1
|
Mathew Thomas V, Sayegh N, Chigarira B, Gebrael G, Tripathi N, Nussenzveig R, Jo Y, Dal E, Galarza Fortuna G, Li H, Sahu KK, Srivastava A, Maughan BL, Agarwal N, Swami U. Differences in Tumor Gene Expression Profiles Between De Novo Metastatic Castration-sensitive Prostate Cancer and Metastatic Relapse After Prior Localized Therapy. Eur Urol Oncol 2024:S2588-9311(24)00105-6. [PMID: 38735779 DOI: 10.1016/j.euo.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE It has been reported that patients with de novo metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer (dn-mCSPC) have worse prognosis and outcomes than those whose cancer relapses after prior local therapy (PLT-mCSPC). Our aim was to interrogate and validate underlying differences in tumor gene expression profiles between dn-mCSPC and PLT-mCSPC. METHODS The inclusion criteria were histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma and the availability of RNA sequencing data for treatment-naïve primary prostate tissue. RNA sequencing was performed by Tempus or Caris Life Sciences, both of which have Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments certification. The Tempus cohort was used for interrogation, while the Caris cohort was used for validation. Differential gene expression analysis between the cohorts was conducted using the DEseq2 pipeline. The resulting gene expression profiles were further analyzed using Gene Set Enrichment software to identify pathways with enrichment in each cohort. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS Overall, 128 patients were eligible, of whom 78 were in the Tempus cohort (dn-mCSPC 37, PLT-mCSPC 41) and 50 were in the Caris cohort (dn-mCSPC 30, PLT-mCSPC 20). Tumor tissues from patients with dn-mCSPC had higher expression of genes associated with inflammation pathways, while tissues from patients with PLT-mCSPC had higher expression of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and androgen response pathways. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Our study revealed upregulation of distinct genomic pathways in dn-mCSPC in comparison to PLT-mCSPC. These hypothesis-generating data could guide personalized therapy for men with prostate cancer and explain different survival outcomes for dn-mCSPC and PLT-mCSPC. PATIENT SUMMARY We measured gene expression levels in tumors from patients with metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. In patients with metastatic disease at first diagnosis, inflammatory pathways were upregulated. In patients whose metastasis occurred on relapse after treatment, androgen response pathways were upregulated. These findings could help in personalizing therapy for prostate cancer and explaining differences in survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Mathew Thomas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicolas Sayegh
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beverly Chigarira
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Georges Gebrael
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nishita Tripathi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Medical Center Sinai Grace Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Nussenzveig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; DDx Foundation, Lehi, UT, USA
| | - Yeonjung Jo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Emre Dal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gliceida Galarza Fortuna
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Haoran Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - Kamal Kant Sahu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ayana Srivastava
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin L Maughan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Umang Swami
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathew Thomas V, Chigarira B, Gebrael G, Sayegh N, Tripathi N, Nussenzveig R, Jo Y, Dal E, Galarza Fortuna G, Li H, Sahu KK, Srivastava A, Maughan BL, Agarwal N, Swami U. Differential Tumor Gene Expression Profiling of Patients With Prostate Adenocarcinoma on the Basis of BMI. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2300574. [PMID: 38781543 DOI: 10.1200/po.23.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An increased BMI is linked to increased prostate adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality. Baseline tumor gene expression profiling (GEP) can provide a comprehensive picture of the biological processes related to treatment response and disease progression. We interrogate and validate the underlying differences in tumor GEP on the basis of BMI in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma. METHODS The inclusion criteria consisted of histologically confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma and the availability of RNA sequencing data obtained from treatment-naïve primary prostate tissue. RNA sequencing was performed by a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratory (Tempus or Caris Life Sciences). The Tempus cohort was used for interrogation and the Caris cohort for validation. Patients were stratified on the basis of BMI at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis: BMI-high (BMIH; BMI ≥30) and BMI-low (BMIL; BMI <30). Differential gene expression analysis between the two cohorts was conducted using the DEseq2 pipeline. The resulting GEPs were further analyzed using Gene Set Enrichment software to identify pathways that exhibited enrichment in each cohort. RESULTS Overall, 102 patients were eligible, with 60 patients in the Tempus cohort (BMIL = 38, BMIH = 22) and 42 patients in the Caris cohort (BMIL = 24, BMIH = 18). Tumor tissues obtained from patients in the BMIL group exhibited higher expression of genes associated with inflammation pathways. BMIH displayed increased expression of genes involved in pathways such as heme metabolism and androgen response. CONCLUSION Our study shows the upregulation of distinct genomic pathways in BMIL compared with BMIH patients with prostate cancer. These hypothesis-generating data could explain different survival outcomes in both groups and guide personalized therapy for men with prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Mathew Thomas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Beverly Chigarira
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Georges Gebrael
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Nicolas Sayegh
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nishita Tripathi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Roberto Nussenzveig
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Yeonjung Jo
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Emre Dal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Gliceida Galarza Fortuna
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Haoran Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, KS
| | - Kamal Kant Sahu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Ayana Srivastava
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Benjamin L Maughan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Neeraj Agarwal
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Umang Swami
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin L, Berk M, Chung YM, Cui D, Zhu Z, Chakraborty AA, Sharifi N. Chronic hypoxia stabilizes 3βHSD1 via autophagy suppression. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113575. [PMID: 38181788 PMCID: PMC10851248 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer depends on androgen receptor, which is usually activated by androgens. Therefore, a mainstay treatment is androgen deprivation therapy. Unfortunately, despite initial treatment response, resistance nearly always develops, and disease progresses to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which remains driven by non-gonadal androgens synthesized in prostate cancer tissues. 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-->4 isomerase 1 (3βHSD1) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in androgen synthesis. However, how 3βHSD1, especially the "adrenal-permissive" 3βHSD1(367T) that permits tumor synthesis of androgen from dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), is regulated at the protein level is not well understood. Here, we investigate how hypoxia regulates 3βHSD1(367T) protein levels. Our results show that, in vitro, hypoxia stabilizes 3βHSD1 protein by suppressing autophagy. Autophagy inhibition promotes 3βHSD1-dependent tumor progression. Hypoxia represses transcription of autophagy-related (ATG) genes by decreasing histone acetylation. Inhibiting deacetylase (HDAC) restores ATG gene transcription under hypoxia. Therefore, HDAC inhibition may be a therapeutic target for hypoxic tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Di Cui
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Abhishek A Chakraborty
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gonzalez-Avila G, Sommer B, Flores-Soto E, Aquino-Galvez A. Hypoxic Effects on Matrix Metalloproteinases' Expression in the Tumor Microenvironment and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16887. [PMID: 38069210 PMCID: PMC10707261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by an acidic pH and low oxygen concentrations. Hypoxia induces neoplastic cell evasion of the immune surveillance, rapid DNA repair, metabolic reprogramming, and metastasis, mainly as a response to the hypoxic inducible factors (HIFs). Likewise, cancer cells increase matrix metalloproteinases' (MMPs) expression in response to TME conditions, allowing them to migrate from the primary tumor to different tissues. Since HIFs and MMPs are augmented in the hypoxic TME, it is easy to consider that HIFs participate directly in their expression regulation. However, not all MMPs have a hypoxia response element (HRE)-HIF binding site. Moreover, different transcription factors and signaling pathways activated in hypoxia conditions through HIFs or in a HIF-independent manner participate in MMPs' transcription. The present review focuses on MMPs' expression in normal and hypoxic conditions, considering HIFs and a HIF-independent transcription control. In addition, since the hypoxic TME causes resistance to anticancer conventional therapy, treatment approaches using MMPs as a target alone, or in combination with other therapies, are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gonzalez-Avila
- Laboratorio de Oncología Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Galvez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gupta KR, Kyprianou N. Microbiota and the landscape of the prostate tumor microenvironment. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2023; 11:352-360. [PMID: 37941651 PMCID: PMC10628624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in men globally. Progression of prostate cancer to lethal metastatic disease is mediated by multiple contributors. The role of prostate microbiota and their metabolites in metastasis, therapeutic resistance to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and tumor relapse has yet to be fully investigated. Characterization of microflora can provide new mechanistic insights into the functional significance in the emergence of therapeutic resistance, identification of novel effective targeted therapies, and development of biomarkers during prostate cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and its components work concurrently with the prostate microbiota in promoting prostate cancer development and progression to metastasis. In this article, we discuss the growing evidence on the functional contribution of microbiota to the phenotypic landscape of the TME and its effect on prostate cancer therapeutic targeting and recurrent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasmira R Gupta
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York 10029, USA
- Oncological Sciences and Pathology & Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York, New York 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jameel M, Fatma H, Nadtochii LA, Siddique HR. Molecular Insight into Prostate Cancer: Preventive Role of Selective Bioactive Molecules. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1976. [PMID: 37895357 PMCID: PMC10608662 DOI: 10.3390/life13101976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is one of the most prevalent male malignancies, accounting for a considerable number of annual mortalities. However, the prompt identification of early-stage CaP often faces delays due to diverse factors, including socioeconomic inequalities. The androgen receptor (AR), in conjunction with various other signaling pathways, exerts a central influence on the genesis, progression, and metastasis of CaP, with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) serving as the primary therapeutic strategy. Therapeutic modalities encompassing surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal intervention, and radiotherapy have been formulated for addressing early and metastatic CaP. Nonetheless, the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment frequently triggers the activation of signaling pathways, culminating in the emergence of chemoresistance, an aspect to which cancer stem cells (CSCs) notably contribute. Phytochemicals emerge as reservoirs of bioactive agents conferring manifold advantages against human morbidity. Several of these phytochemicals demonstrate potential chemoprotective and chemosensitizing properties against CaP, with selectivity exhibited towards malignant cells while sparing their normal counterparts. In this context, the present review aims to elucidate the intricate molecular underpinnings associated with metastatic CaP development and the acquisition of chemoresistance. Moreover, the contributions of phytochemicals to ameliorating CaP initiation, progression, and chemoresistance are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Jameel
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (H.F.)
