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Gancheva MR, Kremer K, Breen J, Arthur A, Hamilton-Bruce A, Thomas P, Gronthos S, Koblar S. Effect of Octamer-Binding Transcription Factor 4 Overexpression on the Neural Induction of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:797-815. [PMID: 38316679 PMCID: PMC10984899 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is a potential alternative strategy for brain repair, with neural stem cells (NSC) presenting as the most promising candidates. Obtaining sufficient quantities of NSC for clinical applications is challenging, therefore alternative cell types, such as neural crest-derived dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), may be considered. Human DPSC possess neurogenic potential, exerting positive effects in the damaged brain through paracrine effects. However, a method for conversion of DPSC into NSC has yet to be developed. Here, overexpression of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) in combination with neural inductive conditions was used to reprogram human DPSC along the neural lineage. The reprogrammed DPSC demonstrated a neuronal-like phenotype, with increased expression levels of neural markers, limited capacity for sphere formation, and enhanced neuronal but not glial differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis further highlighted the expression of genes associated with neural and neuronal functions. In vivo analysis using a developmental avian model showed that implanted DPSC survived in the developing central nervous system and respond to endogenous signals, displaying neuronal phenotypes. Therefore, OCT4 enhances the neural potential of DPSC, which exhibited characteristics aligning with neuronal progenitors. This method can be used to standardise DPSC neural induction and provide an alternative source of neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Gancheva
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
| | - Karlea Kremer
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - James Breen
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Agnes Arthur
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Anne Hamilton-Bruce
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Stroke Research Programme, Basil Hetzel Institute, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Woodville South, 5011, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Simon Koblar
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
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2
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Muallah D, Matschke J, Kappler M, Kroschwald LM, Lauer G, Eckert AW. Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Salivary Gland Regeneration-Where Are We Today? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108664. [PMID: 37240009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia is the phenomenon of dry mouth and is mostly caused by hypofunction of the salivary glands. This hypofunction can be caused by tumors, head and neck irradiation, hormonal changes, inflammation or autoimmune disease such as Sjögren's syndrome. It is associated with a tremendous decrease in health-related quality of life due to impairment of articulation, ingestion and oral immune defenses. Current treatment concepts mainly consist of saliva substitutes and parasympathomimetic drugs, but the outcome of these therapies is deficient. Regenerative medicine is a promising approach for the treatment of compromised tissue. For this purpose, stem cells can be utilized due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types. Dental pulp stem cells are adult stem cells that can be easily harvested from extracted teeth. They can form tissues of all three germ layers and are therefore becoming more and more popular for tissue engineering. Another potential benefit of these cells is their immunomodulatory effect. They suppress proinflammatory pathways of lymphocytes and could therefore probably be used for the treatment of chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. These attributes make dental pulp stem cells an interesting tool for the regeneration of salivary glands and the treatment of xerostomia. Nevertheless, clinical studies are still missing. This review will highlight the current strategies for using dental pulp stem cells in the regeneration of salivary gland tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Muallah
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Matschke
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Lysann Michaela Kroschwald
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Lauer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Cranio Maxillofacial Surgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Breslauer Straße 201, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany
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Gallorini M, Krifka S, Widbiller M, Schröder A, Brochhausen C, Cataldi A, Hiller KA, Buchalla W, Schweikl H. Distinguished properties of cells isolated from the dentin-pulp interface. Ann Anat 2020; 234:151628. [PMID: 33212174 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental odontoblasts produce dentin mineralized matrix, trigger immune responses and act as sensory cells. The understanding of the mechanisms of these functions has been particularly restricted due to the lack of odontoblasts being cultivable in vitro. Because of the lack of specific markers to identify cells of the odontoblastic lineage, properties of the cells isolated from the dentin-pulp interface were compared to dental pulp cells, periodontal ligament cells, osteoblasts, skin fibroblasts, epithelial cells (A549) and HeLa in the present study. METHODS After surgical procedures, the pulp tissue was removed from the tooth crown, and cells were scrapped off the dentin-pulp interface. Explants from teeth of three patients were routinely cultivated, and cells were harvested after several weeks. Cell morphology and ultrastructure was studied by light microscopy (LM), scanning (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), TRPV4, and S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) were analyzed at the protein level by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting using specific antibodies. The differential expression of S100A4 in the various cell lines was further investigated at the gene level by semiquantitative real-time PCR. Mineralization in the various cell types was observed after alizarin red staining after a 28 days incubation period. The immunophenotype of the cells was examined by flow cytometry using monoclonal anti-human antibodies CD90-FITC, CD73-PE, CD105-PE, CD29-PE, CD140a-FITC, CD144-PE, CD45-FITC or CD34-FITC. Differences between median values were statistically analyzed (Mann-Whitney U-test). RESULTS Cells from the dentin-pulp interface retain the polarity of odontoblast morphology in culture with an elongated, rounded cell body, and an extended cellular process. Ultrastructural analysis of the cells indicates high secretory activity including the extracellular deposition of fibrillar collagen. An extended rough endoplasmic reticulum is lined by a large number of ribosomes, and a vast number of secretory granules merges with the cell