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Satarug S. Is Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Cadmium Exposure Inevitable and Can It Be Reversed? Biomedicines 2024; 12:718. [PMID: 38672074 PMCID: PMC11048639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a metal with no nutritional value or physiological role. However, it is found in the body of most people because it is a contaminant of nearly all food types and is readily absorbed. The body burden of Cd is determined principally by its intestinal absorption rate as there is no mechanism for its elimination. Most acquired Cd accumulates within the kidney tubular cells, where its levels increase through to the age of 50 years but decline thereafter due to its release into the urine as the injured tubular cells die. This is associated with progressive kidney disease, which is signified by a sustained decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria. Generally, reductions in eGFR after Cd exposure are irreversible, and are likely to decline further towards kidney failure if exposure persists. There is no evidence that the elimination of current environmental exposure can reverse these effects and no theoretical reason to believe that such a reversal is possible. This review aims to provide an update on urinary and blood Cd levels that were found to be associated with GFR loss and albuminuria in the general populations. A special emphasis is placed on the mechanisms underlying albumin excretion in Cd-exposed persons, and for an accurate measure of the doses-response relationships between Cd exposure and eGFR, its excretion rate must be normalised to creatinine clearance. The difficult challenge of establishing realistic Cd exposure guidelines such that human health is protected, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Lu Y, Wu J, Gu W, Huang Z, Shu Z, Huang M, Chen J, Zhou M, Bai Y, Chen X, Xiao Y, Shen M, Luo D, Deng Q, Chai L, He M, Gong J, Yuan H, Xu Q, Cai J. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers phenotypic alterations in the monocytes in a Chinese population with chronic cadmium exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 211:111881. [PMID: 33444878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is the most prevalent form of heavy metal contaminant globally and its exposure rises serious health concern. Chronic exposure to cadmium causes immune disturbances. However, few studies have addressed how it affects circulating immune cells, one of the most essential elements for the host defense system, at both population and molecular level. Therefore, this is the first single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the response of the human circulating immune system to plasma cadmium level. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in Hunan province, which has the highest level of cadmium land contamination in China. A total of 3283 individuals were eligible for analyzing the association between plasma cadmium levels and the monocyte counts and its subgroups. Another 780 individuals were assigned for validation. Thirty propensity-matched individuals without chronic disease from the lowest- and highest-quartile groups according to serum cadmium levels were selected for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and flow cytometry analyses. Moreover, the monocyte phenotypic alterations in the heavy metal-exposed population were validated with a cecal ligation and puncture sepsis mouse model. RESULTS From August 2016 to July 2017, we conducted a cross-sectional study to identify phenotypic alterations in peripheral immune cells in cadmium polluted areas in China. Monocyte percentages were negatively associated with plasma cadmium levels in multivariable linear regression analysis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell scRNA-seq revealed that the CD14+ monocyte subset was dramatically reduced in the highest-quartile cadmium-exposed group. Moreover, we assessed different hallmarks of immune cell dysfunction-such as host defense capability, apoptotic signaling, cellular diversity and malignant gene expression in monocytes. Importantly, cadmium induced phenotypic alterations in the immune system were validated in the cecal ligation and puncture sepsis mouse model, in which chronic exposure to cadmium not only increased the death rate but also decreased monocyte numbers and the ability to clear bacterial infections. CONCLUSION This transcriptomic analysis provides molecular information about how the most important hallmarks of immune cell dysfunction are affected by plasma cadmium level. The significant phenotypic alterations in monocytes serving as early indicators of increased susceptibility to infectious and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Junru Wu
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wenduo Gu
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zhihao Shu
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Miao Huang
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Mengli Zhou
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yuanyuan Bai
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Minxue Shen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- Xiangya School of Public Health/School of Public Health, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgical Science and Engineering, Central South University, 932 Lushannan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Aviation Road, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, 5 Yiheyuan Road, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom; Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Cadmium and Lead Exposure, Nephrotoxicity, and Mortality. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040086. [PMID: 33066165 PMCID: PMC7711868 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present review aims to provide an update on health risks associated with the low-to-moderate levels of environmental cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) to which most populations are exposed. Epidemiological studies examining the adverse effects of coexposure to Cd and Pb have shown that Pb may enhance the nephrotoxicity of Cd and vice versa. Herein, the existing tolerable intake levels of Cd and Pb are discussed together with the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit of 5.24 μg/g creatinine. Dietary sources of Cd and Pb and the intake levels reported for average consumers in the U.S., Spain, Korea, Germany and China are summarized. The utility of urine, whole blood, plasma/serum, and erythrocytes to quantify exposure levels of Cd and Pb are discussed. Epidemiological studies that linked one of these measurements to risks of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mortality from common ailments are reviewed. A Cd intake level of 23.2 μg/day, which is less than half the safe intake stated by the guidelines, may increase the risk of CKD by 73%, and urinary Cd levels one-tenth of the threshold limit, defined by excessive ß2-microglobulin excretion, were associated with increased risk of CKD, mortality from heart disease, cancer of any site and Alzheimer's disease. These findings indicate that the current tolerable intake of Cd and the conventional urinary Cd threshold limit do not provide adequate health protection. Any excessive Cd excretion is probably indicative of tubular injury. In light of the evolving realization of the interaction between Cd and Pb, actions to minimize environmental exposure to these toxic metals are imperative.