| | - Homa Fatma
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (H.F.)
| | - Liudmila A. Nadtochii
- Department of Microbiology, Saint Petersburg State Chemical & Pharmaceutical University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hifzur R. Siddique
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India (H.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Huang SKH, Bueno PRP, Garcia PJB, Lee MJ, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai PW. Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Effects of Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. Flower Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3168. [PMID: 37687413 PMCID: PMC10489841 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. flowers (OF-F) have been traditionally consumed as a functional food and utilized as folk medicine. This study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of OF-F extracts on prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and determined possible protein-ligand interactions of its compounds in silico. The crude OF-F extracts-water (W) and ethanol (E) were tested for phytochemical screening, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer. Network and molecular docking analyses of chemical markers were executed to establish their application for anticancer drug development. OF-F-E possessed higher total polyphenols (233.360 ± 3.613 g/kg) and tannin (93.350 ± 1.003 g/kg) contents than OF-F-W. In addition, OF-F-E extract demonstrated effective DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 0.173 ± 0.004 kg/L) and contained a high FRAP value (830.620 ± 6.843 g Trolox/kg). In cell culture experiments, OF-F-E significantly reduced NO levels and inhibited cell proliferation of RAW-264.7 and DU-145 cell lines, respectively. Network analysis revealed O. fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. metabolites could affect thirteen molecular functions and thirteen biological processes in four cellular components. These metabolites inhibited key proteins of DU-145 prostate cancer using molecular docking with rutin owning the highest binding affinity with PIKR31 and AR. Hence, this study offered a new rationale for O. fragrans (Thunb.) Lour. metabolites as a medicinal herb for anticancer drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kuan-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (S.K.-H.H.); (M.-J.L.)
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Paolo Robert P. Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Metro Manila 1000, Philippines;
- School of Medicine, The Manila Times College of Subic, Zambales 2222, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Adamson University, Metro Manila 1000, Philippines
| | - Patrick Jay B. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (S.K.-H.H.); (M.-J.L.)
| | - Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Rhoda B. Leron
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Metro Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan; (S.K.-H.H.); (M.-J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silvestri R, Nicolì V, Gangadharannambiar P, Crea F, Bootman MD. Calcium signalling pathways in prostate cancer initiation and progression. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:524-543. [PMID: 36964408 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells proliferate, differentiate and migrate by repurposing physiological signalling mechanisms. In particular, altered calcium signalling is emerging as one of the most widespread adaptations in cancer cells. Remodelling of calcium signalling promotes the development of several malignancies, including prostate cancer. Gene expression data from in vitro, in vivo and bioinformatics studies using patient samples and xenografts have shown considerable changes in the expression of various components of the calcium signalling toolkit during the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that altered calcium signalling is a crucial component of the molecular re-programming that drives prostate cancer progression. Evidence points to calcium signalling re-modelling, commonly involving crosstalk between calcium and other cellular signalling pathways, underpinning the onset and temporal progression of this disease. Discrete alterations in calcium signalling have been implicated in hormone-sensitive, castration-resistant and aggressive variant forms of prostate cancer. Hence, modulation of calcium signals and downstream effector molecules is a plausible therapeutic strategy for both early and late stages of prostate cancer. Based on this premise, clinical trials have been undertaken to establish the feasibility of targeting calcium signalling specifically for prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Nicolì
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Crea
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Martin D Bootman
- Cancer Research Group, School of Life Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jain DP, Dinakar YH, Kumar H, Jain R, Jain V. The multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer-a review. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2023; 6:481-498. [PMID: 37842237 PMCID: PMC10571058 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2023.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most prominent form of cancer in men and confers the highest mortality after lung cancer. The term "extracellular vesicles" refers to minute endosomal-derived membrane microvesicles and it was demonstrated that extracellular vesicles affect the environment in which tumors originate. Extracellular vesicles' involvement is also established in the development of drug resistance, angiogenesis, stemness, and radioresistance in various cancers including prostate cancer. Extracellular vesicles influence the general environment, processes, and growth of prostate cancer and can be a potential area that offers a significant lead in prostate cancer therapy. In this review, we have elaborated on the multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in various processes involved in the development of prostate cancer, and their multitude of applications in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer through the encapsulation of various bioactives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Yirivinti Hayagreeva Dinakar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Hitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Rupshee Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Phua TJ. Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: the middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1196648. [PMID: 37384143 PMCID: PMC10293850 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1196648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging-related hypoxia, oxidative stress, and inflammation pathophysiology are closely associated with human age-related carcinogenesis and chronic diseases. However, the connection between hypoxia and hormonal cell signaling pathways is unclear, but such human age-related comorbid diseases do coincide with the middle-aging period of declining sex hormonal signaling. This scoping review evaluates the relevant interdisciplinary evidence to assess the systems biology of function, regulation, and homeostasis in order to discern and decipher the etiology of the connection between hypoxia and hormonal signaling in human age-related comorbid diseases. The hypothesis charts the accumulating evidence to support the development of a hypoxic milieu and oxidative stress-inflammation pathophysiology in middle-aged individuals, as well as the induction of amyloidosis, autophagy, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in aging-related degeneration. Taken together, this new approach and strategy can provide the clarity of concepts and patterns to determine the causes of declining vascularity hemodynamics (blood flow) and physiological oxygenation perfusion (oxygen bioavailability) in relation to oxygen homeostasis and vascularity that cause hypoxia (hypovascularity hypoxia). The middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis could provide the mechanistic interface connecting the endocrine, nitric oxide, and oxygen homeostasis signaling that is closely linked to the progressive conditions of degenerative hypertrophy, atrophy, fibrosis, and neoplasm. An in-depth understanding of these intrinsic biological processes of the developing middle-aged hypoxia could provide potential new strategies for time-dependent therapies in maintaining healthspan for healthy lifestyle aging, medical cost savings, and health system sustainability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teow J. Phua
- Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jensen CC, Clements AN, Liou H, Ball LE, Bethard JR, Langlais PR, Toth RK, Chauhan SS, Casillas AL, Daulat SR, Kraft AS, Cress AE, Miranti CK, Mouneimne G, Rogers GC, Warfel NA. PIM1 phosphorylates ABI2 to enhance actin dynamics and promote tumor invasion. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202208136. [PMID: 37042842 PMCID: PMC10103708 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing key factors that drive the switch from indolent to invasive disease will make a significant impact on guiding the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Here, we identify a novel signaling pathway linking hypoxia and PIM1 kinase to the actin cytoskeleton and cell motility. An unbiased proteomic screen identified Abl-interactor 2 (ABI2), an integral member of the wave regulatory complex (WRC), as a PIM1 substrate. Phosphorylation of ABI2 at Ser183 by PIM1 increased ABI2 protein levels and enhanced WRC formation, resulting in increased protrusive activity and cell motility. Cell protrusion induced by hypoxia and/or PIM1 was dependent on ABI2. In vivo smooth muscle invasion assays showed that overexpression of PIM1 significantly increased the depth of tumor cell invasion, and treatment with PIM inhibitors significantly reduced intramuscular PCa invasion. This research uncovers a HIF-1-independent signaling axis that is critical for hypoxia-induced invasion and establishes a novel role for PIM1 as a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corbin C. Jensen
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amber N. Clements
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hope Liou
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren E. Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Bethard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Shailender S. Chauhan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anne E. Cress
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cindy K. Miranti
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ghassan Mouneimne
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Greg C. Rogers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Noel A. Warfel
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lei Z, Tian Q, Teng Q, Wurpel JND, Zeng L, Pan Y, Chen Z. Understanding and targeting resistance mechanisms in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e265. [PMID: 37229486 PMCID: PMC10203373 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to cancer therapies has been a commonly observed phenomenon in clinical practice, which is one of the major causes of treatment failure and poor patient survival. The reduced responsiveness of cancer cells is a multifaceted phenomenon that can arise from genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental factors. Various mechanisms have been discovered and extensively studied, including drug inactivation, reduced intracellular drug accumulation by reduced uptake or increased efflux, drug target alteration, activation of compensatory pathways for cell survival, regulation of DNA repair and cell death, tumor plasticity, and the regulation from tumor microenvironments (TMEs). To overcome cancer resistance, a variety of strategies have been proposed, which are designed to enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment or reduce drug resistance. These include identifying biomarkers that can predict drug response and resistance, identifying new targets, developing new targeted drugs, combination therapies targeting multiple signaling pathways, and modulating the TME. The present article focuses on the different mechanisms of drug resistance in cancer and the corresponding tackling approaches with recent updates. Perspectives on polytherapy targeting multiple resistance mechanisms, novel nanoparticle delivery systems, and advanced drug design tools for overcoming resistance are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Ning Lei