membrane. Protein expression of DSPP, DMP1, and TRPV4 as a transient receptor potential cation was detected in all cell lines. S100A4 was found differentially expressed in cultures of cells from tooth tissues. High expression of S100A4 was observed at the protein and gene level in two fractions of cells isolated from the dentin-pulp interface, but was absent or only weakly expressed in pulp cells. S100A4 expression in cells from the dentin-pulp interface and pulp cells is consistent with the intensity of the formation of mineralized nodules detected by alizarin red staining. Immunophenotyping revealed that a high percentage of CD73 (ecto-5-nucleotidase), an enzyme active on the surface of immune-competent cells, was expressed in cells of the dentin-pulp interface. While 72%-78% of positive cells were detected in dentin-pulp interface fractions, only 28-64% of the cells in pulp cell cultures were stained. CONCLUSIONS The present findings obtained with a variety of cells of different origin provide experimental evidence that cells isolated from the dentin-pulp interface express unique properties different from dental pulp cells in particular. The differential expression of S100A4 is a relevant marker candidate for differentiating between dental pulp cells and cells of the odontoblast lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialucia Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stephanie Krifka
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Widbiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Brochhausen
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss Allee 11, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Schweikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Hosoya A, Shalehin N, Takebe H, Shimo T, Irie K. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Tooth Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051587. [PMID: 32111038 PMCID: PMC7084732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein with important roles in mammalian embryogenesis. During tooth development, Shh is primarily expressed in the dental epithelium, from initiation to the root formation stages. A number of studies have analyzed the function of Shh signaling at different stages of tooth development and have revealed that Shh signaling regulates the formation of various tooth components, including enamel, dentin, cementum, and other soft tissues. In addition, dental mesenchymal cells positive for Gli1, a downstream transcription factor of Shh signaling, have been found to have stem cell properties, including multipotency and the ability to self-renew. Indeed, Gli1-positive cells in mature teeth appear to contribute to the regeneration of dental pulp and periodontal tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances related to the role of Shh signaling in tooth development, as well as the contribution of this pathway to tooth homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hosoya
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-133-23-1938; Fax: +81-133-23-1236
| | - Nazmus Shalehin
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Hiroaki Takebe
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Kazuharu Irie
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
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5
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Assiry AA, Albalawi AM, Zafar MS, Khan SD, Ullah A, Almatrafi A, Ramzan K, Basit S. KMT2C, a histone methyltransferase, is mutated in a family segregating non-syndromic primary failure of tooth eruption. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16469. [PMID: 31712638 PMCID: PMC6848163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary failure of tooth eruption (PFE) is a rare odontogenic defect and is characterized by failure of eruption of one or more permanent teeth. The aim of the study is to identify the genetic defect in a family with seven affected individuals segregating autosomal dominant non-syndromic PFE. Whole genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping was performed. SNP genotypes were analysed by DominantMapper and multiple shared haplotypes were detected on different chromosomes. Four individuals, including three affected, were exome sequenced. Variants were annotated and data were analysed while considering candidate chromosomal regions. Initial analysis of variants obtained by whole exome sequencing identified damaging variants in C15orf40, EPB41L4A, TMEM232, KMT2C, and FBXW10 genes. Sanger sequencing of all family members confirmed segregation of splice acceptor site variant (c.1013-2 A > G) in the KMT2C gene with the phenotype. KMT2C is considered as a potential candidate gene based on segregation analysis, the absence of variant in the variation databases, the presence of variant in the shared identical by descent (IBD) region and in silico pathogenicity prediction. KMT2C is a histone methyltransferase and recently the role of another member of this family (KMT2D) has been implicated in tooth development. Moreover, protein structures of KMT2C and KMT2D are highly similar. In conclusion, we have identified that the KMT2C gene mutation causes familial non-syndromic PFE. These findings suggest the involvement of KMT2C in the physiological eruption of permanent teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Assiry
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia M Albalawi
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad S Zafar
- College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Siraj D Khan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anhar Ullah
- Cardiac Sciences department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Almatrafi
- College of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Genetics, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Ju Y, Ren X, Zhao S. Distal C-terminus of Ca v 1.2 is indispensable for the chondrogenic differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2019; 44:512-523. [PMID: 31631478 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The α1 subunit (Cav1.2) of the L-type calcium channel (LTCC), which is presently existing in both excitatory cells and non-excitatory cells, is involved in the differentiation and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), MSCs derived from dental pulp, exhibit multipotent characteristics similar to those of MSCs. The aim of the present study was to examine the contribution of Cav1.2 and its distal C-terminus (DCT) to the commitment of rat DPSCs (rDPSCs) toward chondrocytes and adipocytes in vitro. The expression of Cav1.2 was obviously elevated in chondrogenic differentiation but did not differ significantly in adipogenic differentiation. The chondrogenic differentiation but not adipogenic of rDPSCs was inhibited by either blocking LTCC using nimodipine or knockdown of Cav1.2 via short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Overexpression of DCT rescued the inhibition by Cav1.2-shRNA during chondrogenic differentiation, indicating that DCT is essential for the chondrogenic differentiation of rDPSCs. However, the protein level of DCT decreased after chondrogenic differentiation in wild-type cells, and overexpression of DCT in rDPSCs inhibited the phenotype. These data suggest that DCT is indispensable for chondrogenic differentiation of rDPSCs but that superfluous DCT inhibits this process. Through the analysis of differentially expressed genes using RNA-seq data, we speculated that the regulation of DCT might be mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways, or Chondromodulin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ju