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In vitro Evaluation of The Effects of Cadmium on Endocytic Uptakes of Proteins into Cultured Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020024. [PMID: 32244724 PMCID: PMC7356949 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant known to cause dysfunctions of the tubular reabsorption of biomolecules in the kidney. Elevated levels of urinary excretion of low-molecular-weight proteins such as β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) have been used as an indicator of Cd-induced renal tubular dysfunctions. However, very few studies have examined the direct effects of Cd on the reabsorption efficiency of proteins using cultured renal cells. Here, we developed an in vitro assay system for quantifying the endocytic uptakes of fluorescent-labeled proteins by flow cytometry in S1 and S2 cells derived from mouse kidney proximal tubules. Endocytic uptakes of fluorescent-labeled albumin, transferrin, β2-MG, and metallothionein into S1 cells were confirmed by fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry. The exposure of S1 and S2 cells to Cd at 1 and 3 µM for 3 days resulted in significant decreases in the uptakes of β2-MG and metallothionein but not in those of albumin or transferrin. These results suggest that Cd affects the tubular reabsorption of low-molecular-weight proteins even at nonlethal concentrations. The in vitro assay system developed in this study to evaluate the endocytic uptakes of proteins may serve as a useful tool for detecting toxicants that cause renal tubular dysfunctions.
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Chen X, Wang Z, Zhu G, Nordberg GF, Ding X, Jin T. The Association Between Renal Tubular Dysfunction and Zinc Level in a Chinese Population Environmentally Exposed to Cadmium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 186:114-121. [PMID: 29574673 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies in vivo and in vitro have shown a protective effect of zinc against renal dysfunction caused by cadmium exposure. However, limited human data is available. In this study, we evaluated the association between renal tubular dysfunction and body zinc burden in a Chinese population exposed to cadmium. A total of 331 subjects (170 women and 161 men) living in control and cadmium-polluted area were included. Blood cadmium (BCd), urinary cadmium (UCd), serum zinc (SZn), zinc in hair (HZn), Zn/Cd ratio, and urinary β2Microglobulin (UBMG) were measured. The median UCd, BCd, SZn, and HZn were 2.8 and 13.6 μg/g cr, 1.3 and 12.2 μg/L, 1.31 and 1.12 mg/L, and 0.14 and 0.12 mg/g in subjects living in control and polluted areas. The UBMG level of subjects living in the polluted area was significantly higher than that of the control (0.27 vs 0.11 mg/g cr, p < 0.01). SZn, HZn, and Zn/Cd ratios were negatively correlated with UBMG (p < 0.05 or 0.01). Subjects with high SZn concentrations (≥ 1.62 mg/L) had reduced risks of elevated UBMG [(odds ratio (OR) = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.07-0.99)] after controlling for multiple covariates compared with those with lower zinc levels. A similar result was observed in subjects with high HZn (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02-0.48). The ORs of the second, third, and fourth quartiles of Zn/Cd ratio were 0.40 (95% CI 0.19-0.84), 0.14 (95% CI 0.06-0.37), and 0.01 (95% CI 0.02-0.18) for renal dysfunction compared with those of the first quartile, respectively. For those subjects with high level of UCd, high level of SZn and HZn also had reduced risks of elevated UBMG. The results of the present study show that high zinc body burden is associated with a decrease risk of renal tubular dysfunction induced by cadmium. Zinc nutritional status should be considered in evaluating cadmium-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of kidney and Dialysis, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, 2094 Xietu road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gunnar F Nordberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of kidney and Dialysis, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, 180 Fenglin road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 150 Dongan road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Tahir MW, Saleemi MK, Khan A, Yousaf M, Butt SL, Siriwong W, Muhammad F, Bhatti SA, Qureshi AS. Hematobiochemical effects of cadmium intoxication in male Japanese quail ( Coturnix japonica) and its amelioration with silymarin and milk thistle. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1287088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahrar Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Salman Latif Butt
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Wattasit Siriwong
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,
| | - Faqir Muhammad
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Sheraz Ahmed Bhatti
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, and
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Venza M, Visalli M, Biondo C, Oteri R, Agliano F, Morabito S, Caruso G, Caffo M, Teti D, Venza I. Epigenetic effects of cadmium in cancer: focus on melanoma. Curr Genomics 2015; 15:420-35. [PMID: 25646071 PMCID: PMC4311387 DOI: 10.2174/138920291506150106145932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a highly toxic heavy metal, which has a destroying impact on organs. Exposure to cadmium causes severe health problems to human beings due to its ubiquitous environmental presence and features of the pathologies associated with pro-longed exposure. Cadmium is a well-established carcinogen, although the underlying mechanisms have not been fully under-stood yet. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the impact of this environmental pollutant on the epigenome. Be-cause of the role of epigenetic alterations in regulating gene expression, there is a potential for the integration of cadmium-induced epigenetic alterations as critical elements in the cancer risk assessment process. Here, after a brief review of the ma-jor diseases related to cadmium exposure, we focus our interest on the carcinogenic potential of this heavy metal. Among the several proposed pathogenetic mechanisms, particular attention is given to epigenetic alterations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA expression. We review evidence for a link between cadmium-induced epigenetic changes and cell transformation, with special emphasis on melanoma. DNA methylation, with reduced expression of key genes that regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis, has emerged as a possible cadmium-induced epigenetic mechanism in melanoma. A wider comprehension of mechanisms related to this common environmental contaminant would allow a better cancer risk evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialistic Medical, Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Visalli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Pediatric, Gynecological, Microbiological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Oteri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Agliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Silvia Morabito