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - Qin Tian
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Qiu‐Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - John N. D. Wurpel
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| | - Leli Zeng
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Yihang Pan
- PrecisionMedicine CenterScientific Research CenterThe Seventh Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐Sen UniversityShenzhenP. R. China
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNew YorkUSA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu Z, Fang ZX, Hou YY, Wu BX, Deng Y, Wu HT, Liu J. Exosomes in metastasis of colorectal cancers: Friends or foes? World J Gastrointest Oncol 2023; 15:731-756. [PMID: 37275444 PMCID: PMC10237026 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v15.i5.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common type of cancer worldwide, threaten human health and quality of life. With multidisciplinary, including surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, patients with an early diagnosis of CRC can have a good prognosis. However, metastasis in CRC patients is the main risk factor causing cancer-related death. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRC metastasis is the difficult and research focus on the investigation of the CRC mechanism. On the other hand, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been confirmed as having an essential role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of malignancies, including CRCs. Among the different factors in the TME, exosomes as extracellular vesicles, function as bridges in the communication between cancer cells and different components of the TME to promote the progression and metastasis of CRC. MicroRNAs packaged in exosomes can be derived from different sources and transported into the TME to perform oncogenic or tumor-suppressor roles accordingly. This article focuses on CRC exosomes and illustrates their role in regulating the metastasis of CRC, especially through the packaging of miRNAs, to evoke exosomes as novel biomarkers for their impact on the metastasis of CRC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Yu Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bing-Xuan Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang L, Troccoli CI, Mateo-Victoriano B, Lincheta LM, Jackson E, Shu P, Plastini T, Tao W, Kwon D, Chen X, Sharma J, Jorda M, Gulley JL, Bilusic M, Lockhart AC, Beuve A, Rai P. The soluble guanylyl cyclase pathway is inhibited to evade androgen deprivation-induced senescence and enable progression to castration resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.03.537252. [PMID: 37205442 PMCID: PMC10187243 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.03.537252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is fatal and therapeutically under-served. We describe a novel CRPC-restraining role for the vasodilatory soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) pathway. We discovered that sGC subunits are dysregulated during CRPC progression and its catalytic product, cyclic GMP (cGMP), is lowered in CRPC patients. Abrogating sGC heterodimer formation in castration-sensitive prostate cancer (CSPC) cells inhibited androgen deprivation (AD)-induced senescence, and promoted castration-resistant tumor growth. We found sGC is oxidatively inactivated in CRPC. Paradoxically, AD restored sGC activity in CRPC cells through redox-protective responses evoked to protect against AD-induced oxidative stress. sGC stimulation via its FDA-approved agonist, riociguat, inhibited castration-resistant growth, and the anti-tumor response correlated with elevated cGMP, indicating on-target sGC activity. Consistent with known sGC function, riociguat improved tumor oxygenation, decreasing the PC stem cell marker, CD44, and enhancing radiation-induced tumor suppression. Our studies thus provide the first evidence for therapeutically targeting sGC via riociguat to treat CRPC. Statement of significance Prostate cancer is the second highest cancer-related cause of death for American men. Once patients progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer, the incurable and fatal stage, there are few viable treatment options available. Here we identify and characterize a new and clinically actionable target, the soluble guanylyl cyclase complex, in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Notably we find that repurposing the FDA-approved and safely tolerated sGC agonist, riociguat, decreases castration-resistant tumor growth and re-sensitizes these tumors to radiation therapy. Thus our study provides both new biology regarding the origins of castration resistance as well as a new and viable treatment option.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gong W, Guo Y, Yuan H, Chai R, Wan Z, Zheng B, Hu X, Chen B, Gao S, Dai Q, Yu P, Tu S. Loss of exosomal miR-200b-3p from hypoxia cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumorigenesis and reduces sensitivity to 5-Flourouracil in colorectal cancer via upregulation of ZEB1 and E2F3. Cancer Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41417-023-00591-5. [PMID: 36890211 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-mediated tumor progression is a major clinical challenge in human cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition, exosome-mediated transfer of miRNAs from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to cancer cells could promote tumor progression. However, the mechanisms by which hypoxia CAFs promotes CRC progression remain largely unknown. CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues. Next, exosomes were isolated from the supernatant of CAFs that cultured under normoxia (CAFs-N-Exo) and hypoxia (CAFs-H-Exo). RNA-sequencing was then performed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) between CAFs-N-Exo and CAFs-H-Exo. Compared with exosomes derived from normoxia CAFs, exosomes derived from hypoxic CAFs were able to promote CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, stemness and reduce the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In addition, miR-200b-3p levels were dramatically decreased in exosomes derived from hypoxic CAFs. Remarkably, increasing exosomal miR-200b-3p in hypoxic CAFs reversed the promoting effects of hypoxic CAFs on CRC cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, miR-200b-3p agomir could inhibit CRC cell migration, invasion, stemness and increase the sensitivity of SW480 cells to 5-FU via downregulating ZEB1 and E2F3. Collectively, loss of exosomal miR-200b-3p in hypoxia CAFs could contribute to CRC progression via upregulation of ZEB1 and E2F3. Thus, increasing exosomal miR-200b-3p might serve as an alternative approach for the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Gong
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Yang Guo
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Hang Yuan
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Rui Chai
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Ziang Wan
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Boan Zheng
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Xinye Hu
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Bingchen Chen
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Qiaoqiong Dai
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Peng Yu
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China
| | - Shiliang Tu
- General Surgery, Cancer Center, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao L, Yu L, Wang X, He J, Zhu X, Zhang R, Yang A. Mechanisms of function and clinical potential of exosomes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2023; 553:215993. [PMID: 36328162 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains one of the most lethal and widespread malignancies in China. Exosomes, a subset of tiny extracellular vesicles manufactured by all cells and present in all body fluids, contribute to intercellular communication and have become a focus of the search for new therapeutic strategies for cancer. A number of global analyses of exosome-mediated functions and regulatory mechanism in malignant diseases have recently been reported. There is extensive evidence that exosomes can be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer. However, our understanding of their clinical value and mechanisms of action in ESCC is still limited and has not been systematically reviewed. Here, we review current research specifically focused on the functions and mechanisms of action of ESCC tumor-derived exosomes and non-ESCC-derived exosomes in ESCC progression and describe opportunities and challenges in the clinical translation of exosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jangtao He
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Angang Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China; The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu W, Lu M, Xie S, Zhou D, Zhu M, Liang C. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Promotes Prostate Cancer Cells to Release Exosome and Up-regulate PD-L1 Expression via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Macrophages. J Cancer 2023; 14:1062-1074. [PMID: 37151385 PMCID: PMC10158521 DOI: 10.7150/jca.81933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has demonstrated that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) serves an important role in shaping the immunosuppressive microenvironment by modulating resident tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). However, the communication between ER‑stressed tumor cells and TAMs is not fully understood. Exosomes have been reported to play a vital role in intercellular communication. Therefore, in order to investigate the role of ER stress‑related exosomes in prostate cancer cells promoting macrophage infiltration and polarization, laser scanning confocal microscope, RT-PCR, flow cytometric analysis, western‑blotting and cytokine bead array analyses were performed.The results demonstrated that TG-EXO downregulated the expression of PD-L1 on macrophages through flow cytometry analysis. In addition, Compared with CON-EXO, the expression of macrophage-associated inflammatory cytokines IL-12, TNF-α and IL-1βwas significantly decreased in TG-EXO treatment (P< 0.05). TG-EXO upregulated the expression levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β cytokinesin macrophages. Our research shows that TG-EXO increased PI3K/AKT signaling pathway compared to the CON-EXO group. In summary, we found exosomes from TG-treated prostate cancer cells altered the immunosupression status and affected macrophages polarization by up-regulating the expression of PD-L1 and inflammatory factors and PI3K/AKT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Meiyi Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, ChaoHu, Anhui, PR China
| | - Siqi Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, ChaoHu, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dangui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, ChaoHu, Anhui, PR China
| | - Mei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, ChaoHu, Anhui, PR China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Mei Zhu Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, ChaoHu, Anhui, 238000, PR China. ; Chaozhao Liang Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China.
