-positive malignancies, mostly including breast and, more recently prostate carcinomas, has been the use of vaccines targeting HER-2/neu extracellular and intracellular domains. HER-2/neu-specific vaccines have been demonstrated to generate durable T-cell anti-HER-2/neu immunity when tested in Phase I and II clinical trials with no significant toxicity or autoimmunity directed against normal tissues. Targeting of HER-2/neu in active immunotherapy may involve peptide and DNA vaccines. Moreover, active anti-HER-2/neu immunization could facilitate the ex vivo expansion of HER-2/neu-specific T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of established metastatic disease. In addition, early data from trials examining the potential use of HER-2/neu-based vaccines in the adjuvant setting to prevent the relapse of breast cancer in high-risk patients have shown promising results. Future approaches include multiepitope preventive vaccines and combinatorial treatments for generating the most efficient protective anti-tumor immunity.
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The SSX family of cancer-testis antigens as target proteins for tumor therapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:150591. [PMID: 20981248 PMCID: PMC2963798 DOI: 10.1155/2010/150591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) represent an expanding class of tumor-associated proteins defined on the basis of their tissue-restricted expression to testis or ovary germline cells and frequent ectopic expression in tumor tissue. The expression of CTA in MHC class I-deficient germline cells makes these proteins particularly attractive as immunotherapeutic targets because they serve as essentially tumor-specific antigens for MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells. Moreover, because CTAs are expressed in many types of cancer, any therapeutic developed to target these antigens might have efficacy for multiple cancer types. Of particular interest among CTAs is the synovial sarcoma X chromosome breakpoint (SSX) family of proteins, which includes ten highly homologous family members. Expression of SSX proteins in tumor tissues has been associated with advanced stages of disease and worse patient prognosis. Additionally, both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to SSX proteins have been demonstrated in patients with tumors of varying histological origin, which indicates that natural immune responses can be spontaneously generated to these antigens in cancer patients. The current review will describe the history and identification of this family of proteins, as well as what is known of their function, expression in normal and malignant tissues, and immunogenicity.
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Coveler AL, Bates NE, Disis ML. Progress in the development of a therapeutic vaccine for breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2010; 2:25-36. [PMID: 24367164 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s6956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Various human malignancies are immunogenic and recent cancer vaccine trials have demonstrated potential survival benefit. Breast cancer is immunogenic and there are several tumor associated antigens for which breast cancer vaccines have been developed. Breast cancer vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune response at various steps in the native antigen processing pathway for immunosurveillance. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2/neu), mucin 1 (MUC-1), and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) are some of the most studied antigens actively being targeted for vaccination in breast cancer patients. These vaccines are designed to elicit cytotoxic and/or helper T cell responses. Over the last several years, there has been reported progress in human clinical trials for these antigens. Cancer vaccines have repeatedly been shown to be safe with production of minimal toxicity. Recent clinical advances in the development of cancer vaccines demonstrate the potential clinical benefit that cancer vaccines hold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Coveler
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Nicole E Bates
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
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DNA vaccines: developing new strategies against cancer. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:174378. [PMID: 20368780 PMCID: PMC2846346 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their rapid and widespread development, DNA vaccines have entered into a variety of human clinical trials for vaccines against various diseases including cancer. Evidence that DNA vaccines are well tolerated and have an excellent safety profile proved to be of advantage as many clinical trials combines the first phase with the second, saving both time and money. It is clear from the results obtained in clinical trials that such DNA vaccines require much improvement in antigen expression and delivery methods to make them sufficiently effective in the clinic. Similarly, it is clear that additional strategies are required to activate effective immunity against poorly immunogenic tumor antigens. Engineering vaccine design for manipulating antigen presentation and processing pathways is one of the most important aspects that can be easily handled in the DNA vaccine technology. Several approaches have been investigated including DNA vaccine engineering, co-delivery of immunomodulatory molecules, safe routes of administration, prime-boost regimen and strategies to break the immunosuppressive networks mechanisms adopted by malignant cells to prevent immune cell function. Combined or single strategies to enhance the efficacy and immunogenicity of DNA vaccines are applied in completed and ongoing clinical trials, where the safety and tolerability of the DNA platform are substantiated.
In this review on DNA vaccines, salient aspects on this topic going from basic research to the clinic are evaluated. Some representative DNA cancer vaccine studies are also discussed.
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Abstract
Advances in the understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of dendritic cells (DCs) in animal models and humans have led to their exploitation as anticancer vaccines. Although DC-based immunotherapy has proven clinically safe and efficient to induce tumor-specific immune responses, only a limited number of objective clinical responses have been reported in cancer patients. These relatively disappointing results have prompted the evaluation of multiple approaches to improve the efficacy of DC vaccines. The topic of this review focuses on personalized DC-based anticancer vaccines, which in theory have the potential to present to the host immune system the entire repertoire of antigens harbored by autologous tumor cells. We also discuss the implementation of these vaccines in cancer therapeutic strategies, their limitations and the future challenges for effective immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nona Janikashvili
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
| | - Nicolas Larmonier
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, Arizona 85724, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, BIO5 Institute & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
- University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, 1501 N Campbell Ave, PO Box 245073, Tucson, AZ 85724-85073, USA
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Sharma A, Czerniecki BJ. Developing dendritic cell-based therapies to condition immune responses to novel oncogenic proteins and stem cells. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2009; 2:517-26. [PMID: 22112225 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have been disappointing when utilized as stand-alone therapy, especially in late disease settings. However, recent clinical studies in prostate cancer have suggested that dendritic cellular (DC) vaccines may impact patient survival, reviving the notion that cancer vaccines can impact established cancer. In this review we will highlight the advances that have been made in the development of DC-based therapies activated by Toll-like receptor agonists with the capacity to condition toward strong Th1 cellular responses, through the production of cytokines and chemokines, and a capacity to induce apoptosis of tumor cells. Used in early cancer settings, these DCs induce clinically effective immune responses, thus shifting the emphasis toward using these cells earlier in the disease process. We will also discuss targeting novel molecules and cancer stem cells that can eliminate cells with high metastatic potential, moving DC-based therapies into mainstream cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sharma
- Research and Department of Surgery, Rena Rowan Breast Center, Abramson Cancer Center, PENN Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
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Vlahopoulos S, Gritzapis AD, Perez SA, Cacoullos N, Papamichail M, Baxevanis CN. Mannose addition by yeast Pichia Pastoris on recombinant HER-2 protein inhibits recognition by the monoclonal antibody herceptin. Vaccine 2009; 27:4704-8. [PMID: 19520203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We report here the generation of a full-length, highly glycosylated HER-2 oncoprotein using yeast strain, Pichia Pastoris. Upon treatment of secreted HER-2 with alpha-mannosidase, reactivity with the monoclonal antibody Herceptin is significantly increased. This phenomenon is due to glycosylation via mannose of the full-length HER-2 protein that extends over the antigenic epitope, which is recognized by Herceptin. The extensive glycosylation of HER-2 in Pichia Pastoris significantly increases its recognition and uptake by dendritic cells, which could be associated with increased vaccine performance.
