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Aggarwal K, Nagpal K. Three-Dimensional Printing as a Progressive Innovative Tool for Customized and Precise Drug Delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:95-130. [PMID: 38037821 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023046832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
While using three-dimensional printing, materials are deposited layer by layer in accordance with the digital model created by computer-aided design software. Numerous research teams have shown interest in this technology throughout the last few decades to produce various dosage forms in the pharmaceutical industry. The number of publications has increased since the first printed medicine was approved in 2015 by Food and Drug Administration. Considering this, the idea of creating complex, custom-made structures that are loaded with pharmaceuticals for tissue engineering and dose optimization is particularly intriguing. New approaches and techniques for creating unique medication delivery systems are made possible by the development of additive manufacturing keeping in mind the comparative advantages it has over conventional methods of manufacturing medicaments. This review focuses on three-dimensional printed formulations grouped in orally disintegrated tablets, buccal films, implants, suppositories, and microneedles. The various types of techniques that are involved in it are summarized. Additionally, challenges and applications related to three-dimensional printing of pharmaceuticals are also being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Aggarwal
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, AUUP
| | - Kalpana Nagpal
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP-201303, India
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Bonetti L, Caprioglio A, Bono N, Candiani G, Altomare L. Mucoadhesive chitosan-methylcellulose oral patches for the treatment of local mouth bacterial infections. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:2699-2710. [PMID: 36722890 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01540d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mucoadhesive buccal patches are dosage forms promising for successful drug delivery. They show the distinctive advantages of long residence time on the oral mucosa and increased in situ drug bioavailability. In this context, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of chitosan (CS) has been demonstrated as a simple and easily tunable technique to produce mucoadhesive buccal patches. However, CS-based buccal patches may suffer from weak mucoadhesion, which can impair their therapeutic effect. In this work, methylcellulose (MC), a widely investigated biopolymer in the biomedical area, was exploited to increase the mucoadhesive characteristic of pristine CS patches. CS-MC patches were obtained in a one-pot process via EPD, and the possibility of incorporating gentamicin sulfate (GS) as a model of a broad-spectrum antibiotic in the so-obtained patches was investigated. The resulting CS-MC patches showed high stability in a water environment and superior mucoadhesive characteristic (σadh = 0.85 ± 0.26 kPa, Wadh = 1192.28 ± 602.36 Pa mm) when compared with the CS control samples (σadh = 0.42 ± 0.22 kPa, Wadh = 343.13 ± 268.89 Pa mm), due to both the control of the patch porosity and the bioadhesive nature of MC. Furthermore, GS-loaded patches showed no in vitro cytotoxic effects by challenging L929 cells with material extracts and noteworthy antibacterial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alice Caprioglio
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Nina Bono
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy. .,National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giuseppe Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy.
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3
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Dubashynskaya NV, Skorik YA. Patches as Polymeric Systems for Improved Delivery of Topical Corticosteroids: Advances and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12980. [PMID: 36361769 PMCID: PMC9657685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoadhesive polymer patches are a promising alternative for prolonged and controlled delivery of topical corticosteroids (CS) to improve their biopharmaceutical properties (mainly increasing local bioavailability and reducing systemic toxicity). The main biopharmaceutical advantages of patches compared to traditional oral dosage forms are their excellent bioadhesive properties and their increased drug residence time, modified and unidirectional drug release, improved local bioavailability and safety profile, additional pain receptor protection, and patient friendliness. This review describes the main approaches that can be used for the pharmaceutical R&D of oromucosal patches with improved physicochemical, mechanical, and pharmacological properties. The review mainly focuses on ways to increase the bioadhesion of oromucosal patches and to modify drug release, as well as ways to improve local bioavailability and safety by developing unidirectional -release poly-layer patches. Various techniques for obtaining patches and their influence on the structure and properties of the resulting dosage forms are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yury A. Skorik