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Mei Zhu Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, ChaoHu, Anhui, 238000, PR China. ; Chaozhao Liang Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University and Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cariello M, Squilla A, Piacente M, Venutolo G, Fasano A. Drug Resistance: The Role of Exosomal miRNA in the Microenvironment of Hematopoietic Tumors. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010116. [PMID: 36615316 PMCID: PMC9821808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, have an important role thanks to their ability to communicate and exchange information between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME), and have also been associated with communicating anti-cancer drug resistance (DR). The increase in proliferation of cancer cells alters oxygen levels, which causes hypoxia and results in a release of exosomes by the cancer cells. In this review, the results of studies examining the role of exosomal miRNA in DR, and their mechanism, are discussed in detail in hematological tumors: leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. In conclusion, we underline the exosome's function as a possible drug delivery vehicle by understanding its cargo. Engineered exosomes can be used to be more specific for personalized therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariaconcetta Cariello
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Squilla
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Martina Piacente
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Giorgia Venutolo
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessio Fasano
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via S. de Renzi, 84125 Salerno, Italy
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-724-4604
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nogueira RLR, de Araújo TBS, Valverde LF, Silva VAO, Cavalcante BRR, Rossi EA, Allahdadi KJ, dos Reis MG, Pereira TA, Coletta RD, Bezerra DP, de Freitas Souza BS, Dias RB, Rocha CAG. Arsenic Trioxide Triggers Apoptosis of Metastatic Oral Squamous Cells Carcinoma with Concomitant Downregulation of GLI1 in Hedgehog Signaling. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123293. [PMID: 36552049 PMCID: PMC9775978 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the lack of advances in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) therapy in recent years, pharmacological strategies to block OSCC-related signaling pathways have gained prominence. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) concerning its antitumoral effects and the inhibition of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway in OSCC. Initially, ATO cytotoxicity was assessed in a panel of cell lines. Cell viability, cell cycle, death patterns, and cell morphology were analyzed, as well as the effect of ATO on the expression of HH pathway components. After the cytotoxic assay, HSC3 cells were chosen for all in vitro assays. ATO increased apoptotic cell death and nuclear fragmentation in the sub-G1 cell cycle phase and promoted changes in cell morphology. In addition, the reduced expression of GLI1 indicated that ATO inhibits HH activity. The present study provides evidence of ATO as an effective cytotoxic drug for oral cancer treatment in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Luís Rocha Nogueira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Taís Bacelar Sacramento de Araújo
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Propedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40100-150, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Faro Valverde
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Propedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40100-150, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Viviane Aline Oliveira Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Bahia, Brazil
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos 14784-400, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Raphael Ribeiro Cavalcante
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Erik Aranha Rossi
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Bahia, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Rafael Hospital, Salvador 41253-190, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kyan James Allahdadi
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Rafael Hospital, Salvador 41253-190, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer Galvão dos Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Thiago Almeida Pereira
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pereira Bezerra
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Bahia, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Rafael Hospital, Salvador 41253-190, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosane Borges Dias
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Propedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40100-150, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Clarissa A. Gurgel Rocha
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-909, Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Propedeutics, School of Dentistry of the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40100-150, Bahia, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology and Cell Therapy, D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), São Rafael Hospital, Salvador 41253-190, Bahia, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-71-3176-2209
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yuan H, Chen B, Chai R, Gong W, Wan Z, Zheng B, Hu X, Guo Y, Gao S, Dai Q, Yu P, Tu S. Loss of exosomal micro-RNA-200b-3p from hypoxia cancer-associated fibroblasts reduces sensitivity to 5-flourouracil in colorectal cancer through targeting high-mobility group box 3. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920131. [PMID: 36276139 PMCID: PMC9581251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-mediated tumor progression is a major problem in colorectal cancer (CRC). MicroRNA (miR)-200b-3p can attenuate tumorigenesis in CRC, while exosomal miRNAs derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) can promote cancer progression. Nevertheless, the function of exosomal miR-200b-3p derived from CAFs in CRC remains unclear. In this study, CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from CRC and adjacent normal tissues. Next, exosomes were isolated from the supernatants of CAFs cultured under normoxia and hypoxia. Cell viability was tested using the cell counting kit-8 assay, and flow cytometry was used to assess cell apoptosis. Cell invasion and migration were evaluated using the transwell assay. Dual-luciferase was used to investigate the relationship between miR-200b-3p and high-mobility group box 3 (HMBG3). Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to determine the miR-200b-3p and HMBG3 level. Our results found that the miR-200b-3p level was sharply reduced in CRC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Additionally, the miR-200b-3p level was reduced in exosomes derived from hypoxic CAFs compared to exosomes derived from CAFs under normoxia. Exosomes derived from hypoxic CAFs weakened the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) compared to hypoxic CAFs-derived exosomes. However, hypoxic CAFs-derived exosomes with upregulated miR-200b-3p increased the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) compared to hypoxic CAFs-derived exosomes. In addition, HMBG3 was identified as the downstream target of miR-200b-3p in CRC cells, and its overexpression partially reversed the anti-tumor effect of the miR-200b-3p agomir on CRC via the mediation of the β-catenin/c-Myc axis. Furthermore, compared to exosomes derived from normoxia CAFs, exosomes derived from hypoxic CAFs weakened the therapeutic effects of 5-FU on CRC in vivo via the upregulation of HMGB3 levels. Collectively, the loss of exosomal miR-200b-3p in hypoxia CAFs reduced the sensitivity to 5-FU in CRC by targeting HMGB3. Thus, our research outlines a novel method for the treatment of CRC.
Collapse
|
21
|
Xie B, Meng Q, Yu H, Shen K, Cheng Y, Dong C, Zhou HB. Estrogen receptor β-targeted hypoxia-responsive near-infrared fluorescence probes for prostate cancer study. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
22
|
Zhou H, He Q, Li C, Alsharafi BLM, Deng L, Long Z, Gan Y. Focus on the tumor microenvironment: A seedbed for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:955669. [PMID: 35938167 PMCID: PMC9355504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.955669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a microecology consisting of tumor and mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrices. The TME plays important regulatory roles in tumor proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and differentiation. Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) is a mechanism by which castration resistance develops in advanced prostate cancer (PCa). NED is induced after androgen deprivation therapy and neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is established finally. NEPC has poor prognosis and short overall survival and is a major cause of death in patients with PCa. Both the cellular and non-cellular components of the TME regulate and induce NEPC formation through various pathways. Insights into the roles of the TME in NEPC evolution, growth, and progression have increased over the past few years. These novel insights will help refine the NEPC formation model and lay the foundation for the discovery of new NEPC therapies targeting the TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengfeng Zhou
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiangrong He
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Li
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Liang Deng
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Long
- Andrology Center, Department of Urology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Long, ; Yu Gan,
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Long, ; Yu Gan,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Qin L, Chung YM, Berk M, Naelitz B, Zhu Z, Klein E, Chakraborty AA, Sharifi N. Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Couples 3βHSD1 Enzyme and Cofactor Upregulation to Facilitate Androgen Biosynthesis and Hormone Therapy Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2417-2430. [PMID: 35536859 PMCID: PMC9256813 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy suppresses tumor androgen receptor (AR) signaling by depleting circulating testosterone and is a mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Despite initial treatment response, castration-resistant prostate cancer nearly always develops and remains driven primarily by the androgen axis. Here we investigated how changes in oxygenation affect androgen synthesis. In prostate cancer cells, chronic hypoxia coupled to reoxygenation resulted in efficient metabolism of androgen precursors to produce androgens and activate AR. Hypoxia induced 3βHSD1, the rate-limiting androgen synthesis regulator, and reoxygenation replenished necessary cofactors, suggesting that hypoxia and reoxygenation both facilitate potent androgen synthesis. The EGLN1/VHL/HIF2α pathway induced 3βHSD1 expression through direct binding of HIF2α to the 5' regulatory region of HSD3B1 to promote transcription. Overexpression of HIF2α facilitated prostate cancer progression, which largely depended on 3βHSD1. Inhibition of HIF2α with the small-molecule PT2399 prevented prostate cancer cell proliferation. These results thus identify HIF2α as a regulator of androgen synthesis and potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia followed by reoxygenation in prostate cancer drives androgen deprivation therapy resistance via increasing the rate-limiting enzyme and cofactors for androgen synthesis, revealing HIF2α as a therapeutic target to subvert resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qin
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yoon-Mi Chung
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Bryan Naelitz
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ziqi Zhu
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Eric Klein
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Abhishek A. Chakraborty
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Corresponding author: Nima Sharifi, Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, Telephone: 216 445-9750,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Onishi H, Nakamura K, Yanai K, Nagai S, Nakayama K, Oyama Y, Fujimura A, Ozono K, Yamasaki A. Cancer therapy that targets the Hedgehog signaling pathway considering the cancer microenvironment (Review). Oncol Rep 2022; 47:93. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Onishi
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakamura
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yanai
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Nagai
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakayama
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oyama
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujimura
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Keigo Ozono
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Akio Yamasaki
- Department of Cancer Therapy and Research, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ryniawec JM, Coope MR, Loertscher E, Bageerathan V, de Oliveira Pessoa D, Warfel NA, Cress AE, Padi M, Rogers GC. GLUT3/SLC2A3 Is an Endogenous Marker of Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines and Patient-Derived Xenograft Tumors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030676. [PMID: 35328229 PMCID: PMC8946944 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of solid tumors is dynamic and frequently contains pockets of low oxygen levels (hypoxia) surrounded by oxygenated tissue. Indeed, a compromised vasculature is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment, creating both spatial gradients and temporal variability in oxygen availability. Notably, hypoxia associates with increased metastasis and poor survival in patients. Therefore, to aid therapeutic decisions and better understand hypoxia’s role in cancer progression, it is critical to identify endogenous biomarkers of hypoxia to spatially phenotype oncogenic lesions in human tissue, whether precancerous, benign, or malignant. Here, we characterize the glucose transporter GLUT3/SLC2A3 as a biomarker of hypoxic prostate epithelial cells and prostate tumors. Transcriptomic analyses of non-tumorigenic, immortalized prostate epithelial cells revealed a highly significant increase in GLUT3 expression under hypoxia. Additionally, GLUT3 protein increased 2.4-fold in cultured hypoxic prostate cell lines and was upregulated within hypoxic regions of xenograft tumors, including two patient-derived xenografts (PDX). Finally, GLUT3 out-performs other established hypoxia markers; GLUT3 staining in PDX specimens detects 2.6–8.3 times more tumor area compared to a mixture of GLUT1 and CA9 antibodies. Therefore, given the heterogeneous nature of tumors, we propose adding GLUT3 to immunostaining panels when trying to detect hypoxic regions in prostate samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Ryniawec
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.R.C.); (E.L.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Matthew R. Coope
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.R.C.); (E.L.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Emily Loertscher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.R.C.); (E.L.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Vignesh Bageerathan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (V.B.); (D.d.O.P.)
| | - Diogo de Oliveira Pessoa
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (V.B.); (D.d.O.P.)
| | - Noel A. Warfel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.R.C.); (E.L.); (N.A.W.)
| | - Anne E. Cress
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.R.C.); (E.L.); (N.A.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.C.); (M.P.); (G.C.R.)
| | - Megha Padi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Correspondence: (A.E.C.); (M.P.); (G.C.R.)