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Mittendorf EA, Holmes JP, Murray JL, von Hofe E, Peoples GE. CD4+T cells in antitumor immunity: utility of an Ii-Key HER2/neu hybrid peptide vaccine (AE37). Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 9:71-8. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590802614538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cancer vaccines: accomplishments and challenges. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 67:93-102. [PMID: 18400507 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 02/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in knowledge in diverse fields of science, including genetics, cell biology, molecular biology and biochemistry, have shed light on the origins of cancer and cell intrinsic properties that allow it to grow, invade and metastasize. Many therapies currently in use or under development are based on this knowledge. Advances in immunology, on the other hand, have shed light on how the host responds to these malignant properties of cancer. Based on that knowledge, immunotherapy, in particular vaccines directed at improving the host response against cancer, is being developed as an alternative therapeutic approach. In this review, we address main issues that have driven development of cancer vaccines and the challenges that have been met and/or are anticipated.
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Salazar LG, Coveler AL, Swensen RE, Gooley TA, Goodell V, Schiffman K, Disis ML. Kinetics of tumor-specific T-cell response development after active immunization in patients with HER-2/neu overexpressing cancers. Clin Immunol 2007; 125:275-80. [PMID: 17913588 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a cancer vaccine to elicit a specific measurable T-cell response is increasingly being used to prioritize immunization strategies for therapeutic development. Knowing the optimal time during a vaccine regimen to measure the development of tumor-specific immunity would greatly facilitate the assessment of T-cell responses. The purpose of this study was to overview the kinetics of HER-2/neu-specific T-cell immunity evolution during and after the administration of HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccination in the adjuvant setting. Furthermore, we questioned whether the presence of preexistent HER-2/neu T-cell immunity or the timing of immunity development over the course of active immunization influenced the intensity of the elicited HER-2/neu-specific T-cell immunity. Our findings demonstrate that maximal tumor-specific immune responses may occur toward the end of the vaccination regimen or even after the scheduled vaccines have been completed. Additionally, the presence of tumor antigen-specific immunity prior to vaccination is associated with greater magnitude immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lupe G Salazar
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle 98109, USA.
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Abstract
We review here the developments in the field of immunoinformatics and their present and potential applications to the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer. Antigen presentation plays a central role in the immune response, and as a result in immunotherapeutic methods such as adoptive T-cell transfer and antitumor vaccination. We therefore extensively review the current technologies of antigen presentation prediction, including the next generation predictors, which combine proteasomal processing, transporter associated with antigen processing and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-binding prediction. Minor histocompatibility antigens are also relevant targets for immunotherapy, and we review the current systems available, SNEP and SiPep. Here, antigen presentation plays a key role, but additional types of data are also incorporated, such as single nucleotide polymorphism data and tissue/cell-type expression data. Current systems are not capable of handling the concept of immunodominance, which is critical to immunotherapy, but efforts have been made to model general aspects of the immune system. Although tough challenges lie ahead, when measuring the field of immunoinformatics on its contributions thus far, one can expect fruitful developments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Deluca
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Street 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Hueman MT, Stojadinovic A, Storrer CE, Dehqanzada ZA, Gurney JM, Shriver CD, Ponniah S, Peoples GE. Analysis of naïve and memory CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in breast cancer patients receiving a HER2/neu peptide (E75) and GM-CSF vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:135-46. [PMID: 16783576 PMCID: PMC11030802 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We are conducting clinical trials of the E75 peptide as a vaccine in breast cancer (BrCa) patients. We assessed T cell subpopulations in BrCa patients before and after E75 vaccination and compared them to healthy controls. We obtained 17 samples of blood from ten healthy individuals and samples from 22 BrCa patients prior to vaccination. We also obtained pre- and post-vaccination samples of blood from seven BrCa patients who received the E75/GM-CSF vaccine. CD4, CD8, CD45RA, CD45RO, and CCR7 antibodies were used to analyze the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by four-color flow cytometry. Compared to healthy individuals, BrCa patients have significantly more memory and less naïve T cells and more effector-memory CD8+ and less effector CD4+ T cells. Phenotypic differences in defined circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subpopulations suggest remnants of an active immune response to tumor distinguished by a predominant memory T cell response and by untapped recruitment of naïve helper and cytotoxic T cells. E75 vaccination induced recruitment of both CD4+ and CD8+ naïve T cells while memory response remained stable. Additionally, vaccination induced global activation of all T cells, with specific enhancement of effector CD4+ T cells. E75 vaccination causes activation of both memory and naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while recruiting additional naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to the overall immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Hueman
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
| | - Catherine E. Storrer
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Zia A. Dehqanzada
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Gurney
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - Craig D. Shriver
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
| | - Sathibalan Ponniah
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
| | - George E. Peoples
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC 20307 USA
- Clinical Breast Care Project, Immunology and Research Center, National Naval Medical Center, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, CBCP IRC Building 139, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5600 USA
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HANSKI CHRISTOPH, ITZKOWITZ STEVENH. Translating the Knowledge of Molecular Alterations That Occur during Colon Carcinogenesis into Clinically Relevant Solutions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Knutson KL, Disis ML. Tumor antigen-specific T helper cells in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:721-8. [PMID: 16010587 PMCID: PMC11032889 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Historically, cancer-directed immune-based therapies have focused on eliciting a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response, primarily due to the fact that CTL can directly kill tumors. In addition, many putative tumor antigens are intracellular proteins, and CTL respond to peptides presented in the context of MHC class I which are most often derived from intracellular proteins. Recently, increasing importance is being given to the stimulation of a CD4+ T helper cell (Th) response in cancer immunotherapy. Th cells are central to the development of an immune response by activating antigen-specific effector cells and recruiting cells of the innate immune system such as macrophages and mast cells. Two predominant Th cell subtypes exist, Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells, characterized by secretion of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, are primarily responsible for activating and regulating the development and persistence of CTL. In addition, Th1 cells activate antigen-presenting cells (APC) and induce limited production of the type of antibodies that can enhance the uptake of infected cells or tumor cells into APC. Th2 cells favor a predominantly humoral response. Particularly important during Th differentiation is the cytokine environment at the site of antigen deposition or in the local lymph node. Th1 commitment relies on the local production of IL-12, and Th2 development is promoted by IL-4 in the absence of IL-12. Specifically modulating the Th1 cell response against a tumor antigen may lead to effective immune-based therapies. Th1 cells are already widely implicated in the tissue-specific destruction that occurs during the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Th1 cells directly kill tumor cells via release of cytokines that activate death receptors on the tumor cell surface. We now know that cross-priming of the tumor-specific response by potent APC is a major mechanism of the developing endogenous immune response; therefore, even intracellular proteins can be presented in the context of MHC class II. Indeed, recent studies demonstrate the importance of cross-priming in eliciting CTL. Many vaccine strategies aim to stimulate the Th response specific for a tumor antigen. Early clinical trials have shown that focus on the Th effector arm of the immune system can result in significant levels of both antigen-specific Th cells and CTL, the generation of long lasting immunity, and a Th1 phenotype resulting in the development of epitope spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Knutson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 342C Guggenheim Bldg., 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55906, USA.