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. V.O. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Srivastava N, Aslam S. Recent Advancements and Patents on Buccal Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review. RECENT PATENTS ON NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 16:308-325. [PMID: 34126916 DOI: 10.2174/1872210515666210609145144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The major requirement for a dosage form to be successful is its ability to penetrate the site of application and the bioavailability of the drug released from the dosage form. The buccal drug delivery is an influential route to deliver the drug into the body. Here, in this context, various novel approaches that include lipoidal carriers like ethosomes, transferosomes, niosomes etc. and electrospun nanofibers are discussed, with respect to buccal drug delivery. These carriers can be easily incorporated into buccal dosage forms like patches and gels that are responsible for increased permeation across the buccal epithelium. The in vivo methods of evaluation on animal models are conscribed here. The novel biocarriers of lipoidal and non-lipoidal nature can be utilized by loading the drug into them, which are helpful in preventing drug degradation and other drawbacks as compared to conventional formulations. The globally patented buccal formulations give us a wide context in literature about the patents filed and granted in the recent years. When it comes to patient compliance, age is an issue, which is also solved by the buccal route. The pediatric buccal formulations are researched for the customization to be delivered to children. Diseases like mouth ulcers, oral cancer, Parkinson's disease, aphthous stomatitis etc. have been successfully treated through the buccal route, which infers that the buccal drug delivery system is an effective and emerging area for formulation and development in the field of pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Sahifa Aslam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
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Campos JC, Cunha JD, Ferreira DC, Reis S, Costa PJ. Challenges in the local delivery of peptides and proteins for oral mucositis management. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 128:131-146. [PMID: 29702221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucositis, a common inflammatory side effect of oncological treatments, is a disorder of the oral mucosa that can cause painful ulcerations, local motor disabilities, and an increased risk of infections. Due to the discomfort it produces and the associated health risks, it can lead to cancer treatment restrains, such as the need for dose reduction, cycle delays or abandonment. Current mucositis management has low efficiency in prevention and treatment. A topical drug application for a local action can be a more effective approach than systemic routes when addressing oral cavity pathologies. Local delivery of growth factors, antibodies, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have shown promising results. However, due to the peptide and protein nature of these novel agents, and the several anatomic, physiological and environmental challenges of the oral cavity, their local action might be limited when using traditional delivering systems. This review is an awareness of the issues and strategies in the local delivery of macromolecules for the management of oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C Campos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal(1).
| | - João D Cunha
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal(1)
| | - Domingos C Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal(1)
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal(1)
| | - Paulo J Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal(1)
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Fonseca-Santos B, Chorilli M. An overview of polymeric dosage forms in buccal drug delivery: State of art, design of formulations and their in vivo performance evaluation. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017. [PMID: 29525088 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the ease of the administration, the oral cavity is an attractive site for the delivery of drugs. The main difficulty for administration via the buccal route is an effective physiological removal mechanism of the oral cavity that takes way the formulation from the buccal site and decreases the bioavailability of drugs. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery shows assessing buccal drug permeation and absorption, however some studies bring an in vivo performance. This review points to the use of polymers in the manufacture of drug delivery systems (hydrogels, films and tablets) and shows the results of their in vivo performance tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Fonseca-Santos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14800-903 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Mackie AR, Goycoolea FM, Menchicchi B, Caramella CM, Saporito F, Lee S, Stephansen K, Chronakis IS, Hiorth M, Adamczak M, Waldner M, Nielsen HM, Marcelloni L. Innovative Methods and Applications in Mucoadhesion Research. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R. Mackie
- Institute of Food Research; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UA UK
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Leeds; LS2 9JT Leeds UK
| | - Francisco M. Goycoolea
- School of Food Science and Nutrition; University of Leeds; LS2 9JT Leeds UK
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Schlossgarten 3 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bianca Menchicchi