| | - Gregory C. Rogers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (J.M.R.); (M.R.C.); (E.L.); (N.A.W.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.C.); (M.P.); (G.C.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muñiz-García A, Romero M, Falcόn-Perez JM, Murray P, Zorzano A, Mora S. Hypoxia-induced HIF1α activation regulates small extracellular vesicle release in human embryonic kidney cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1443. [PMID: 35087095 PMCID: PMC8795438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane enclosures released by eukaryotic cells that carry bioactive molecules and serve to modulate biological responses in recipient cells. Both increased EV release and altered EV composition are associated with the development and progression of many pathologies including cancer. Hypoxia, a feature of rapidly growing solid tumours, increases the release of EVs. However, the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that act as major regulators of the cellular adaptations to hypoxia. Here, we investigated the requirement of HIF pathway activation for EV release in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells (HEK293). Time course experiments showed that EV release increased concomitantly with sustained HIF1α and HIF2α activation following the onset of hypoxia. shRNA mediated knock-down of HIF1α but not HIF2α abrogated the effect of hypoxia on EV release, suggesting HIF1α is involved in this process. However, stabilization of HIF proteins in normoxic conditions through: (i) heterologous expression of oxygen insensitive HIF1α or HIF2α mutants in normoxic cells or (ii) chemical inhibition of the prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2) repressor protein, did not increase EV release, suggesting HIF activation alone is not sufficient for this process. Our findings suggest HIF1α plays an important role in the regulation of EV release during hypoxia in HEK293 cells, however other hypoxia triggered mechanisms likely contribute as stabilization of HIF1α alone in normoxia is not sufficient for EV release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñiz-García
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling (Formerly Dpt. Cellular and Molecular Physiology), The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 13, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Romero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 13, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Falcόn-Perez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48015, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Murray
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling (Formerly Dpt. Cellular and Molecular Physiology), The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 13, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Mora
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling (Formerly Dpt. Cellular and Molecular Physiology), The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vokurka M, Lacina L, Brábek J, Kolář M, Ng YZ, Smetana K. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Influence the Biological Properties of Malignant Tumours via Paracrine Secretion and Exosome Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:964. [PMID: 35055153 PMCID: PMC8778626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are an essential component of the tumour microenvironment. They represent a heterogeneous group of cells that are under the control of cancer cells and can reversely influence the cancer cell population. They affect the cancer cell differentiation status, and the migration and formation of metastases. This is achieved through the production of the extracellular matrix and numerous bioactive factors. IL-6 seems to play the central role in the communication of noncancerous and cancer cells in the tumour. This review outlines the role of exosomes in cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Available data on the exosomal cargo, which can significantly intensify interactions in the tumour, are summarised. The role of exosomes as mediators of the dialogue between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts is discussed together with their therapeutic relevance. The functional unity of the paracrine- and exosome-mediated communication of cancer cells with the tumour microenvironment represented by CAFs is worthy of attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vokurka
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
| | - Yi Zhen Ng
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL)—Biopolis, Skin Research Institute of Singapore, 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos Singapore, Singapore 138665, Singapore;
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kargarfard M, Esmailiyan M, Esfarjani F, Vaseghi G. Effects of 8-week noncontinuous aerobic exercise on the levels of CCL2, CCL5, and their respective receptors in female BALB/C mice suffering from breast cancer. Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:55. [PMID: 35706859 PMCID: PMC9188882 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_93_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, the importance of chemokines and their receptors in carcinogenesis and the protective role of aerobic exercise in primary cancer development and progression is highlighted. Based on the facts that endurance exercise may result in hypoxia condition, and in addition, the effect of exercise therapy on the levels of CCL2, CCR2, and their related receptors in breast cancer (BC) model has not been investigated so far, therefore we aimed to evaluate the effect of eight-week noncontinuous aerobic training on the levels of CCL2, CCL5, and their related receptors; CCR2 and CCR5 in female BALB/C mice with BC. Methods: Thirty-two BALB/C mice (4–5 weeks old) were randomly divided to four 8-member groups of control and experimental. The experimental group received 8 weeks of noncontinuous aerobic exercises (AEs) while the control group did not receive any exercises during these 8 weeks. After last of experiment, 5 ml of blood was taken from each rat's lower inferior vein. The plasma levels of CCL2 and CCL5 were measured by ELISA and CCR2 and CCR5 by western blot. Tumor volume also measured in each step. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test and the SPSS v. 0.24 Software. Results: After 8 weeks of participation in noncontinuous AEs, a statistically significant decrease was made between the control and experimental groups in terms of CCL2, CCL5, and CCR2 levels, as well as tumor volume. However, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of CCR5 level. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the 8 weeks of noncontinuous AEs did not result in CCR5 reduction while resulting in a statistically significant decrease in CCL2, CCL5, CCR2, and tumor volume.
Collapse
|
29
|
Mahmoud N, Dawood M, Huang Q, Ng JPL, Ren F, Wong VKW, Efferth T. Nimbolide inhibits 2D and 3D prostate cancer cells migration, affects microtubules and angiogenesis and suppresses B-RAF/p.ERK-mediated in vivo tumor growth. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:153826. [PMID: 34775358 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most prominent malignancy among men worldwide. PCa cells have a high tendency to metastasize to various distant organs, and this activity is the main cause of PCa mortality. Nimbolide is a promising phytochemical constituent of neem Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae). Previous studies showed that nimbolide exhibited potent anticancer activity however, its role against PCa tumorigenesis has not been fully elucidated. PURPOSE Our work aims to explore the role of nimbolide in regulating the essential tumor-associated processes involved in the metastatic cascade in PCa cells. STUDY DESIGN Cytotoxicity assay, wound healing and spheroid invasion assays, western blotting, immunofluorescence, tube-formation assay, in vivo and immunohistochemistry. METHODS The cytotoxicity of nimbolide towards PCa cell lines was assessed by resazurin assays. The cell mobility and migration of nimbolide-treated DU145 cells were determined by wound healing and spheroid invasion assays. Tubulin network was visualized using U2OS cells and DU145 cells. The effect of nimbolide on E-cadherin, β-catenin, acetylated α-tubulin and HDAC6 protein expressions levels were measured by Western blot. The potentiality of nimbolide to inhibit angiogenesis was revealed by HUVEC tube-formation assay. Nimbolide antitumor effect was studied in a syngeneic model of murine prostate cancer. RESULTS The current study indicated that nimbolide negatively affected the migratory and invasive capacity of DU145 prostate cancer cells in 2D and three-dimensional (3D) spheroid cultures. Interestingly, nimbolide induced downregulation of E-cadherin without any influence on the expression level of β-catenin. Additionally, we demonstrated that nimbolide influenced the microtubule network which was supported by the upregulation of acetylated α-tubulin and the reduction in HDAC6 protein. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of nimbolide on angiogenesis was clearly observed in HUVEC tube formation assay. In vivo experiments revealed the significant suppression of PCa growth and targeting of the B-RAF/p.ERK signaling pathway by nimbolide. CONCLUSION Our results showed that nimbolide inhibited 2D and 3D prostate cancer cells migration and downregulated E-cadherin protein expression, a marker for metastatic chemoresistance and tumor recurrence. Nimbolide stabilized the microtubules, combated angiogenesis and suppressed B.RAF/ERK-mediated in vivo tumor growth. Nimbolide may be considered as potential therapeutic agent for metastatic and advanced PCa patients and merits further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Mona Dawood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany; Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Qi Huang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jerome P L Ng
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Fang Ren
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Vincent K W Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, China.
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Immunofluorescence-Based Method to Assess Cancer Biomarker in the Hypoxic Region of the Tumor. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2413:37-43. [PMID: 35044652 PMCID: PMC9116888 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1896-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel imaging technologies allows the analysis of the expression and spatial distribution of multiple markers simultaneously, providing necessary information about a cellular identity and the surrounding microenvironment. This chapter describes the utilization of immunofluorescence to identify such biomarkers in fixed tissue from prostate cancer (PCa) xenografts. One such marker detectable by immunofluorescence is pimonidazole, which has been utilized to locate areas of low oxygen (hypoxia). Pimonidazole, in combination with other biomarkers, could be utilized to identify "niches" in the microenvironment harboring more aggressive cells both within and outside hypoxic areas. Specifically, we describe the method to use pimonidazole for the identification of hypoxic regions in PCa xenograft tumors along with CPT1A (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A) expression, an indicator of β-oxidation. This approach could be useful to characterize various biomarkers in the complex hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
|
31
|
Rios-Colon L, Kumar P, Kim S, Sharma M, Su Y, Kumar A, Singh S, Stocks N, Liu L, Joshi M, Schlaepfer IR, Kumar D, Deep G. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 Regulates Prostate Cancer Growth under Hypoxia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246302. [PMID: 34944922 PMCID: PMC8699124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cell survival in hypoxia areas, with low oxygen and food supply as well as abundant waste material, is critical to their aggressiveness and associated with disease relapse and mortality. Therefore, it is vital to understand the molecular regulators of cancer cell survival under these harsh physiological conditions. In the present study, we assessed the role of a mitochondrial protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1A) in regulating prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival and proliferation under hypoxic conditions in both cell culture and animal models. The results showed that CPT1A expression in PCa cells is key to their survival and proliferation in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. These results have high translational significance in improving cancer prognosis and therapy. Abstract Hypoxia and hypoxia-related biomarkers are the major determinants of prostate cancer (PCa) aggressiveness. Therefore, a better understanding of molecular players involved in PCa cell survival under hypoxia could offer novel therapeutic targets. We previously reported a central role of mitochondrial protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1A) in PCa progression, but its role in regulating PCa survival under hypoxia remains unknown. Here, we employed PCa cells (22Rv1 and MDA-PCa-2b) with knockdown or overexpression of CPT1A and assessed their survival under hypoxia, both in cell culture and in vivo models. The results showed that CPT1A knockdown in PCa cells significantly reduced their viability, clonogenicity, and sphere formation under hypoxia, while its overexpression increased their proliferation, clonogenicity, and sphere formation. In nude mice, 22Rv1 xenografts with CPT1A knockdown grew significantly slower compared to vector control cells (~59% reduction in tumor volume at day 29). On the contrary, CPT1A-overexpressing 22Rv1 xenografts showed higher tumor growth compared to vector control cells (~58% higher tumor volume at day 40). Pathological analyses revealed lesser necrotic areas in CPT1A knockdown tumors and higher necrotic areas in CPT1A overexpressing tumors. Immunofluorescence analysis of tumors showed that CPT1A knockdown strongly compromised the hypoxic areas (pimonidazole+), while CPT1A overexpression resulted in more hypoxia areas with strong expression of proliferation biomarkers (Ki67 and cyclin D1). Finally, IHC analysis of tumors revealed a significant decrease in VEGF or VEGF-D expression but without significant changes in biomarkers associated with microvessel density. These results suggest that CPT1A regulates PCa survival in hypoxic conditions and might contribute to their aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslimar Rios-Colon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
- Division of Pathology, ICAR—Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Susy Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Mitu Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Yixin Su
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Sangeeta Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Nalexus Stocks
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
- Center for Cancer Genomics and Precision Oncology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Isabel R. Schlaepfer
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA;
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (L.R.-C.); (P.K.); (S.K.); (M.S.); (Y.S.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (N.S.); (L.L.)
- Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +336-716-9363
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Association of Short-term Patient-reported Outcomes With Long-term Oncologic Outcomes in Localized Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Radiation Therapy and Androgen Deprivation Therapy in a Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 112:880-889. [PMID: 34788698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both oncologic outcomes and patient-reported outcomes are pivotal in prostate cancer (PCa). However, it remains unknown if there is any association between these 2 outcomes. In this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we investigated the association of short-term changes in patient-reported outcome with long-term event-free survival (EFS) and metastasis-free survival (MFS) in localized PCa. METHODS AND MATERIALS Localized PCa patients with a Gleason score ≤7, clinical stage T1b to T3a, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <30 ng/mL were randomized to neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for 6 months starting 4 months before prostate radiation therapy or concurrent and adjuvant ADT for 6 months starting simultaneously with radiation therapy. Patient-reported symptom burden was evaluated using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire (QLQ)-PR.25. Clinically meaningful deterioration (CMD) was defined as a ≥10-point worsening at any time within 10 months postrandomization regardless of subsequent improvement. Landmark analyses were performed to determine the association of CMD of urinary and bowel symptoms separately with EFS and MFS in patients who responded to the baseline questionnaire, were alive, and were event free at 10 months. RESULTS Overall, 393 patients had responded to the baseline QLQ. One patient died, and 1 patient had failure within 10 months. Therefore, 391 patients were eligible for the landmark analyses. After adjusting for age, Gleason score, PSA, performance status, and treatment group, CMD of urinary symptoms was associated with worse EFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-2.65) and MFS (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.11-2.57). Considering deaths as competing events, CMD of urinary symptoms was associated with a significant increase in the relative incidence of progression (subdistribution HR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.12-5.20). However, no association was found between CMD of bowel symptoms and EFS or MFS. CONCLUSIONS In this study, short-term CMD of urinary symptoms was associated with significantly inferior EFS and MFS and an increase in the relative incidence of progression. Further investigations are needed to explore the biological rationale of such association in the context of ADT and radiation therapy.
Collapse
|
33
|
Alcantara-Zapata DE, Llanos AJ, Nazzal C. High altitude exposure affects male reproductive parameters: Could it also affect the prostate?†. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:385-396. [PMID: 34725677 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Living at high altitudes and living with prostatic illness are two different conditions closely related to a hypoxic environment. People at high altitudes exposed to acute, chronic, or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia turn on several mechanisms at the system, cellular and molecular level to cope with oxygen atmosphere scarcity maintaining the oxygen homeostasis. This exposure affects the whole organism and function of many systems, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and reproductive. On the other hand, malignant prostate is related to the scarcity of oxygen in the tissue microenvironment due to its low availability and high consumption due to the swift cell proliferation rates. Based on the literature, this similarity in the oxygen scarcity suggests that hypobaric hypoxia, and other common factors between these two conditions, could be involved in the aggravation of the pathological prostatic status. However, there is still a lack of evidence in the association of this disease in males at high altitudes. This review aims to examine the possible mechanisms that hypobaric hypoxia might negatively add to the pathological prostate function in males who live and work at high altitudes. More profound investigations of hypobaric hypoxia's direct action on the prostate could help understand this exposure's effect and prevent worse prostate illness impact in males at high altitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aníbal J Llanos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Fisiopatología del Desarrollo, Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro Internacional de Estudios Andinos (INCAS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Nazzal
- Department of Epidemiology. School of Public Health. Faculty of Medicine. University of Chile
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Askenase PW. Exosomes provide unappreciated carrier effects that assist transfers of their miRNAs to targeted cells; I. They are 'The Elephant in the Room'. RNA Biol 2021; 18:2038-2053. [PMID: 33944671 PMCID: PMC8582996 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.1885189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), such as exosomes, are emerging biologic entities that mediate important newly recognized functional effects. Exosomes are intracellular endosome-originating, cell-secreted, small nano-size EV. They can transfer cargo molecules like miRNAs to act intracellularly in targeted acceptor cells, to then mediate epigenetic functional alterations. Exosomes among EV, are universal nanoparticles of life that are present across all species. Some critics mistakenly hold exosomes to concepts and standards of cells, whereas they are subcellular nanospheres that are a million times smaller, have neither nuclei nor mitochondria, are far less complex and currently cannot be studied deeply and elegantly by many and diverse technologies developed for cells over many years. There are important concerns about the seeming impossibility of biologically significant exosome transfers of very small amounts of miRNAs resulting in altered targeted cell functions. These hesitations are based on current canonical concepts developed for non-physiological application of miRNAs alone, or artificial non-quantitative genetic expression. Not considered is that the natural physiologic intercellular transit via exosomes can contribute numerous augmenting carrier effects to functional miRNA transfers. Some of these are particularly stimulated complex extracellular and intracellular physiologic processes activated in the exosome acceptor cells that can crucially influence the intracellular effects of the transferred miRNAs. These can lead to molecular chemical changes altering DNA expression for mediating functional changes of the targeted cells. Such exosome mediated molecular transfers of epigenetic functional alterations, are the most exciting and life-altering property that these nano EV bring to virtually all of biology and medicine. .Abbreviations: Ab, Antibody Ag Antigen; APC, Antigen presenting cells; CS, contact sensitivity; DC, Dendritic cells; DTH, Delayed-type hypersensitivity; EV, extracellular vesicles; EV, Extracellular vesicle; FLC, Free light chains of antibodies; GI, gastrointestinal; IP, Intraperitoneal administration; IV, intravenous administration; OMV, Outer membrane vesicles released by bacteria; PE, Phos-phatidylethanolamine; PO, oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip W. Askenase
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Association of Baseline Patient-reported Health-related Quality of Life Metrics with Outcome in Localised Prostate Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2021; 34:e61-e68. [PMID: 34728131 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) outcomes are pivotal in oncology, the prognostic significance of patient-reported HR-QoL metrics is largely undefined in localised prostate cancer. We report the association of baseline HR-QoL metrics with overall survival and toxicity in localised prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a secondary analysis of a phase III randomised controlled study conducted in a single-payer health system. Patients with Gleason score ≤7, clinical stage T1b-T3a and prostate-specific antigen <30 ng/ml were randomised to neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for 6 months starting 4 months before prostate radiotherapy or concurrent and adjuvant ADT for 6 months starting simultaneously with prostate radiotherapy. HR-QoL scores were estimated using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL questionnaire. A multistate Markov model was used to determine the association of baseline HR-QoL metrics with overall survival and a multilevel multivariable Cox regression was used to determine the association with the incidence of delayed-onset grade ≥3 radiotherapy-related toxicities. To adjust for multiple analyses, P < 0.025 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Overall, 393 patients with baseline HR-QoL data were included in this analysis: 194 in the neoadjuvant arm and 199 in the adjuvant arm. Baseline financial difficulty (hazard ratio 1.020, 95% confidence interval 1.010-1.030, P = 0.02) and dyspnoea (hazard ratio 1.020, 95% confidence interval 1.003-1.030, P = 0.01) were associated with inferior overall survival. Baseline dyspnoea was associated with a higher incidence of grade ≥3 toxicity (hazard ratio 1.020, 95% confidence interval 1.010-1.030, P = 0.023). CONCLUSION In a cohort of localised prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy and short-term ADT, a 10-point higher baseline financial difficulty or dyspnoea was associated with a 20% increased risk of death. With each 10-point increase in baseline dyspnoea, we noted a 20% increase in the associated risk of grade ≥3 delayed-onset radiotherapy-related toxicity.