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Ren
- Department of Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
| | - Shouliang Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China
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7
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piggyBac Transposon-Based Immortalization of Human Deciduous Tooth Dental Pulp Cells with Multipotency and Non-Tumorigenic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194904. [PMID: 31623314 PMCID: PMC6801629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to immortalize primarily isolated human deciduous tooth-derived dental pulp cells (HDDPCs) by transfection with piggyBac (PB)-based transposon vectors carrying E7 from human papilloma virus 16 or complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). HDDPCs were co-transfected with pTrans (conferring PB transposase expression) + pT-pac (conferring puromycin acetyltransferase expression) + pT-tdTomato (conferring tdTomato cDNA expression) and pT-E7 (conferring E7 expression) or pTrans + pT-pac + pT-EGFP (conferring enhanced green fluorescent protein cDNA expression) + pT-hTERT (conferring hTERT expression). After six days, these cells were selected in medium containing 5 μg/mL puromycin for one day, and then cultured in normal medium allowing cell survival. All resultant colonies were harvested and propagated as a pool. Stemness and tumorigenic properties of the established cell lines (“MT_E7” for E7 and “MT_hTERT” for hTERT) with untransfected parental cells (MT) were examined. Both lines exhibited proliferation similar to that of MT, with alkaline phosphatase activity and stemness-specific factor expression. They displayed differentiation potential into multi-lineage cells with no tumorigenic property. Overall, we successfully obtained HDDPC-derived immortalized cell lines using a PB-based transfection system. The resultant and parental cells were indistinguishable. Thus, E7 and hTERT could immortalize HDDPCs without causing cancer-associated changes or altering phenotypic properties.
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8
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Guo W, Fan Z, Wang S, Du J. ALK5 is essential for tooth germ differentiation during tooth development. Biotech Histochem 2019; 94:481-490. [PMID: 31144525 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2018.1552018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGFβ superfamily of proteins participates in tooth development. TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 regulate odontoblast differentiation and dentin extracellular matrix synthesis. Although the expression of TGFβ family member ligands is well-characterized during mammalian tooth development, less is known about the TGFβ receptor, which is a heteromeric complex consisting of a type I and type II receptors. The molecular mechanism of ALK5 (TGFβR1) in the dental mesenchyme is not clear. We investigated the role of ALK5 in tooth germ mesenchymal cells (TGMCs) from the lower first molar tooth germs of day 15.5 embryonic mice. Human recombinant TGFβ3 protein or an ALK5 inhibitor (SD208) was added to the cells. Cell proliferation was inhibited by SD208 and promoted by TGFβ3. We found that SD208 inhibited TGMCs osteogenesis and dentinogenesis. Both canonical and noncanonical TGFβ signaling pathways participated in the process. TAK1, P-TAK1, p38 and P-p38 showed greater expression and SMAD4 showed less expression when ALK5 was inhibited. Our findings contribute to understanding the role of TGFβ signaling for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental germ and suggest possible targets for optimizing the use of stem cells of dental origin for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology , Beijing , China
| | - Z Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology , Beijing , China
| | - S Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology , Beijing , China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - J Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology , Beijing , China
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9
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Sugiyama K, Nagashima K, Miwa T, Shimizu Y, Kawaguchi T, Iida K, Tamaoki N, Hatakeyama D, Aoki H, Abe C, Morita H, Kunisada T, Shibata T, Fukumitsu H, Tezuka KI. FGF2-responsive genes in human dental pulp cells assessed using a rat spinal cord injury model. J Bone Miner Metab 2019; 37:467-474. [PMID: 30187276 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-018-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system in adult mammals does not heal spontaneously after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, SCI treatment has been improved recently following the development of cell transplantation therapy. We recently reported that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2-pretreated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) can improve recovery in a rat model of SCI. This study aimed to investigate mechanisms underlying the curative effect of SCI enhanced via FGF2 pretreatment; we selected three hDPC lines upon screening for the presence of mesenchymal stem cell markers and of their functionality in a rat model of SCI, as assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score of locomotor functional scale, electrophysiological tests, and morphological analyses. We identified FGF2-responsive genes via gene expression analyses in these lines. FGF2 treatment upregulated GABRB1, MMP1, and DRD2, which suggested to contribute to SCI or central the nervous system. In an expanded screening of additional lines, GABRB1 displayed rather unique and interesting behavior; two lines with the lowest sensitivity of GABRB1 to FGF2 treatment displayed an extremely minor effect in the SCI model. These findings provide insights into the role of FGF2-responsive genes, especially GABRB1, in recovery from SCI, using hDPCs treated with FGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sugiyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miwa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yuta Shimizu
- Department of Periodontology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, 1851-1 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, 501-0296, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Naritaka Tamaoki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Daijiro Hatakeyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hitomi Aoki
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shibata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Fukumitsu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-Nishi, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tezuka
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
- Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University (G-CHAIN), Gifu, Japan.