- Department of Medicine 1; University of Erlangen-Nueremberg; Hartmanstrasse 14 91052 Erlangen Germany
- Nanotechnology Group; Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology; University of Münster; Schlossgarten 3 48149 Münster Germany
| | | | - Francesca Saporito
- Department of Drug Sciences; University of Pavia; Via Taramelli, 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Seunghwan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Produktionstorvet 2800 Kgs Lyngby Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Karen Stephansen
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ioannis S. Chronakis
- National Food Institute; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, 2800 Kgs Lyngby Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Marianne Hiorth
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Postboks 1068 Blindern 0316 OSLO Norway
| | - Malgorzata Adamczak
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Postboks 1068 Blindern 0316 OSLO Norway
| | - Max Waldner
- Medizinische Klinik 1; Ulmenweg 18 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 2 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Luciano Marcelloni
- S.I.I.T. S.r.l Pharmaceutical & Health Food Supplements; Via Canova 5/7-20090 Trezzano S/N Milan Italy
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Design, characterization and in vitro evaluation of a novel thiolated polymer: preactivated carboxymethyl cellulose. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:7-14. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To design a novel preactived carboxymethyl cellulose derivative. Methods: First, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was chemically modified by amide bond formation between primary amino group of cysteine (CYS) and carboxylic moiety of CMC mediated by carbodiimide. Second, obtained CMCCYS was preactivated with 2,2′-dithiodinicotinic acid. Designed CMC-S-S-MNA was characterized by FT-IR. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was conducted on Caco-2 cell line. Swelling behavior, erosion and release of novel CMC-S-S-MNA were performed compared with thiolated and unmodified cellulose, respectively. Results: CMC-S-S-MNA showed no harmful effect on cells. CMC-S-S-MNA exhibited 2.13-fold higher stability in comparison to unmodified cellulose. Furthermore, preactivated carboxymethyl cellulose-cysteine revealed 1.9-fold controlled released compared with respective unmodified carboxymethyl cellulose. Conclusion: Novel preactivated carboxymethyl cellulose represents a versatile excipient for drug delivery.
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Abruzzo A, Cerchiara T, Bigucci F, Gallucci MC, Luppi B. Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets Based on Chitosan/Gelatin Microparticles for Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:4365-4372. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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A potential tailor-made hyaluronic acid buccal delivery system comprising rotigotine for Parkinson's disease? Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1225-32. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects over 10 million people around the world. Dysphagia is one of its main problems. Therefore, mucosal delivery is beneficial for patient compliance. This study aimed to synthesize mucoadhesive hyaluronic acid (HA) comprising rotigotine for the treatment of PD. Materials & methods: HA – a biocompatible, naturally occurring polysaccharide – was chemically modified with the thiol-bearing ligand cysteine ethyl ester via amide bond formation (HAC). HAC was evaluated in terms of stability, cytotoxicity, permeation enhancement, controlled drug release and mucoadhesiveness. Results: HAC showed 1.49-fold higher stability, 3.47-fold improved swelling capacity and 12.16-fold augmentation in mucoadhesion. Additionally, HAC exhibited 1.18-fold permeation enhancement over HA. Discussion: Taking the findings into consideration, HAC represents a pillar of mucosal buccal delivery in the treatment of PD.
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11
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In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of biomaterials' distinctive properties as a result of thiolation. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:449-57. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) was chemically modified with cysteine ethyl ester (CYS). By immobilization of the thiol-bearing ligand on the polymeric backbone the thiolated bioconjugate HA-CYS was obtained. Methodology & Results: Mucoadhesion, permeation enhancement effect and stability was tested. Furthermore mechanical, physicochemical properties as well as mucoadhesive strength, swelling index and residence time on the mucosa were investigated. The developed thiolated bioconjugate displayed 1.5-fold improved mucoadhesiveness on buccal mucosa as well as an enhanced permeation behavior and 2.5-fold higher polymer stability. The near neutral pH and 2.49±0.49% cytotoxicity over 12-h studies indicated their non-irritability and biocompatible nature with biological tissues. Further, the model drug sulforhodamine 101 was incorporated to determine its drug release profiles, which revealed a 2.8-fold controlled release of HA-CYS in comparison to unmodified HA. Conclusion: Thus, the promising results encourage further investigations and exploitation of this versatile polysaccharide.