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Abstract
The c-erbB-2 proto-oncogene encodes a 185 kDa transmembrane Type 1 tyrosine kinase receptor whose amplification and/or overexpression has been linked with poor prognosis in a variety of cancers. The oncoprotein has been suggested to play a key role in tumour cell invasion, motility and metastasis, and in responsiveness to therapeutic agents. Over-expression of c-erbB-2 therefore identifies an important subset of patients with a high probability of relapse, but low probability of response to certain conventional therapies. The cell surface location of the oncoprotein, its stability of expression and low levels in normal adult tissues render it an attractive target for immunotherapeutic intervention. Although a 'self' antigen, there is evidence that c-erbB-2 p185 can induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in cancer patients. Approaches to exploit p185 as an immunotherapeutic target include vaccination with peptides, plasmid DNA or vectors (viruses/bacteria) carrying the gene; with cytokines, co-stimulatory factors and superantigens being evaluated as adjuvants. Many monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based strategies are also in clinical development. Monoclonal antibodies can serve multiple functions; direct inhibition of c-erbB-2 activity, recruitment of host effector mechanisms and direct or indirect delivery of toxic payloads. Clinical trials in patients with late stage disease have shown that many of these approaches are safe, feasible and relatively non-toxic, and, in some cases, objective responses have been seen. As with all immunotherapy, the greatest benefit is likely to be obtained in patients with minimal residual disease in an adjuvant setting; such studies are awaited with interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eccles
- Section of Cancer Therapeutics, McElwain Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, Cotswold Rd., Belmont, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Smorlesi A, Papalini F, Orlando F, Donnini A, Re F, Provinciali M. Imiquimod and S-27609 as adjuvants of DNA vaccination in a transgenic murine model of HER2/neu-positive mammary carcinoma. Gene Ther 2005; 12:1324-32. [PMID: 15944732 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccination against HER-2/neu is an effective way to induce an immune response able to oppose the spontaneous development of mammary tumours occurring in HER-2/neu transgenic mice. In this study, we have evaluated the potential of Imiquimod and the analogue S-27609 as adjuvants of DNA vaccination against HER-2/neu in transgenic mice. The association of a DNA vaccine encoding a portion of rat HER2/neu with either Imiquimod or S-27609 was found to delay the development of spontaneous mammary tumours and to reduce their incidence, in comparison with DNA vaccination alone. Almost 80 or 40% of tumour-free mice were found at the end of measurement time in mice vaccinated and supplemented with Imiquimod or S-27609, respectively. The antitumour preventive effect was associated with increased antibody and cell-mediated immune responsiveness against HER-2/neu. In mice vaccinated and supplemented with Imiquimod, a small but significant increase of rat p185neu-specific cytotoxicity and of IFN-gamma and IL-2-producing CD8T cells, together with a reduction of IL-4-producing CD4T cells, and a switch from an IgG1 towards a IgG2a phenotype of anti-p185neu antibodies, suggested a TH1 polarization of the immune response. The immunoregulatory efficacy of S-27609 was lower than that observed for Imiquimod. These data highlight the potential of Imiquimod, and, to a lower extent, of S-27609, as immunological adjuvants of therapeutic DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smorlesi
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Immunology Center, INRCA Research Department, Ancona, Italy
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21
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Lane C, Leitch J, Tan X, Hadjati J, Bramson JL, Wan Y. Vaccination-induced autoimmune vitiligo is a consequence of secondary trauma to the skin. Cancer Res 2004; 64:1509-14. [PMID: 14973051 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major concern for cancer vaccines targeting self-tumor antigens is the risk of autoimmune sequelae. Although antitumor immunity correlates with autoimmune disease in some preclinical models, the mechanism(s) linking antitumor immunity and subsequent autoimmune pathology remain(s) to be determined. In the current study, we demonstrated that intradermal (i.d.) immunization with a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) expressing the murine melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (AdmTrp-2) results in a moderate level of tumor protection against the B16F10 murine melanoma without any vitiligo. Similar immunization with an Ad encoding human Trp-2 (AdhTrp-2) resulted in 50-fold greater protective immunity and produced vitiligo in all of the mice, suggesting that the development of autoimmunity may reflect the potency of the vaccine. Interestingly, delivery of AdhTrp-2 by i.m. injection generated protective immunity comparable with that seen in mice that received the vaccine by the i.d. route, but none of the recipients in the i.m. group developed vitiligo. The cellular and humoral responses in the i.m. immunized mice were greater than in the i.d. group; therefore, the lack of vitiligo was not caused by reduced efficacy of the vaccine. These results led us to hypothesize that vaccine-induced vitiligo was associated with local inflammatory responses. Mice immunized i.m. with AdhTrp-2 did develop vitiligo when they subsequently were injected i.d. with either a control Ad vector or complete Freund's adjuvant, suggesting that vitiligo is initiated by some form of trauma within the skin. Our data demonstrated that autoimmune pathology is not an unavoidable outcome of effective cancer vaccines directed against self-tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Lane
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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Schiffman K, Disis ML. HER2/neu peptide-based vaccines, with GM-CSF as an adjuvant, in patients with advanced-stage HER2/neu-expressing cancers. Clin Lung Cancer 2004; 2:74-7. [PMID: 14731345 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2000.n.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Schiffman
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinically successful Ag-specific cancer immunotherapy depends on the identification of tumor-rejection Ags. Historically, tumor Ags have been identified by analyzing cancer patients' own T-cell or Ab responses. METHODS The unveiling of the human genome and optimized immunological analytical tools, particularly 'reverse immunology', have made it possible to screen any given protein for immunogenic epitopes. These advances enable the immunological characterization of universal tumor-associated gene products that mediate critical functions for tumor growth and development. RESULTS Four examples of candidate universal tumor Ags reviewed here include the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the inhibitor of apoptosis survivin, the p53-interacting protein MDM2, and the cytochrome P450 isoform 1B1--each at various levels of preclinical and clinical development. DISCUSSION The cardinal feature of universal TAA is that they are expressed in (nearly) all tumors and in no normal tissues. They are directly involved in the malignant phenotype of the tumor. Certain peptides derived from such Ags are expressed on the tumor-cell surface, as evidenced by Ag-specific, MHC-restricted T-cell anti-tumor reactivity in vitro. It is hoped that these features imply a pre-existing, high-affinity T-cell pool that can be activated in vivo in patients, without immunoselection of variant tumor cells no longer expressing the Ag of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gordan