Collapse
|
36
|
Giraudet AL, Kryza D, Hofman M, Moreau A, Fizazi K, Flechon A, Hicks RJ, Tran B. PSMA targeting in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: where are we and where are we going? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2021; 13:17588359211053898. [PMID: 34721674 PMCID: PMC8554551 DOI: 10.1177/17588359211053898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is highly expressed on the membrane of most prostate cancer cells and to a lesser extent in normal tissues. Many vectors targeting this protein have been created over the past decade and numerous clinical studies have positively demonstrated the tolerance and efficacy of radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen ligands for PSMA radioligand therapy (PRLT). Preliminary results are encouraging that PRLT will become an important addition to the current therapeutic options in a number of settings. Improvement in radiopharmaceutical targeting and combination with other oncological agents are under investigation to further improve its therapeutic efficacy. These encouraging results have led to the development of other therapies using PSMA as a target, such as PSMA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, PSMA-targeted antibody drug conjugates, and PSMA-targeted bi-specific T-cell-directed therapy. This narrative review details the current state and advancements in prostate-specific membrane antigen targeting in prostate cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Giraudet
- Nuclear Medicine Department LUMEN, Regional Cancer Research Centre Leon Berard, 15 rue Gabriel Sarrazin, 69373 Lyon, France
- Unité INSERM U1296, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - David Kryza
- Nuclear Medicine Department LUMEN, Regional Cancer Research Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France
- UNIV Lyon—Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, LAGEPP UMR 5007 CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Hofman
- Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aurélie Moreau
- Nuclear Medicine Department LUMEN, Regional Cancer Research Centre Leon Berard, Lyon, France
| | - Karim Fizazi
- Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France
| | - Aude Flechon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Regional Cancer Research Centre Leon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Rodney J. Hicks
- Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Tran
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Division of Personalized Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yang K, Zhang J, Bao C. Exosomal circEIF3K from cancer-associated fibroblast promotes colorectal cancer (CRC) progression via miR-214/PD-L1 axis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:933. [PMID: 34412616 PMCID: PMC8375187 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08669-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor microenvironment (e.g., cancer-associated fibroblast) plays a key role in cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the detailed mechanism of whether hypoxia promotes CRC progression via tumor microenvironment remains unclear. Methods In this study, circEIF3K exosome was examined by NanoSight Tracking Analysis and RT-qPCR. We used cell colony formation assay, transwell assay and tube formation assay to determine proliferation, invasion and metastasis of HCT116 or SW620 cells. Xenograft tumor assay was employed to show in vivo tumor growth of HCT116 cells. Results We found that hypoxia could induce secretion of circEIF3K exosome. Conditioned medium (CM) and exosome from circEIF3K knockdown CAF significantly attenuated proliferation, invasion and tube formation of HCT116 or SW620 cells, which could be reverted by miR-214 under hypoxia treatment. Besides, we observed that circEIF3K knockdown evidently impaired tumor growth in mice. TCGA dataset analysis showed that low expression of circEIF3K was observed in normal tissues and associated with prolonged survival time. Finally, PD-L1 was confirmed as important target for miR-214 in CRC. Conclusion In conclusion, our study reveals that a novel axis circEIF3K/miR-214/PD-L1 mediates hypoxia-induced CRC progression via CAF, providing the rationale for developing new targeted therapeutics to treat CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaihua Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chuanqing Bao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Interplay between Hypoxia and Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer and Inflammation. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070606. [PMID: 34209290 PMCID: PMC8301089 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Mounting evidence suggests a role for extracellular vesicles in cell-to-cell communication, in both physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, the molecular content of vesicles can be exploited for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Inflamed tissues and tumors are often characterized by hypoxic areas, where oxygen levels drop dramatically. Several studies demonstrated that hypoxic stress affects the release of vesicles and their content. This review is intended to provide an exhaustive overview on the relationship between hypoxia and vesicles in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Abstract Hypoxia is a severe stress condition often observed in cancer and chronically inflamed cells and tissues. Extracellular vesicles play pivotal roles in these pathological processes and carry biomolecules that can be detected in many biofluids and may be exploited for diagnostic purposes. Several studies report the effects of hypoxia on extracellular vesicles’ release, molecular content, and biological functions in disease. This review summarizes the most recent findings in this field, highlighting the areas that warrant further investigation.
Collapse
|
39
|
Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts derived exosomes modulate breast cancer cell stemness through exonic circHIF1A by miR-580-5p in hypoxic stress. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:141. [PMID: 34120145 PMCID: PMC8197761 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumors. The roles of exosomes from hypoxic breast cancer stroma are less studied. So, the study was aimed to investigate the role of exosomes from hypoxic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) cells in breast cancer. The circRNA array analysis was performed to screen differential expressed circRNAs between hypoxic and normoxic CAFs exosomes. Candidate circHIF1A (circ_0032138) was screened out and it was confirmed that circHIF1A was up-regulated in the exosomes from hypoxic CAFs and their exosomes. Through investigating cellular functions including cell proliferation and stem cell features, it was demonstrated that hypoxic CAFs exosomes transferred circHIF1A into breast cancer cells, which played an important role in cancer stem cell properties sponging miR-580-5p by regulating CD44 expression. In a summary, circHIF1A from hypoxic CAFs exosomes played an important role in stem cell properties of breast cancer. CircHIF1A may act as a target molecule of breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
40
|
Phua TJ. The Etiology and Pathophysiology Genesis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer: A New Perspective. MEDICINES 2021; 8:medicines8060030. [PMID: 34208086 PMCID: PMC8230771 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8060030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: The etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are unknown, with ageing being the greatness risk factor. Methods: This new perspective evaluates the available interdisciplinary evidence regarding prostate ageing in terms of the cell biology of regulation and homeostasis, which could explain the timeline of evolutionary cancer biology as degenerative, inflammatory and neoplasm progressions in these multifactorial and heterogeneous prostatic diseases. Results: This prostate ageing degeneration hypothesis encompasses the testosterone-vascular-inflamm-ageing triad, along with the cell biology regulation of amyloidosis and autophagy within an evolutionary tumorigenesis microenvironment. Conclusions: An understanding of these biological processes of prostate ageing can provide potential strategies for early prevention and could contribute to maintaining quality of life for the ageing individual along with substantial medical cost savings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teow J Phua
- Molecular Medicine, NSW Health Pathology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Doldi V, El Bezawy R, Zaffaroni N. MicroRNAs as Epigenetic Determinants of Treatment Response and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2380. [PMID: 34069147 PMCID: PMC8156532 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common tumor in men worldwide, and the fifth leading cause of male cancer-related deaths in western countries. PC is a very heterogeneous disease, meaning that optimal clinical management of individual patients is challenging. Depending on disease grade and stage, patients can be followed in active surveillance protocols or undergo surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy. Although therapeutic advancements exist in both radiatiotherapy and chemotherapy, in a considerable proportion of patients, the treatment remains unsuccessful, mainly due to tumor poor responsiveness and/or recurrence and metastasis. microRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding RNAs that epigenetically regulate gene expression, are essential actors in multiple tumor-related processes, including apoptosis, cell growth and proliferation, autophagy, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and metastasis. Given that these processes are deeply involved in cell response to anti-cancer treatments, miRNAs have been considered as key determinants of tumor treatment response. In this review, we provide an overview on main PCa-related miRNAs and describe the biological mechanisms by which specific miRNAs concur to determine PCa response to radiation and drug therapy. Additionally, we illustrate whether miRNAs can be considered novel therapeutic targets or tools on the basis of the consequences of their expression modulation in PCa experimental models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.D.); (R.E.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Samaržija I. Post-Translational Modifications That Drive Prostate Cancer Progression. Biomolecules 2021; 11:247. [PMID: 33572160 PMCID: PMC7915076 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While a protein primary structure is determined by genetic code, its specific functional form is mostly achieved in a dynamic interplay that includes actions of many enzymes involved in post-translational modifications. This versatile repertoire is widely used by cells to direct their response to external stimuli, regulate transcription and protein localization and to keep proteostasis. Herein, post-translational modifications with evident potency to drive prostate cancer are explored. A comprehensive list of proteome-wide and single protein post-translational modifications and their involvement in phenotypic outcomes is presented. Specifically, the data on phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation, and lipidation in prostate cancer and the enzymes involved are collected. This type of knowledge is especially valuable in cases when cancer cells do not differ in the expression or mutational status of a protein, but its differential activity is regulated on the level of post-translational modifications. Since their driving roles in prostate cancer, post-translational modifications are widely studied in attempts to advance prostate cancer treatment. Current strategies that exploit the potential of post-translational modifications in prostate cancer therapy are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Samaržija
- Laboratory for Epigenomics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
The Effects of Resveratrol on Prostate Cancer through Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. J Xenobiot 2021; 11:16-32. [PMID: 33535458 PMCID: PMC7931005 DOI: 10.3390/jox11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Since over 60% of prostate cancer cases occur in men over 65 years of age, and this population will increase steadily in the coming years, prostate cancer will be a major cancer-related burden in the foreseeable future. Accumulating data from more recent research suggest that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a previously unrecognized role in every stage of cancer development, including initiation, proliferation, and metastasis. Prostate cancer is not only diagnosed in the late stages of life, but also progresses relatively slowly. This makes prostate cancer an ideal model system for exploring the potential of natural products as cancer prevention and/or treatment reagents because they usually act relatively slowly compared to most synthetic drugs. Resveratrol (RSV) is a naturally occurring stilbenoid and possesses strong anti-cancer properties with few adverse effects. Accumulating data from both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that RSV can interfere with prostate cancer initiation and progression by targeting the TME. Therefore, this review is aimed to summarize the recent advancement in RSV-inhibited prostate cancer initiation, proliferation, and metastasis as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, with particular emphasis on the effect of RSV on TME. This will not only better our understanding of prostate cancer TMEs, but also pave the way for the development of RSV as a potential reagent for prostate cancer prevention and/or therapy.