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Gavin A, Pham JTH, Wang D, Brownlow B, Elbayoumi TA. Layered nanoemulsions as mucoadhesive buccal systems for controlled delivery of oral cancer therapeutics. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:1569-84. [PMID: 25759580 PMCID: PMC4346361 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s75474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are considered the eighth most common cancer worldwide, with relatively poor prognosis (62% of patients surviving 5 years, after diagnosis). The aim of this study was to develop a proof-of-concept mucoadhesive lozenge/buccal tablet, as a potential platform for direct sustained delivery of therapeutic antimitotic nanomedicines. Our system would serve as an adjuvant therapy for oral cancer patients undergoing full-scale diagnostic and operative treatment plans. We utilized lipid-based nanocarriers, namely nanoemulsions (NEs), containing mixed-polyethoxylated emulsifiers and a tocopheryl moiety-enriched oil phase. Prototype NEs, loaded with the proapoptotic lipophilic drug genistein (Gen), were further processed into buccal tablet formulations. The chitosan polyelectrolyte solution overcoat rendered NE droplets cationic, by acting as a mucoadhesive interfacial NE layer. With approximate size of 110 nm, the positively charged chitosan-layered NE (+25 mV) vs negatively charged chitosan-free/primary aqueous NE (-28 mV) exhibited a controlled-release profile and effective mucoadhesion for liquid oral spray prototypes. When punch-pressed, porous NE-based buccal tablets were physically evaluated for hardness, friability, and swelling in addition to ex vivo tissue mucoadhesion force and retention time measurements. Chitosan-containing NE tablets were found equivalent to primary NE and placebo tablets in compression tests, yet significantly superior in all ex vivo adhesion and in vitro release assays (P≤0.05). Following biocompatibility screening of prototype chitosan-layered NEs, substantial anticancer activity of selected cationic Gen-loaded NE formulations, against two oropahryngeal carcinomas, was observed. The data strongly indicate the potential of such nanomucoadhesive systems as maintenance therapy for oral cancer patients awaiting surgical removal, or postresection of identified cancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gavin
- College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Jimmy TH Pham
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Dawei Wang
- Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Bill Brownlow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy-Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Tamer A Elbayoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy-Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA
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Morales JO, McConville JT. Novel strategies for the buccal delivery of macromolecules. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 40:579-90. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.892960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sander C, Madsen KD, Hyrup B, Nielsen HM, Rantanen J, Jacobsen J. Characterization of spray dried bioadhesive metformin microparticles for oromucosal administration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:682-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel polymeric excipient for buccal applications. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:511-22. [PMID: 23573970 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a more effective mucoadhesive thiomer for buccal drug-delivery systems. METHODS 2-iminothiolane was covalently attached to a chitosan backbone. A preactivation step followed, mediated by 6,6´dithionicotinamide, thiol groups were modified by disulfide bonds formation. Mucoadhesion studies were performed on buccal mucosa. In addition, water-uptake capacity, disintegration, release and cytotoxicity studies were completed. RESULTS The obtained chitosan-thiobutylamidine conjugate displayed 647.4 ± 85.23 µmol/g immobilized thiol groups. Due to the preactivation, approximately 60% of thiol groups were modified by formation of disulfide bonds. Chitosan-thiobutylamidine-mercaptonicotinamide displayed 1.8-fold higher stability and 1.6-fold higher mucoadhesive properties, respectively. The release study demonstrated a 1.4-fold more prolonged drug release compared with corresponding thiomers. CONCLUSION According to these results, preactivated thiomers demonstrate an improved stability and increased mucoadhesive properties. Therefore, they seem to be advantageous for buccal administration over corresponding thiomers and chitosan.