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Kiessling R, Wei WZ, Herrmann F, Lindencrona JA, Choudhury A, Kono K, Seliger B. Cellular immunity to the Her-2/neu protooncogene. Adv Cancer Res 2003; 85:101-44. [PMID: 12374283 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(02)85004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Her-2/neu (HER-2) is a 185-kDa receptor-like glycoprotein that is overexpressed by a variety of tumors such as breast, ovarian, gastric, and colorectal carcinomas. Overexpression of this oncogene is directly associated with malignant transformation of epithelial cells. The frequency of HER-2 overexpression varies among the different types of cancers, but universally represents a marker of poor prognosis. The critical role of HER-2 in epithelial oncogenesis as well as its selective overexpression on malignant tissues makes it an ideal target for immunotherapy. Antibodies and T cells reactive to HER-2 are known to naturally occur in patients with HER-2 positive tumors, confirming the immunogenicity of the molecule. Both antibodies as well as T cells reactive to HER-2 have been utilized for immunotherapy of HER-2 positive tumors. The "humanized" monoclonal antibody Herceptin has been tested in several clinical trials and found to be an effective adjuvant therapy for HER-2 positive breast and ovarian cancer patients. However, the frequency of patients responding to Herceptin is limited and a majority of patients initially responding to Herceptin develop resistance within a year of treatment. The use of vaccination strategies that generate T cell responses with or without accompanying antibody responses may serve to mitigate the problem. Various strategies for generating T cell-mediated responses against HER-2 are currently being examined in animal models or in clinical trials. The potential advantages of the various approaches to immunotherapy, their pitfalls, and the mechanisms by which HER-2 positive tumors can evade immune responses are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Dela Cruz JS, Lau SY, Ramirez EM, De Giovanni C, Forni G, Morrison SL, Penichet ML. Protein vaccination with the HER2/neu extracellular domain plus anti-HER2/neu antibody-cytokine fusion proteins induces a protective anti-HER2/neu immune response in mice. Vaccine 2003; 21:1317-26. [PMID: 12615426 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously protein vaccines consisting of the extracellular domain of HER2/neu (ECD(HER2)) were shown to elicit an immune response that does not provide protection against transplantable tumors expressing HER2/neu. Here, we showed that when mice were vaccinated with a mixture of human ECD(HER2) and anti-human HER2/neu IL-12, IL-2 or GM-CSF fusion proteins, significant retardation of the growth of a syngeneic carcinoma expressing rat HER2/neu, and long-term survivors were observed. Immune sera inhibited the in vitro growth of SK-BR-3, a human breast cancer overexpressing HER2/neu. Transfer of immune sera into mice challenged with TUBO also led to partial inhibition of tumor growth. Splenocytes from mice vaccinated with ECD(HER2) plus IgG3-(GM-CSF) incubated with ECD(HER2) demonstrated significant proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion. Taken together these results suggest that vaccines including ECD(HER2) and Ab-cytokine fusion proteins may be used to elicit both humoral and cell-mediated responses against HER2/neu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Dela Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles 90095-1489, USA
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Disis
- University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6527, USA.
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27
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Vidovic D, Graddis T, Chen F, Slagle P, Diegel M, Stepan L, Laus R. Antitumor vaccination with HER-2-derived recombinant antigens. Int J Cancer 2002; 102:660-4. [PMID: 12448011 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of malignant tumors overexpress HER-2, a transmembrane glycoprotein of the class I receptor tyrosine kinase erbB family. To develop an effective HER-2 vaccine for the selective immunotherapy of these malignancies, we have genetically engineered fusion proteins containing portions of extra- and intracellular HER-2 domains. Activated dendritic cells (DC) cocultured with these novel antigens (Ag) could induce potent responses of Ag-specific T-cell lines in vitro and a protection against HER-2-expressing tumor in vivo. The protective capabilities of HER-2-derived fusion proteins correlated with the efficiency of their presentation to Ag-specific T-cell hybridomas. The most effective Ag contained GM-CSF, the presence of which facilitated their internalization by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in a receptor-mediated manner.
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28
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Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable. Harnessing the body's own immune system to control or eradicate tumours has long been an attractive concept. Only recently has the field of tumour immunology provided the basic science behind the mechanisms of tumour genesis, molecular basis of the recognition of tumour associated antigens and the interactions of the antigen-presenting cells with effector cells. This research has been translated into numerous clinical immunotherapy strategies, which have reached the oncology clinic and which should provide options for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Havranek
- Department of Urology, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK
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29
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Disis ML, Gooley TA, Rinn K, Davis D, Piepkorn M, Cheever MA, Knutson KL, Schiffman K. Generation of T-cell immunity to the HER-2/neu protein after active immunization with HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccines. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:2624-32. [PMID: 12039923 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2002.06.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The HER-2/neu protein is a nonmutated tumor antigen that is overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies, including breast and ovarian cancer. Many tumor antigens, such as MAGE and gp100, are self-proteins; therefore, effective vaccine strategies must circumvent tolerance. We hypothesized that immunizing patients with subdominant peptide epitopes derived from HER-2/neu, using an adjuvant known to recruit professional antigen-presenting cells, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, would result in the generation of T-cell immunity specific for the HER-2/neu protein. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sixty-four patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast, ovarian, or non-small-cell lung cancers were enrolled. Vaccines were composed of peptides derived from potential T-helper epitopes of the HER-2/neu protein admixed with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and administered intradermally. Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were evaluated at baseline, before vaccination, and after vaccination for antigen-specific T-cell immunity. Immunologic response data are presented on the 38 subjects who completed six vaccinations. Toxicity data are presented on all 64 patients enrolled. RESULTS Ninety-two percent of patients developed T-cell immunity to HER-2/neu peptides (stimulation index, 2.1 to 59) and 68% to a HER-2/neu protein domain (stimulation index range, 2 to 31). Epitope spreading was observed in 84% of patients and significantly correlated with the generation of a HER-2/neu protein-specific T-cell immunity (P =.03). At 1-year follow-up, immunity to the HER-2/neu protein persisted in 38% of patients. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancers can develop immunity to both HER-2/neu peptides and protein. In addition, the generation of protein-specific immunity, after peptide immunization, was associated with epitope spreading, reflecting the initiation of an endogenous immune response. Finally, immunity can persist after active immunizations have ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Disis
- Division of Oncology and Department of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6527, USA.