Collapse
|
44
|
Askenase PW. Ancient Evolutionary Origin and Properties of Universally Produced Natural Exosomes Contribute to Their Therapeutic Superiority Compared to Artificial Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1429. [PMID: 33572657 PMCID: PMC7866973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, are newly recognized fundamental, universally produced natural nanoparticles of life that are seemingly involved in all biologic processes and clinical diseases. Due to their universal involvements, understanding the nature and also the potential therapeutic uses of these nanovesicles requires innovative experimental approaches in virtually every field. Of the EV group, exosome nanovesicles and larger companion micro vesicles can mediate completely new biologic and clinical processes dependent on the intercellular transfer of proteins and most importantly selected RNAs, particularly miRNAs between donor and targeted cells to elicit epigenetic alterations inducing functional cellular changes. These recipient acceptor cells are nearby (paracrine transfers) or far away after distribution via the circulation (endocrine transfers). The major properties of such vesicles seem to have been conserved over eons, suggesting that they may have ancient evolutionary origins arising perhaps even before cells in the primordial soup from which life evolved. Their potential ancient evolutionary attributes may be responsible for the ability of some modern-day exosomes to withstand unusually harsh conditions, perhaps due to unique membrane lipid compositions. This is exemplified by ability of the maternal milk exosomes to survive passing the neonatal acid/enzyme rich stomach. It is postulated that this resistance also applies to their durable presence in phagolysosomes, thus suggesting a unique intracellular release of their contained miRNAs. A major discussed issue is the generally poorly realized superiority of these naturally evolved nanovesicles for therapies when compared to human-engineered artificial nanoparticles, e.g., for the treatment of diseases like cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip W Askenase
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Eva TA, Barua N, Chowdhury MM, Yeasmin S, Rakib A, Islam MR, Emran TB, Simal-Gandara J. Perspectives on signaling for biological- and processed food-related advanced glycation end-products and its role in cancer progression. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2655-2672. [PMID: 33307763 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1856771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a multifunctional receptor binds a broad spectrum of ligands and mediates responses to cell damage and stress conditions. It also activates programs leading to acute and chronic inflammation and implicated in several pathological diseases, including cancer. In this review, we presented the non-enzymatic reaction of reducing sugar with the amino groups of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This reaction initiates a complex series of rearrangements and dehydrations, and then produces a class of irreversibly cross-linked heterogeneous fluorescent moieties, termed advanced glycation end products (AGEs). There is a growing body of evidence that interaction of processes food-related AGEs with a cell surface receptor RAGE brings out the generation of oxidative stress and subsequently evokes proliferative, angiogenic and inflammatory reactions, thereby being involved in the development and progression of various types of cancers. This review is an insightful assessment of molecular mechanisms through which RAGE signaling contributes to the enhancement and survival of the tumorigenic cell. Here we summarize the procurement of individual ligands of RAGE like amphoterin, calcium-binding proteins, and resultant mediation of RAGE signaling pathway, which partially can elucidate the elevated risk of several cancers. Besides, we summarize many factors or conditions including APE1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1), retinol mutations, retinoblastoma (Rb), proteinase 3 (PR3) hypoxia and so on through which RAGE signaling presents an establishment of cancerous environment. Additionally, we also reviewed some recent findings that give shreds of evidence for presenting the role of RAGE and its ligands in the advanced stage of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taslima Akter Eva
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Nizum Barua
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mustafiz Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sharfin Yeasmin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ahmed Rakib
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rashedul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jafari R, Rahbarghazi R, Ahmadi M, Hassanpour M, Rezaie J. Hypoxic exosomes orchestrate tumorigenesis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. J Transl Med 2020; 18:474. [PMID: 33302971 PMCID: PMC7731629 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The solid tumor microenvironment possesses a hypoxic condition, which promotes aggressiveness and resistance to therapies. Hypoxic tumor cells undergo broadly metabolic and molecular adaptations and communicate with surrounding cells to provide conditions promising for their homeostasis and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes originating from the endosomal pathway carry different types of biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids; participate in cell-to-cell communication. The exposure of cancer cells to hypoxic conditions, not only, increases exosomes biogenesis and secretion but also alters exosomes cargo. Under the hypoxic condition, different signaling pathways such as HIFs, Rab-GTPases, NF-κB, and tetraspanin are involved in the exosomes biogenesis. Hypoxic tumor cells release exosomes that induce tumorigenesis through promoting metastasis, angiogenesis, and modulating immune responses. Exosomes from hypoxic tumor cells hold great potential for clinical application and cancer diagnosis. Besides, targeting the biogenesis of these exosomes may be a therapeutic opportunity for reducing tumorigenesis. Exosomes can serve as a drug delivery system transferring therapeutic compounds to cancer cells. Understanding the detailed mechanisms involved in biogenesis and functions of exosomes under hypoxic conditions may help to develop effective therapies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jafari
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ahmadi
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hassanpour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd, P.O. BoX: 1138, 57147, Urmia, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Potential Roles of Tumor Cell- and Stroma Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Promoting a Pro-Angiogenic Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123599. [PMID: 33276428 PMCID: PMC7760552 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we focus on the distinct functions of tumor-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles in promotion of angiogenesis and describe their potential as a therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic therapies. Also, we focus on extracellular vesicles derived from non-cancer cells and their potential role in stimulating a pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment. The article describes the biogenesis of small extracellular vesicles and refers to their proteomic cargo components that play a role in promoting angiogenesis. Moreover, we explain how small extracellular vesicles derived from tumors and non-cancer cells can interact with recipient cells and alter their functions. We particularly focus on phenotypical and functional changes in endothelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils that result in proangiogenic signaling. Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced and released by all cells and are present in all body fluids. They exist in a variety of sizes, however, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), the EV subset with a size range from 30 to 150 nm, are of current interest. They are characterized by a distinct biogenesis and complex cargo composition, which reflects the cytosolic contents and cell-surface molecules of the parent cells. This cargo consists of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and is competent in inducing signaling cascades in recipient cells after surface interactions or in initiating the generation of a functional protein by delivering nucleic acids. Based on these characteristics, sEVs are now considered as important mediators of intercellular communication. One hallmark of sEVs is the promotion of angiogenesis. It was shown that sEVs interact with endothelial cells (ECs) and promote an angiogenic phenotype, ultimately leading to increased vascularization of solid tumors and disease progression. It was also shown that sEVs reprogram cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and act in a functionally cooperative fashion to promote angiogenesis by a paracrine mechanism involving the differential expression and secretion of angiogenic factors from other cell types. In this review, we will focus on the distinct functions of tumor-cell-derived sEVs (TEX) in promotion of angiogenesis and describe their potential as a therapeutic target for anti-angiogenic therapies. Also, we will focus on non-cancer stroma-cell-derived small extracellular vesicles and their potential role in stimulating a pro-angiogenic TME.
Collapse
|
48
|
Targeting lactate production and efflux in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165894. [PMID: 32650130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Screening and management of PCa remain controversial and, therefore, the discovery of novel molecular biomarkers is urgently needed. Alteration in cancer cell metabolism is a recognized hallmark of cancer, whereby cancer cells exhibit high glycolytic rates with subsequent lactate production, regardless of oxygen availability. To maintain the hyperglycolytic phenotype, cancer cells efficiently export lactate through the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4. The impact of inhibiting lactate production/extrusion on PCa cell survival and aggressiveness was investigated in vitro and ex vivo using primary tumor and metastatic PCa cell lines and the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. In this study, we showed the metastatic PCa cell line (DU125) displayed higher expression levels of MCT1/4 isoforms and glycolysis-related markers than the localized prostate tumor-derived cell line (22RV1), indicating these proteins are differentially expressed throughout prostate malignant transformation. Moreover, disruption of lactate export by MCT1/4 silencing resulted in a decrease in PCa cell growth and motility. To support these results, we pharmacological inhibited lactate production (via inhibition of LDH) and release (via inhibition of MCTs) and a reduction in cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo was observed. In summary, our data provide evidence that MCT1 and MCT4 are important players in prostate neoplastic progression and that inhibition of lactate production/export can be explored as a strategy for PCa treatment.
Collapse
|
49
|
AYDOĞAN TÜRKOĞLU S, DAYI G, KÖÇKAR F. Upregulation of PSMD4 gene by hypoxia in prostate cancer cells. Turk J Biol 2020; 44:275-283. [PMID: 33110365 PMCID: PMC7585163 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2002-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome pathways have a crucial role in tumor progression. PSMD4 (Rpn10, 26S proteasome non-ATPase subunit 4), which is a subunit of the regulatory particle, is a major ubiquitin (Ub) receptor of 26S proteasome. PSMD4 overexpression has been observed in colon carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and breast cancer. In this work, we elucidated the effect of hypoxia on PSMD4 gene expression in prostate cancer cells (PC3). Chemically mimicked hypoxia drastically upregulated PSMD4 gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Transient transfection experiments indicated that all promoter fragments were active in PC3 cells. Hypoxia increased transcriptional activity of all PSMD4 promoter constructs. EMSA analysis shows that HIF-1a transcription factor binds to the hypoxia response element (HRE) present within the -98/+52 region of PSMD4 promoter. We also used human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) as a different cell model, in which increased PSMD4 expression was seen only at 24 h. The increased expression of the PSMD4 level in the PC3 cell line was not parallel to the expression in hypoxic HUVEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyye AYDOĞAN TÜRKOĞLU
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, University of Balıkesir, BalıkesirTurkey
| | - Gizem DAYI
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literature, University of Balıkesir, BalıkesirTurkey
| | - Feray KÖÇKAR
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, University of Balıkesir, BalıkesirTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Waghela BN, Vaidya FU, Agrawal Y, Santra MK, Mishra V, Pathak C. Molecular insights of NADPH oxidases and its pathological consequences. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 39:218-234. [PMID: 32975319 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), formed by the partial reduction of oxygen, were for a long time considered to be a byproduct of cellular metabolism. Since, increase in cellular levels of ROS results in oxidative stress leading to damage of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids resulting in numerous pathological conditions; ROS was considered a bane for aerobic species. Hence, the discovery of NADPH oxidases (NOX), an enzyme family that specifically generates ROS as its prime product came as a surprise to redox biologists. NOX family proteins participate in various cellular functions including cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of genes and protein expression, apoptosis, and host defence immunological response. Balanced expression and activation of NOX with subsequent production of ROS are critically important to regulate various genes and proteins to maintain homeostasis of the cell. However, dysregulation of NOX activation leading to enhanced ROS levels is associated with various pathophysiologies including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, ageing, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Although our current knowledge on NOX signifies its importance in the normal functioning of various cellular pathways; yet the choice of ROS producing enzymes which can tip the scale from homeostasis toward damage, as mediators of biological functions remain an oddity. Though the role of NOX in maintaining normal cellular functions is now deemed essential, yet its dysregulation leading to catastrophic events cannot be denied. Hence, this review focuses on the involvement of NOX enzymes in various pathological conditions imploring them as possible targets for therapies. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The NOXs are multi-subunit enzymes that generate ROS as a prime product. NOX generated ROS are usually regulated by various molecular factors and play a vital role in different physiological processes. The dysregulation of NOX activity is associated with pathological consequences. Recently, the dynamic proximity of NOX enzymes with different molecular signatures of pathologies has been studied extensively. It is essential to identify the precise role of NOX machinery in its niche during the progression of pathology. Although inhibition of NOX could be a promising approach for therapeutic interventions, it is critical to expand the current understanding of NOX's dynamicity and shed light on their molecular partners and regulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav N Waghela
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Foram U Vaidya
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Yashika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinita Mishra
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Chandramani Pathak
- School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|