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16
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Kam KR, Desai TA. Nano- and microfabrication for overcoming drug delivery challenges. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1878-1884. [PMID: 23730504 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00048f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This highlight article describes current nano- and microfabrication techniques for creating drug delivery devices. We first review the main physiological barriers to delivering therapeutic agents. Then, we describe how novel fabrication methods can be utilized to combine many features into a single physiologically relevant device to overcome drug delivery challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Kam
- UC Berkeley and UCSF Joint Graduate Group in Bioengineering, USA
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17
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Abu-Huwaij R, Obaidat RM, Sweidan K, Al-Hiari Y. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of xanthan gum or carbopol 934-based mucoadhesive patches, loaded with nicotine. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:21-7. [PMID: 21161460 PMCID: PMC3066338 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilayer nicotine mucoadhesive patches were prepared and evaluated to determine the feasibility of the formulation as a nicotine replacement product to aid in smoking cessation. Nicotine patches were prepared using xanthan gum or carbopol 934 as a mucoadhesive polymers and ethyl cellulose as a backing layer. The patches were evaluated for their thickness, weight and content uniformity, swelling behavior, drug-polymers interaction, adhesive properties, and drug release. The physicochemical interactions between nicotine and the polymers were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Mucoadhesion was assessed using two-arm balance method, and the in vitro release was studied using the Franz cell. FTIR revealed that there was an acid base interaction between nicotine and carbopol as well as nicotine and xanthan. Interestingly, the mucoadhesion and in vitro release studies indicated that this interaction was strong between the drug and carbopol whereas it was weak between the drug and xanthan. Loading nicotine concentration to non-medicated patches showed a significant decrease in the mucoadhesion strength of carbopol patches and no significant effect on the mucoadhesion strength of xanthan patches. In vitro release studies of the xanthan patches showed a reasonable fast initial release profile followed by controlled drug release over a 10-h period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana M. Obaidat
- />Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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18
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Morales JO, McConville JT. Manufacture and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal films. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 77:187-99. [PMID: 21130875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The buccal route of administration has a number of advantages including bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatic first pass effect. Mucoadhesive films are retentive dosage forms and release drug directly into a biological substrate. Furthermore, films have improved patient compliance due to their small size and reduced thickness, compared for example to lozenges and tablets. The development of mucoadhesive buccal films has increased dramatically over the past decade because it is a promising delivery alternative to various therapeutic classes including peptides, vaccines, and nanoparticles. The "film casting process" involves casting of aqueous solutions and/or organic solvents to yield films suitable for this administration route. Over the last decade, hot-melt extrusion has been explored as an alternative manufacturing process and has yielded promising results. Characterization of critical properties such as the mucoadhesive strength, drug content uniformity, and permeation rate represent the major research areas in the design of buccal films. This review will consider the literature that describes the manufacture and characterization of mucoadhesive buccal films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O Morales
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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19
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Layer TM. In vitro and in situ evidence supporting the utility of a bioadhesive fluoridated rinse in the management of dental erosion. J Dent 2010; 38 Suppl 3:S1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(10)00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zaman MA, Martin GP, Rees GD. Bioadhesion and retention of non-aqueous delivery systems in a dental hard tissue model. J Dent 2010; 38:757-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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21
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Chinwala MG, Lin S. Application of hydrogel polymers for development of thyrotropin releasing hormone-loaded adhesive buccal patches. Pharm Dev Technol 2010; 15:311-27. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450903229073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Nguyen S, Solheim L, Bye R, Rykke M, Hiorth M, Smistad G. The influence of liposomal formulation factors on the interactions between liposomes and hydroxyapatite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 76:354-61. [PMID: 20022224 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes may have potentials as a drug delivery system in the oral cavity; hence, the adsorption to, oral tissues may be of importance. The aim of this study was to find an optimal liposomal formulation with appropriate in vitro stability and which liposomal formulation parameters may be of importance for the interaction to tooth enamel surfaces. Charged liposomes were adsorbed in vitro onto hydroxyapatite (HA), used as a model substance for human dental enamel. For a systematic approach of lipid selection, statistical experimental design and multivariate analysis were conducted to interpret the data. The factors investigated were the type of charge (positive, negative), type of main phospholipid (egg-PC, DPPC, DMPC), type of charged lipid (diacyl-TAP, -ethylPC, -PA, -PG, -PS), the amount of charged component (2.5, 10mol%) and the inclusion of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer. The results indicated that positively charged liposomes expressed significantly higher adsorption levels than the negatively charged ones. The effect of incorporating cholesterol did not turn out to be significant. Both positive egg-PC and DPPC liposomes exhibited high adsorption levels; however egg-PC liposomes were unstable during storage. For positively charged liposomes, the factor "type of main lipid" was found to be of significance for the adsorption, whereas, for negatively charged liposomes, no such important factors were found. Based on the adsorption profile to HA and the in vitro stability in phosphate buffer, the most promising liposomal formulation to target for human enamel in this study was the positively charged DPPC liposomes with 10mol% charged lipid included. However, more experiments are needed to determine the optimum mol% of positively charged lipid for the adsorption onto HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanko Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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23
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Pignatello R, Basile L, Puglisi G. Chitosan glutamate hydrogels with local anesthetic activity for buccal application. Drug Deliv 2009; 16:176-81. [PMID: 19514978 DOI: 10.1080/10717540902861267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels for the buccal application of the anesthetic drug lidocaine hydrochloride (LDC) were prepared using chitosan glutamate (CHG), a soluble salt of chitosan, or a binary mixture of CHG and glycerin, at different weight ratios. The in vitro drug release was studied at the pH value of saliva to assess the effect of the different formulations on drug delivery. The anesthetic activity of mucoadhesive LDC-CHG hydrogels was assessed in vivo after application on the buccal mucosa, compared to commercial semisolid formulations containing the same drug. LDC-loaded hydrogels can be proposed for the symptom relief of aphthosis or other painful mouth diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pignatello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, viale A. Doria, 6, Catania I-95125, Italy.