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30
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Disis ML, Rinn K, Knutson KL, Davis D, Caron D, dela Rosa C, Schiffman K. Flt3 ligand as a vaccine adjuvant in association with HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccines in patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancers. Blood 2002; 99:2845-50. [PMID: 11929774 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.8.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and have shown promise to function as "natural" vaccine adjuvants. Currently, most cancer vaccine trials using DCs generate autologous DCs ex vivo for each patient. Systemic treatment with Flt3 ligand (FL) results in a marked increase of DCs in tissues such as spleen and lymph nodes in mice and in the peripheral blood and skin of humans. In light of these observations, we questioned whether FL could be used systemically as a vaccine adjuvant to stimulate DC mobilization in vivo, circumventing the need to generate DCs ex vivo. Ten patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancer were enrolled in a phase 1 study to receive a HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccine targeting the intracellular domain of the HER-2/neu protein. All patients received 20 microg/kg FL per day subcutaneously for 14 days. Five patients received the HER-2/neu peptide-based vaccine alone on day 7 of the 14-day cycle, and 5 patients received the vaccine admixed with 150 microg granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on day 7 of the FL cycle. T-cell proliferative responses to HER-2/neu peptides and intracellular domain protein suggest that vaccine regimens including FL as an adjuvant were not effective in eliciting a significant HER-2/neu protein-specific T-cell proliferative response. However, including FL as a vaccine adjuvant was effective in boosting the precursor frequency of interferon-gamma-secreting HER-2/neu-specific T cells. The small sample size of each group, however, did not allow a statistically significant comparison of immune responses between the FL alone and FL with GM-CSF arms. Finally, vaccine regimens including FL as a vaccine adjuvant were associated with the development of apparent autoimmune phenomena in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Disis
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6527, USA.
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31
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Ying H, Zeng G, Black KL. Innovative cancer vaccine strategies based on the identification of tumour-associated antigens. BioDrugs 2002; 15:819-31. [PMID: 11784213 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200115120-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The identification of tumour-associated antigens has opened up new approaches to cancer immunotherapy. While past research focused on CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses, accumulating evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells also play an important role in orchestrating the host immune response against cancer. In this article, we summarise new strategies for the identification of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated tumour antigens and discuss the importance of engaging both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in cancer immunotherapy. The cloning of MHC class I- or class II-associated antigens has made it possible to develop synthetic and recombinant cancer vaccines that express specific tumour antigens. There are three major types of synthetic and recombinant cancer vaccines: recombinant viral and bacterial vaccines; naked DNA or RNA vaccines; and recombinant protein and peptide vaccines. In this article, we also discuss a new generation of recombinant cancer vaccines, 'self-replicating' DNA and RNA vaccines. Studies on the mechanisms of 'self-replicating' nucleic acid vaccines revealed that the enhanced immunogenicity was not due to an enhanced antigen expression, suggesting that the quantitative difference may not be as important as the qualitative difference in antigen presentation. The presence of the RNA replicase in the 'self-replicating' nucleic acid vaccines mimics alphavirus infection, which triggers the innate antiviral pathways of the host cells. Studies on how viral and cellular modulators of the innate antiviral pathways affect vaccine function should provide molecular insights crucial to future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ying
- Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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32
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Kono K, Takahashi A, Amemiya H, Ichihara F, Sugai H, Iizuka H, Fujii H, Matsumoto Y. Frequencies of HER-2/neu overexpression relating to HLA haplotype in patients with gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2002; 98:216-20. [PMID: 11857411 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have identified that HER-2/neu-derived peptides are naturally processed as tumor rejection antigens recognized by tumor-specific, HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes in gastric cancer. To evaluate candidates for immunotherapy using HER-2/neu-derived, HLA-A2-restricted peptides, we examined the frequency of HLA-A2 relating to HER-2/neu overexpression or the infiltrating grade of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in Japanese patients with gastric cancer. HER-2/neu-overexpressing tumors detected by immunohistochemistry amounted to 19% of primary gastric cancers and HLA-A2-positive patients with gastric cancer were 31% of primary gastric-cancer cases. Finally, gastric-cancer patients with both HLA-A2-positive and HER-2/neu-overexpressing tumors amounted to 6.6% of these cases. There was no significant difference in the infiltrating grade of TILs between gastric cancers overexpressing HER-2/neu and those that did not. The candidate for HER-2/neu-based immunotherapy with HLA-A2-restricted peptides represent a very limited population of Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kono
- First Department of Surgery, Yamanashi Medical University, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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33
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Abstract
Standard of care for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (surgery, chemotherapy and radiation) may enhance patient survival but the enhancement is typically transient and quite uncommon with advanced disease. Researchers and medical professionals are using new approaches to improve patient mortality and morbidity. One of these approaches, immunotherapy, seeks to stimulate antitumour immunity above a threshold level needed for tumour regression or to induce stability in the face of progression. Among the most established approaches are vaccines involving monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or immune effector cells. These approaches stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated arms of the immune system, respectively. As the development of humanised or fully human antibodies has spurred exploration of radioimmunoconjugates and immunotoxins, mAbs have enjoyed a revival of sorts. Cell-based therapies using the tumour cell itself as a vaccine component has resulted in disease stabilisation or regression. In addition, immune cells (e.g., T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells [DCs]) are the focal point of numerous patient trials in which meaningful clinical impact was achieved. In general, there are many tactics under development for the treatment of NSCLC. This review primarily concerns immunotherapeutic cancer treatments that are either already in clinical trial or well progressed into preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Salgaller
- Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc., Suite 100, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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34
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Kao H, Marto JA, Hoffmann TK, Shabanowitz J, Finkelstein SD, Whiteside TL, Hunt DF, Finn OJ. Identification of cyclin B1 as a shared human epithelial tumor-associated antigen recognized by T cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1313-23. [PMID: 11696596 PMCID: PMC2195974 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.9.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We eluted peptides from class I molecules of HLA-A2.1(+) breast adenocarcinoma and loaded reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions onto dendritic cells to prime naive CD8(+) T cells. Fractions that supported growth of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes were analyzed by nano-HPLC micro-ESI tandem mass spectrometry. Six HLA-A2.1-binding peptides, four 9-mers (P1-P4) differing in the COOH-terminal residue, and two 10-mers (P5 and P6) with an additional COOH-terminal alanine, were identified in one fraction. Peptide sequences were homologous to cyclin B1. We primed CD8(+) T cells from another HLA-A2.1(+) healthy donor with synthetic peptides and generated P4-specific responses. We also detected memory T cells specific for one or more of these peptides in patients with breast cancer and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN). T cells from one patient, restimulated once in vitro, could kill the tumor cell line from which the peptides were derived. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor lines and tissue sections showed cyclin B1 overexpression and aberrant localization in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus. Sequencing genomic DNA and cDNA corresponding to P1-P6 region showed that differences in COOH-terminal residues were not due to either DNA mutations or errors in transcription, suggesting a high error rate in translation of cyclin B1 protein in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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35