- Department of Experimental Specialistic Medical, Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gerardo Caruso
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Caffo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Diana Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Isabella Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialistic Medical, Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Wright PRD, Rattray R, Lalor G, Hanson R. Minimal health impact from exposure to diet-sourced cadmium on a population in central Jamaica. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2010; 32:567-581. [PMID: 20490623 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-010-9318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of naturally occurring Cd have been found mainly in the bauxitic soils of central Jamaica at levels up to 100-1,000 times higher than typical worldwide averages. Some food crops cultivated on these soils absorb significant amounts of Cd. Autopsy studies of kidney Cd concentrations confirm elevated human exposure, and some long-term residents in central Jamaica exceed the general population average by a factor of two. Diet studies have ascertained that a population in central Jamaica is at risk of being exposed to Cd levels in excess of the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) set by the WHO of 7 μgCd/kg bodyweight/week, and the EU TWI of 2.5 μgCd/kg bodyweight/week. Elevated levels of urine cadmium (U-Cd) and beta-2 microglobulin (β2-MG) concentrations were confirmed with a strong correlation between soil Cd and the U-Cd. Also, higher β2-MG concentrations (>200μg/g creatinine) were found in the population with U-Cd concentrations greater than 2.5μg/L. While this identification is often taken to indicate impairment in the reabsorption capacity of the renal tubules leading to renal disease, there is no evidence in the mortality records of enhanced deaths in central Jamaica compared with the general population resulting from renal disease or diabetes related complications. The highest median age of death in the island is found in Manchester, the parish with the highest average Cd concentration. While we have identified a possible Cd linked renal dysfunction, significant indications of morbidity are not present in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R D Wright
- International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, University of the West Indies, 2 Anguilla Close, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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Huang M, Choi SJ, Kim DW, Kim NY, Park CH, Yu SD, Kim DS, Park KS, Song JS, Kim H, Choi BS, Yu IJ, Park JD. Risk assessment of low-level cadmium and arsenic on the kidney. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2009; 72:1493-8. [PMID: 20077223 DOI: 10.1080/15287390903213095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) are widely distributed in the environment and are known human carcinogens. Several studies reported that chronic exposure to Cd and As produced renal injuries in humans. As one of the mechanisms, oxidative stress was suggested to play a role in the early process of Cd- and/or As-induced tubular damage in the kidney. This study was performed to evaluate the significance of urinary biomarkers, role of oxidative stress, and effect of coexposure to environmental low-level exposure to Cd and/or As in the general population. Urine samples were collected from 290 adults (86 males and 204 females). Urinary concentrations of Cd and As were measured, and kidney biomarkers of toxicity such as beta(2)-microglobulin and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity determined in urine. Urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels were measured as oxidative stress indices. The mean concentration of Cd was 1.21 microg/L, 0.84 microg/g creatinine, and As was 5.7 microg/L, 3.95 microg/g creatinine in urine. NAG, MDA, and 8-OHdG were positively correlated with both Cd and As in urine. Positive correlations were also observed between NAG and oxidative indices. The effects of coexposure to Cd and As on biomarkers are more pronounced than for exposure to each metal alone. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to low levels of Cd and/or As might produce tubular damage in the kidney through oxidative stress in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingai Huang
- College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Lalor GC. Review of cadmium transfers from soil to humans and its health effects and Jamaican environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 400:162-172. [PMID: 18752835 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the effects of cadmium on human health have led to numerous guidelines and regulations limiting its concentrations in soils and food and allowable human intakes. These have socio-economic consequences in terms of land use and the marketing of food. The bauxite soils in Jamaica, which are both aluminium ores and agricultural soils contain orders of magnitude higher than world normal concentrations of cadmium resulting in elevated Cd concentrations in several foodstuffs and significant transfers to humans, which would seem to represent a risk factor for increased mortality and/or morbidity in the local populations. But, as in Shipham and other examples, there is no evidence of cadmium-related human distress. Macro-indicators like life expectancy and median ages of death do not show cadmium related geographical distributions. The present review focuses on the soils and foods and illnesses of high incidence especially cancers and renal disease that have been traditionally associated with cadmium. In view of the remarkable concentrations of cadmium involved in Jamaica, and often contradictory reports in the literature, it appears that much remains to be learned about certain details of cadmium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Lalor
- International Centre for Environmental and Nuclear Sciences, University of the West Indies Mona, Kingston, Jamaica.