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24
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Peppas NA, Thomas JB, McGinty J. Molecular aspects of mucoadhesive carrier development for drug delivery and improved absorption. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2009; 20:1-20. [PMID: 19105897 DOI: 10.1163/156856208x393464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the oral route remains the most favored route of drug administration, major scientific obstacles prevent the effective and efficient delivery of low-molecular-mass drugs, peptides and proteins that exhibit poor solubility and permeability. Mucoadhesive dosage forms and the associated drug carriers have the ability to interact at a molecular level with the mucus gel layer that lines the epithelial surfaces of the major absorptive regions of the body. This interaction provides an increased residence time of the therapeutic formulation while localizing the drug at the site of administration. Such local, non-specific targeting leads to an increase in both oral absorption and bioavailability. Fundamental understanding of the biological processes encountered along the gastrointestinal tract can provide a sufficient engineer of carriers that are capable to provide this increase in residence time. Here we discuss the theoretical framework for achieving mucoadhesive systems as related to biomaterials science and the structure of the biomaterials used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Peppas
- Departments of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Division of Pharmaceutics, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, C0400, CPE 3.468, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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25
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Keely S, Ryan SM, Haddleton DM, Limer A, Mantovani G, Murphy EP, Colgan SP, Brayden DJ. Dexamethasone-pDMAEMA polymeric conjugates reduce inflammatory biomarkers in human intestinal epithelial monolayers. J Control Release 2008; 135:35-43. [PMID: 19110018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mucoadhesive polymer, poly(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, (pDMAEMA), was synthesised by living radical polymerisation and subsequently conjugated by quaternisation reaction to a functionalised anti-inflammatory corticosteroid dexamethasone, to separately yield two conjugates with either 9:1 or 18:1 molar ratios of dexamethasone:polymer respectively. The hypothesis was to test whether the active agent maintained in vitro bioactivity when exposed to the apical side of human intestinal epithelial monolayers, Caco-2 and mucus-covered HT29-MTX-E12 (E12). HPLC analysis indicated high conjugate purity. Similar to pDMAEMA, fluorescently-labelled dexamethasone-pDMAEMA conjugates were bioadhesive to Caco-2 and mucoadhesive to E12. Apical addition of conjugates suppressed mRNA expression of the inflammatory markers, NURR1 and ICAM-1 in E12 following stimulation by PGE(2) and TNF-alpha, respectively. Conjugates also suppressed TNF-alpha stimulated cytokine secretion to the basolateral side of Caco-2 monolayers. Measurement of dexamethasone permeability from conjugates across monolayers suggested that conjugation reduced permeability compared to free dexamethasone. LDH assay indicated that conjugates were not cytotoxic to monolayers. Anti-inflammatory agents can therefore be successfully conjugated to polymers and they retain adhesion and bioactivity and have potential to be formulated for topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Keely
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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26
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Surapaneni MS, Das SK, Das NG. Effect of Excipient and Processing Variables on Adhesive Properties and Release Profile of Pentoxifylline From Mucoadhesive Tablets. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 32:377-87. [PMID: 16556542 DOI: 10.1080/03639040500519367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The bioavailability and onset of action of drugs with high first-pass metabolism can be significantly improved by administration via the sublingual route. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer type and tablet compaction parameters on the adhesive properties and drug release profile from mucoadhesive sublingual tablet formulations. Pentoxifylline was selected as the model drug because it has poor oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. Two polymers known to possess mucoadhesive properties, carbomer and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), were used to prepare the formulations. Tablets were prepared by using direct compression technique and evaluated for in vitro dissolution, drug-excipient interactions, and adhesive properties. In general, there was a decrease in the rate of drug release with an increase in the concentration of polymers. No drug-excipient interactions were evident from differential scanning calorimetry or high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. For the formulations containing HPMC, the force of mucoadhesion increased with an increase in the concentration of polymer; however, for carbomer formulations, no such correlation was observed. Force of mucoadhesion decreased as a function of hydration time in both of the polymers.