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zum Büschenfelde CM, Metzger J, Hermann C, Nicklisch N, Peschel C, Bernhard H. The generation of both T killer and Th cell clones specific for the tumor-associated antigen HER2 using retrovirally transduced dendritic cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1712-9. [PMID: 11466395 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Induction of antitumor immunity involves the presence of both CD8(+) CTLs and CD4(+) Th cells specific for tumor-associated Ags. Attempts to eradicate cancer by adoptive T cell transfer have been limited due to the difficulty of generating T cells with defined Ag specificity. The current study focuses on the generation of CTL and Th cells against the tumor-associated Ag HER2 using autologous dendritic cells (DC) derived from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells which have been retrovirally transduced with the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene. HER2-transduced DC elicited HER2-specific CD8(+) CTL that lyse HER2-overexpressing tumor cells in context of distinct HLA class I alleles. The induction of both HLA-A2 and -A3-restricted HER2-specific CTL was verified on a clonal level. In addition, retrovirally transduced DC induced CD4(+) Th1 cells recognizing HER2 in context with HLA class II. HLA-DR-restricted CD4(+) T cells were cloned that released IFN-gamma upon stimulation with DC pulsed with the recombinant protein of the extracellular domain of HER2. These data indicate that retrovirally transduced DC expressing the HER2 molecule present multiple peptide epitopes and subsequently elicit HER2-specific CTL and Th1 cells. The method of stimulating HER2-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells with retrovirally transduced DC was successfully implemented for generating HER2-specific CTL and Th1 clones from a patient with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. The ability to generate and expand HER2-specific, HLA-restricted CTL and Th1 clones in vitro facilitates the development of immunotherapy regimens, in particular the adoptive transfer of both autologous HER2-specific T cell clones in patients with HER2-overexpressing tumors without the requirement of defining immunogenic peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Alleles
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Clone Cells
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Genes, erbB-2/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- C M zum Büschenfelde
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81664 Munich, Germany
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36
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Abstract
Despite progressive developments in therapeutic interventions, including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there has been no major improvement in the survival of women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Based on knowledge of tumor growth patterns, approaches addressing this issue have included increasing chemotherapy dose or dose density and extending the duration of therapy. However, only the latter approach has resulted in improved clinical benefit, although not survival; and its use is restricted by the cumulative toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, the best hope for improved survival lies with new classes of anticancer drug and particularly biological agents. This review focuses on the first oncogene-targeted therapy for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)+ MBC patients. The humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody Herceptin has proven clinical benefits in HER2+ MBC patients, most importantly improved survival, and is rapidly becoming a standard of care for these patients. In contrast to the fixed number of cycles used for chemotherapeutic agents, Herceptin is administered until disease progression, with some data suggesting that continuation beyond disease progression should be investigated. The preclinical and clinical findings on which the current recommended duration of Herceptin therapy are based are reviewed and alternative strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bell
- Andrew Love Cancer Centre, 70 Swanston Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
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37
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Houghton RL, Dillon DC, Molesh DA, Zehentner BK, Xu J, Jiang J, Schmidt C, Frudakis A, Repasky E, Maltez Filho A, Nolasco M, Badaro R, Zhang X, Roche PC, Persing DH, Reed SG. Transcriptional complementarity in breast cancer: application to detection of circulating tumor cells. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS : A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN DISEASE THROUGH THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 6:79-91. [PMID: 11468693 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We used a combination of genetic subtraction, silicon DNA microarray analysis, and quantitative PCR to identify tissue- and tumor-specific genes as diagnostic targets for breast cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS From a large number of candidate antigens, several specific subsets of genes were identified that showed concordant and complementary expression profiles. Whereas transcriptional profiling of mammaglobin resulted in the detection of 70% of tumors in a panel of 46 primary and metastatic breast cancers, the inclusion of three additional markers resulted in detection of all 46 specimens. Immunomagnetic epithelial cell enrichment of circulating tumor cells from the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic breast cancer, coupled with RT-PCR-based amplification of breast tumor-specific transcripts, resulted in the detection of anchorage-independent tumor cells in the majority of patients with breast cancer with known metastatic disease. CONCLUSION Complementation of mammaglobin with three additional genes in RT-PCR increases the detection of breast cancers in tissue and circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Houghton
- Corixa Corporation, 1124 Columbia St., Ste 200, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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38
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Knutson KL, Disis ML. Expansion of HER2/neu-specific T cells ex vivo following immunization with a HER2/neu peptide-based vaccine. Clin Breast Cancer 2001; 2:73-9. [PMID: 11899386 DOI: 10.3816/cbc.2001.n.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The identification and characterization of tumor antigens has facilitated the development of immune-based cancer prophylaxis and therapy. Cancer vaccines, like viral vaccines, may be effective in cancer prevention. Adoptive T-cell therapy, in contrast, may be more efficacious for the eradication of existing malignancies. Our group is examining the feasibility of antigen-specific adoptive T-cell therapy for the treatment of established cancer in the HER2/neu model. Transgenic mice overexpressing rat neu in mammary tissue develop malignancy, histologically similar to human HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer. These mice can be effectively immunized against a challenge with neu-positive tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of neu-specific T cells into tumor-bearing mice eradicates malignancy. Effective T-cell therapy relies on optimization of the ex vivo expansion of antigen-specific T cells. Two important elements of ex vivo antigen-specific T-cell growth that have been identified are (1) the preexisting levels of antigen-specific T cells and (2) the cytokine milieu used during ex vivo expansion of the T cells. Phase I clinical trials of HER2/neu-based peptide vaccination in human cancer patients have demonstrated that increased levels of HER2/neu-specific T-cells can be elicited after active immunization. Initiating cultures with greater numbers of antigen-specific T cells facilitates expansion. In addition, cytokines, such as interleukin-12, when added during ex vivo culturing along with interleukin-2 can selectively expand antigen-specific T-cells. Interleukin-12 also enhances antigen-specific functional measurements such as interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release. Refinements in ex vivo expansion techniques may greatly improve the feasibility of tumor-antigen T-cell-based therapy for the treatment of advanced-stage HER2/neu-overexpressing breast malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Knutson
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB BB1321, Box 356527, Seattle, WA 98195-6527, USA.