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Teeyakasem W, Nishijo M, Honda R, Satarug S, Swaddiwudhipong W, Ruangyuttikarn W. Monitoring of cadmium toxicity in a Thai population with high-level environmental exposure. Toxicol Lett 2007; 169:185-95. [PMID: 17306939 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the utility of single and combined measurements of cadmium toxicity markers for surveillance purposes, using a sample of 224 individuals, 30-87 years of age, who were residents of cadmium polluted area in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, Thailand. Urinary cadmium levels excreted by them ranged between 1 and 58 microg/g creatinine with geometric mean of 8.2 microg/g creatinine which was 16-fold greater than the average for the general Thai population of 0.5 microg/g creatinine. The urinary markers evaluated were total protein, albumin, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), lysozyme, beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) and alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1-MG). Among these markers, only NAG showed a positive correlation with urinary cadmium in both male and female subjects with and without disease (r=0.43-0.71). Further, the prevalence rates for urinary NAG above 8 units/g creatinine (NAG-uria) increased with exposure levels in a dose dependent manner (p=0.05) among subjects with disease. In contrast, however, increased prevalence of beta2-MG above 0.4 mg/g creatinine (beta2-MG-uria) was associated with cadmium above 5 microg/g creatinine only in those without disease (POR=10.6 and 7.8 for 6-10 and >10 microg/g creatinine). Prevalence rates for abnormal excretion of all other markers, except albumin, were markedly increased among those having beta2-MG-uria with and without disease (chi2-test, p<or=0.001-0.02). Thus, urinary beta2-MG and NAG should be used together with urinary cadmium in the monitoring of renal toxicity in a population exposed to high-level cadmium coupled with high prevalence of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wimonrat Teeyakasem
- Division of Toxicology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Yamagami T, Ezaki T, Moriguchi J, Fukui Y, Okamoto S, Ukai H, Sakurai H, Aoshima K, Ikeda M. Low-level cadmium exposure in Toyama City and its surroundings in Toyama prefecture, Japan, with references to possible contribution of shellfish intake to increase urinary cadmium levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 362:56-67. [PMID: 16169058 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was initiated to examine if exposure to cadmium (Cd) was high also outside of the previously identified Itai-itai disease endemic region in the Jinzu River basin in Toyama prefecture in Japan. METHODS Morning spot urine samples were collected in June-August 2004 from 651 adult women (including 535 never-smokers) in various regions in Toyama prefecture, and subjected to urinalyses for cadmium (Cd), alpha1-microglobulin (alpha1-MG), beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG), N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), specific gravity (SG or sg) and creatinine (CR or cr). Three months later, the second urine samples were collected from those with elevated Cd in urine (e.g., > or =4 microg/g cr), together with answers to questionnaires on shellfish consumption. RESULTS The geometric mean (GM) Cd, alpha1-MG, beta2-MG and NAG (after correction for CR) for the total participants were 2.0 microg/g cr, 2.4 mg/g cr, 104 microg/g cr and 2.8 units/g cr, respectively; further analysis with never-smoking cases only did not induce significant changes in these parameters. Analyses of the second urine samples from the high Cd subjects showed that there was substantial decrease (to about a half) in Cd in the 3-month period, and that the decrease was accompanied by reduction in alpha1-MG and NAG (beta2-MG did not show elevation even in the first samples). The urinalysis results in combination with the results of the questionnaire survey suggest that the high urinary Cd was temporary and might be induced by intake of shellfish that is edible whole. CONCLUSIONS The overall findings appear to suggest that Cd exposure in Toyama populations (outside of the Itai-itai disease endemic region) was at the levels commonly observed on the coast of the Sea of Japan, and that the Cd level in urine might be modified by the intake of some types of seafood. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the relation of urinary Cd with seafood intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamagami
- Hokuriku Health Service Association, Toyama 930-0177, Japan
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