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27
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Zaman MA, Martin GP, Rees GD. Mucoadhesion, hydration and rheological properties of non-aqueous delivery systems (NADS) for the oral cavity. J Dent 2008; 36:351-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Battu SK, Repka MA, Majumdar S, Madhusudan RY. Formulation and evaluation of rapidly disintegrating fenoverine tablets: effect of superdisintegrants. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:1225-32. [PMID: 18058319 DOI: 10.1080/03639040701377888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to formulate directly compressible rapidly disintegrating tablets of fenoverine with sufficient mechanical integrity, content uniformity, and acceptable palatability to assist patients of any age group for easy administration. Effect of varying concentrations of different superdisintegrants such as crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, and sodium starch glycolate on disintegration time was studied. Tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, taste, drug content, in vitro and in vivo disintegration time, and in vitro drug release. Other parameters such as wetting time, water absorption ratio ('R'), and drug-excipient compatibility were also evaluated. The disintegration time of the best rapidly disintegrating tablet formulation among those tested was observed to be 15.9 sec in vitro and 37.16 sec in vivo. Good correlation was observed between disintegration time and 'R' for each of the three superdisintegrants at the concentrations studied. Considering the 'R' values and disintegration time, crospovidone was significantly superior (p < 0.05) compared to the other superdisintegrants tested. Release of drug was faster from formulations containing 6% crospovidone (CP 6) compared to the marketed fenoverine (Spasmopriv(R)) capsules. Similarity factor 'f(2)' (51.5) between dissolution profiles of the rapidly disintegrating tablet formulation CP 6 and the marketed formulation indicated that the two dissolution profiles were similar. Differential scanning calorimetric studies did not indicate any excipient incompatibility, either during mixing or after compression. In conclusion, directly compressible rapidly disintegrating tablets of fenoverine with lower friability, acceptable taste, and shorter disintegration times were obtained using crospovidone and other excipients at optimum concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Battu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
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29
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Jones DS, Muldoon BCO, Woolfson AD, Andrews GP, Sanderson FD. Physicochemical characterization of bioactive polyacrylic acid organogels as potential antimicrobial implants for the buccal cavity. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:624-33. [PMID: 18220350 DOI: 10.1021/bm700597e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the formulation and physicochemical characterization of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) organogels, designed as bioactive implants for improved treatment of infectious diseases of the oral cavity. Organogels were formulated containing a range of concentrations of PAA (3-10% w/w) and metronidazole (2 or 5% w/w, representing a model antimicrobial agent) in different nonaqueous solvents, namely, glycerol (Gly), polyethylene glycol (PEG 400), or propylene glycol (PG). Characterization of the organogels was performed using flow rheometry, compressional analysis, oscillatory rheometry, in vitro mucoadhesion, moisture uptake, and drug release, methods that provide information pertaining to the nonclinical and clinical use of these systems. Increasing the concentration of PAA significantly increased the consistency, compressibility, storage modulus, loss modulus, dynamic viscosity, mucoadhesion, and the rate of drug release. These observations may be accredited to enhanced molecular polymer entanglement. In addition, the choice of solvent directly affected the physicochemical parameters of the organogels, with noticeable differences observed between the three solvents examined. These differences were accredited to the nature of the interaction of PAA with each solvent and, importantly, the density of the resultant physical cross-links. Good correlation was observed between the viscoelastic properties and drug release, with the exception of glycerol-based formulations containing 5 and 10% w/w PAA. This disparity was due to excessive swelling during the dissolution analysis. Ideally, formulations should exhibit controlled drug release, high viscoelasticity, and mucoadhesion, but should flow under minimal stresses. Based on these criteria, PEG 400-based organogels composed of 5% or 10% w/w PAA exhibited suitable physicochemical properties and are suggested to be a potentially interesting strategy for use as bioactive implants designed for use in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Jones