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Knutson KL, Schiffman K, Disis ML. Immunization with a HER-2/neu helper peptide vaccine generates HER-2/neu CD8 T-cell immunity in cancer patients. J Clin Invest 2001; 107:477-84. [PMID: 11181647 PMCID: PMC199268 DOI: 10.1172/jci11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T-cell help is required during the generation and maintenance of effective antitumor CD8 T cell-mediated immunity. The goal of this study was to determine whether HER-2/neu-specific CD8 T-cell immunity could be elicited using HER-2/neu-derived MHC class II "helper" peptides, which contain encompassed HLA-A2-binding motifs. Nineteen HLA-A2 patients with HER-2/neu-overexpressing cancers received a vaccine preparation consisting of putative HER-2/neu helper peptides p369-384, p688-703, and p971-984. Contained within these sequences are the HLA-A2-binding motifs p369-377, p689-697, and p971-979. After vaccination, the mean peptide-specific T-cell precursor frequency to the HLA-A2 peptides increased in the majority of patients. In addition, the peptide-specific T cells were able to lyse tumors. The responses were long-lived and detectable for more than 1 year after the final vaccination in select patients. These results demonstrate that HER-2/neu MHC class II epitopes containing encompassed MHC class I epitopes are able to induce long-lasting HER-2-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Knutson
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building BB1361, Seattle, WA 98195-6527, USA.
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40
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Pietersz GA, Li W, Apostolopoulos V. A 16-mer peptide (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK) from antennapedia preferentially targets the Class I pathway. Vaccine 2001; 19:1397-405. [PMID: 11163662 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Translocation of antigenic peptides into the cytosol of antigen presenting cells facilitates proteosomal processing and loading into Class I molecules for MHC presentation on the cell surface. The DNA binding domain of the Drosophila transcription factor (Antennapedia), a 60 amino acid protein, is rapidly taken up by cells and has been fused to selected antigens to enhance their immunogenicity. We now demonstrate that a 16 amino acid peptide from antennapedia can facilitate the cytoplasmic uptake of CTL epitope 9-mer peptides. Synthetic peptides were made containing the 16-mer antennapedia peptide linked in tandem to the ovalbumin SIINFEKL CTL peptide. The peptide complex was shown to rapidly internalise into APCs by confocal microscopy. This peptide induced CTL in C57BL/6 mice and protected them against growth of an ovalbumin expressing tumour cell line (E.G7-OVA). The ability of the hybrid peptide to be processed and presented by APCs was similar, whether the SIINFEKL sequence was appended at the C-terminus or N-terminus of the Antennapedia peptide. The production of synthetic peptides containing other CTL peptide epitopes may be useful for priming CTLs in vitro and in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Pietersz
- The Austin Research Institute, Studley Road, Heidelberg, 3084, Victoria, Australia.
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41
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Meyer zum Büschenfelde C, Nicklisch N, Rose-John S, Peschel C, Bernhard H. Generation of tumor-reactive CTL against the tumor-associated antigen HER2 using retrovirally transduced dendritic cells derived from CD34+ hemopoietic progenitor cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4133-40. [PMID: 11034426 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.7.4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ag-specific CD8+ CTL are crucial for effective tumor rejection. Attempts to treat human malignancies by adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive CTL have been limited due to the difficulty of generating and expanding autologous CTL with defined Ag specificity. The current study examined whether human CTL can be generated against the tumor-associated Ag HER2 using autologous dendritic cells (DC) that had been genetically engineered to express HER2. DC progenitors were expanded by culturing CD34+ hemopoietic progenitor cells in the presence of the designer cytokine HyperIL-6. Proliferating precursor cells were infected by a retroviral vector encoding the HER2 Ag and further differentiated into CD83+ DC expressing high levels of MHC, adhesion, and costimulatory molecules. Retroviral transduction of DC resulted in the expression of the HER2 molecule with a transduction efficiency of 15%. HER2-transduced DC correctly processed and presented the Ag, because HLA-A*0201-positive DC served as targets for CTL recognizing the HLA-A*0201-binding immunodominant peptide HER2(369-377). HER2-transduced DC were used as professional APCs for stimulating autologous T lymphocytes. Following repetitive stimulation, a HER2-specific, HLA-A*0201-restricted CTL line was generated that was capable of lysing HLA-A*0201-matched tumor cells overexpressing HER2. A CD8+ T cell clone could be generated that displayed the same specificity pattern as the parenteral CTL line. The ability to generate and expand HER2-specific, MHC class I-restricted CTL clones using HER2-transduced autologous DC in vitro facilitates the development of adoptive T cell transfer for patients with HER2-overexpressing tumors without the requirement of defining immunogenic peptides.
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MESH Headings
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/virology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/virology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-6
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Retroviridae/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meyer zum Büschenfelde
- III Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität Müchen, Munich, Germany
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Miyamoto H, Kubota Y, Noguchi S, Takase K, Matsuzaki J, Moriyama M, Takebayashi S, Kitamura H, Hosaka M. C-ERBB-2 gene amplification as a prognostic marker in human bladder cancer. Urology 2000; 55:679-83. [PMID: 10792078 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate c-erbB-2 gene amplification and its prognostic significance in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. METHODS Alterations in the gene copy number of c-erbB-2 were detected in 57 bladder tumor samples using a method based on the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Eighteen tumors (32%) showed gene amplification of c-erbB-2, which correlated with tumor grade and stage. A strong association of c-erbB-2 amplification with patient survival was also found. The amplification resulted in a significantly poorer prognosis among the patients with high-grade and/or invasive tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed that c-erbB-2 amplification and tumor grade were independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate a possible role of the c-erbB-2 gene in the development of aggressive behavior in bladder tumors. Moreover, the use of c-erbB-2 gene amplification, together with tumor grade and stage, could provide an accurate basis for determining the prognosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyamoto
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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43
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Disis ML, West HL, Schiffman K. Cancer Vaccines for the Treatment and Prevention of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2000; 1:294-301. [PMID: 14733635 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2000.n.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines targeting non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been studied for decades; clinical trials, for the most part, have focused on the use of autologous and allogeneic whole-tumor cell vaccines. Recent advances in molecular biology and immunology, however, have allowed the identification of many tumor antigens involved in the generation of immunity to NSCLC. Although small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is commonly thought of as an immunogenic tumor, it is now clear that NSCLC is also capable of eliciting an endogenous immune response in patients with the disease and, in fact, has a natural history that may make NSCLC more amenable to vaccine therapy as an adjuvant treatment strategy. This review will high-light the major components of the immune system that may potentially interact with tumor-associated proteins as well as outline the immunologic similarities and differences between SCLC and NSCLC. Tumor antigens that elicit immune responses in patients with NSCLC will be discussed. Finally, clinical trials of whole-tumor cell vaccines, both autologous and allogeneic, and tumor antigen-specific vaccines will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Disis
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6527, USA.
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Knutson KL, Schiffman K, Rinn K, Disis ML. Immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1999; 4:353-65. [PMID: 10705919 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018714300217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of immunotherapeutic principles to the treatment and prevention of breast cancer is a relatively new undertaking. Although cytokine infusions, cancer vaccines, and T cell therapy have been extensively studied in solid tumors such as melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, the therapeutic efficacy of these approaches is not well explored in breast cancer. The recent definition of tumor-specific immunity in breast cancer patients and the identification of several breast cancer antigens has generated enthusiasm for the application of immune-based therapies to the treatment of breast malignancies. In general, immunotherapies can be considered either non-specific, such as a general immunomodulator (e.g., a cytokine), or tumor-specific (e.g., a vaccine that targets breast cancer tumor antigens). This review describes three major immunotherapeutic strategies that have the potential to enhance or generate an anti-breast cancer T cell immune response: (i) cytokine therapy; (ii) cancer vaccines; and (iii) T cell therapy, and explores how each strategy has been applied to the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Knutson
- Division of Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6527, USA
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45
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Villunger A, Strasser A. The great escape: is immune evasion required for tumor progression? Nat Med 1999; 5:874-5. [PMID: 10426306 DOI: 10.1038/11311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Abstract
This article briefly reviews many immunohistochemical stains that have been in use for years, emphasizing their diagnostic use and potential pitfalls. Several newer immunostains are described in a more comprehensive fashion, including brief summaries from recently published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hudson
- Division of Dermatopathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
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Immunization With Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor as a Vaccine Adjuvant Elicits Both a Cellular and Humoral Response to Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.8.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important cytokine for the generation and propagation of antigen-presenting cells and for priming a cellular immune response. We report here that use of recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF), administered as an adjuvant in a peptide-based vaccine trial given monthly by intradermal injection, led to the development of a T-cell and antibody response to rhGM-CSF. An antibody response occurred in the majority of patients (72%). This antibody response was not found to be neutralizing. In addition, by 48-hour delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing, 17% of patients were shown to have a cellular immune response to the adjuvant rhGM-CSF alone. Thymidine incorporation assays also showed a peripheral blood T-cell response to rhGM-CSF in at least 17% of the patients. The generation of rhGM-CSF–specific T-cell immune responses, elicited in this fashion, is an important observation because rhGM-CSF is being used as a vaccine adjuvant in various vaccine strategies. rhGM-CSF–specific immune responses may be incorrectly interpreted as antigen-specific immunity, particularly when local DTH responses to vaccination are the primary means of immunologic evaluation. We found no evidence of hematologic or infectious complications as a result of the development of rhGM-CSF–specific immune responses.
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48
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Immunization With Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor as a Vaccine Adjuvant Elicits Both a Cellular and Humoral Response to Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.8.2653.408k07_2653_2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an important cytokine for the generation and propagation of antigen-presenting cells and for priming a cellular immune response. We report here that use of recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF), administered as an adjuvant in a peptide-based vaccine trial given monthly by intradermal injection, led to the development of a T-cell and antibody response to rhGM-CSF. An antibody response occurred in the majority of patients (72%). This antibody response was not found to be neutralizing. In addition, by 48-hour delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin testing, 17% of patients were shown to have a cellular immune response to the adjuvant rhGM-CSF alone. Thymidine incorporation assays also showed a peripheral blood T-cell response to rhGM-CSF in at least 17% of the patients. The generation of rhGM-CSF–specific T-cell immune responses, elicited in this fashion, is an important observation because rhGM-CSF is being used as a vaccine adjuvant in various vaccine strategies. rhGM-CSF–specific immune responses may be incorrectly interpreted as antigen-specific immunity, particularly when local DTH responses to vaccination are the primary means of immunologic evaluation. We found no evidence of hematologic or infectious complications as a result of the development of rhGM-CSF–specific immune responses.
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Abstract
Traditionally, cancer vaccines have used whole tumour cells administered in adjuvant or infected with viruses to increase the immunogenicity of the cells. With the identification of tumour-associated and tumour-specific antigens (TAA, TSA), antigen and epitope-specific vaccines have been designed. Compared to tumour cell vaccines, antigen and epitope vaccines are more specific and easier to produce in large quantities but may display lower immunogenicity and lead to the in vivo selection of antigen or epitope-negative escape tumour variant cells. The optimal vaccine will elicit both humoral and cellular immunity in the patients as both parameters have been positively correlated with the induction of beneficial clinical responses. The choice of adjuvant, costimulation and delivery mode greatly determines the outcome of vaccinations and may favour the induction of T-cell responses of T helper (Th)1, Th2, or both Th1 and Th2 types. Animal models of TAA vaccines must take into account the normal tissue expression of TAA, which may induce immunological tolerance to TAA. With the identification of homologues of human TAA in animals, novel experimental models of cancer vaccines which mimic the condition in patients are now available. Several vaccines comprising tumour cells, TAA or anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking TAA have recently entered phase III of clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Herlyn
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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50
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Klapper LN, Kirschbaum MH, Seta M, Yarden Y. Biochemical and Clinical Implications of the ErbB/HER Signaling Network of Growth Factor Receptors. Adv Cancer Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60784-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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