- Medical Polymers Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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Andrews GP, Jones DS. Rheological characterization of bioadhesive binary polymeric systems designed as platforms for drug delivery implants. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:899-906. [PMID: 16529429 DOI: 10.1021/bm050620y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the formulation and characterization of binary interactive polymeric systems, designed as platforms for improved drug delivery to mucosal sites. Binary interactive systems were manufactured containing hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC; 1-5% w/w) and polycarbophil (PC; 1-5% w/w) at pH 7, and their rheological (flow and dynamic), mechanical, and mucoadhesive properties were characterized, both before and after dilution with phosphate buffered saline (designed to mimic dilution by biological fluids). Physical interactions between HEC and PC were confirmed by the observed rheological synergy. Within the binary interactive systems increasing polymer concentration increased the storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G' '), dynamic viscosity (eta'), hardness, compressibility, consistency, and mucoadhesion yet decreased the loss tangent. This was attributed to enhanced entanglements and interactions between adjacent polymer chains. Dilution with PBS altered the above properties; however, the binary interactive systems, particularly those containing higher concentrations of HEC, still exhibited predominantly elastic properties (high G', low tan delta). In light of this, it is suggested that the rheological and mucoadhesive properties of binary interactive systems composed of HEC (5% w/w) and PC (1-3% w/w) offered particular promise as platforms for topical mucosal drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Andrews
- Medical Polymers Research Institute, The School of Pharmacy, The Queen's University of Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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31
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Sandri G, Bonferoni MC, Ferrari F, Rossi S, Caramella C. Differentiating Factors between Oral Fast-Dissolving Technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2165/00137696-200604040-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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32
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Venkatesh S, Byrne ME, Peppas NA, Hilt JZ. Applications of biomimetic systems in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:1085-96. [PMID: 16296811 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.6.1085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This review article highlights recent activities in the field of biomimetic systems and their application in controlled drug delivery. A definition and overview of biomimetic processes is given, with a focus on synthesis and assembly for the creation of novel biomaterials. In particular, systems are classified on the basis of three subsets, which include biological, biohybrid and synthetic structures. Examples focus on the current and proposed clinical significance for systems that mimic processes where the underlying molecular principles are well understood. Biomimetic materials and systems are presented as exceptional candidates for various controlled drug delivery applications and have enormous potential in medicine for the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddarth Venkatesh
- Biomedical Devices and Drug Delivery Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5127, USA
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33
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Abstract
Buccal formulations have been developed to allow prolonged localised therapy and enhanced systemic delivery. The buccal mucosa, however, while avoiding first-pass effects, is a formidable barrier to drug absorption, especially for biopharmaceutical products (proteins and oligonucleotides) arising from the recent advances in genomics and proteomics. The buccal route is typically used for extended drug delivery, so formulations that can be attached to the buccal mucosa are favoured. The bioadhesive polymers used in buccal drug delivery to retain a formulation are typically hydrophilic macro-molecules containing numerous hydrogen bonding groups. Newer second-generation bioadhesives have been developed and these include modified or new polymers that allow enhanced adhesion and/or drug delivery, in addition to site-specific ligands such as lectins. Over the last 20 years a wide range of formulations has been developed for buccal drug delivery (tablet, patch, liquids and semisolids) but comparatively few have found their way onto the market. Currently, this route is restricted to the delivery of a limited number of small lipophilic molecules that readily cross the buccal mucosa. However, this route could become a significant means for the delivery of a range of active agents in the coming years, if the barriers to buccal drug delivery are overcome. In particular, patient acceptability and the successful systemic delivery of large molecules (proteins, oligonucleotides and polysaccharides) via this route remains both a significant opportunity and challenge, and new/improved technologies may be required to address these.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Smart
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
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Genta I, Colonna C, Perugini P, Pavanetto F, Modena T, Valli M, Muzzarelli C, Conti B. Evaluation of bioadhesive performance of chitosan derivatives as films for buccal application. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(05)50088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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