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10
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Gancheva MR, Kremer KL, Gronthos S, Koblar SA. Using Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Stroke Therapy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:422. [PMID: 31110489 PMCID: PMC6501465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of permanent disability world-wide, but aside from rehabilitation, there is currently no clinically-proven pharmaceutical or biological agent to improve neurological disability. Cell-based therapies using stem cells, such as dental pulp stem cells, are a promising alternative for treatment of neurological diseases, including stroke. The ischaemic environment in stroke affects multiple cell populations, thus stem cells, which act through cellular and molecular mechanisms, are promising candidates. The most common stem cell population studied in the neurological setting has been mesenchymal stem cells due to their accessibility. However, it is believed that neural stem cells, the resident stem cell of the adult brain, would be most appropriate for brain repair. Using reprogramming strategies, alternative sources of neural stem and progenitor cells have been explored. We postulate that a cell of closer origin to the neural lineage would be a promising candidate for reprogramming and modification towards a neural stem or progenitor cell. One such candidate population is dental pulp stem cells, which reside in the root canal of teeth. This review will focus on the neural potential of dental pulp stem cells and their investigations in the stroke setting to date, and include an overview on the use of different sources of neural stem cells in preclinical studies and clinical trials of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R. Gancheva
- Stroke Research Programme Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karlea L. Kremer
- Stroke Research Programme Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon A. Koblar
- Stroke Research Programme Laboratory, Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Shi R, Huang Y, Ma C, Wu C, Tian W. Current advances for bone regeneration based on tissue engineering strategies. Front Med 2018; 13:160-188. [PMID: 30047029 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a rapidly developing strategy for repairing critical-sized bone defects to address the unmet need for bone augmentation and skeletal repair. Effective therapies for bone regeneration primarily require the coordinated combination of innovative scaffolds, seed cells, and biological factors. However, current techniques in bone tissue engineering have not yet reached valid translation into clinical applications because of several limitations, such as weaker osteogenic differentiation, inadequate vascularization of scaffolds, and inefficient growth factor delivery. Therefore, further standardized protocols and innovative measures are required to overcome these shortcomings and facilitate the clinical application of these techniques to enhance bone regeneration. Given the deficiency of comprehensive studies in the development in BTE, our review systematically introduces the new types of biomimetic and bifunctional scaffolds. We describe the cell sources, biology of seed cells, growth factors, vascular development, and the interactions of relevant molecules. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and perspectives that may propel the direction of future clinical delivery in bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Yuelong Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chi Ma
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Chengai Wu
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, 100035, China. .,Department of Spine Surgery of Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, 100035, China.
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12
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Zhou Y, Zheng L, Li F, Wan M, Fan Y, Zhou X, Du W, Pi C, Cui D, Zhang B, Sun J, Zhou X. Bivalent Histone Codes on WNT5A during Odontogenic Differentiation. J Dent Res 2017; 97:99-107. [PMID: 28880717 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517728910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineage-committed differentiation is an essential biological program during odontogenesis, which is tightly regulated by lineage-specific genes. Some of these genes are modified by colocalization of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks at promoter regions in progenitors. These modifications, named "bivalent domains," maintain genes in a poised state and then resolve for later activation or repression during differentiation. Wnt5a has been reported to promote odontogenic differentiation in dental mesenchyme. However, relatively little is known about the epigenetic modulations on Wnt5a activation during tooth development. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks in developing mouse molars. Associated H3K4me3 methylases (mixed-lineage leukemia [MLL] complex) and H3K27me3 demethylases (JMJD3 and UTX) were dynamically expressed between early and late bell stage of human tooth germs and in cultured human dental papilla cells (hDPCs) during odontogenic induction. Poised WNT5A gene was marked by bivalent domains containing repressive marks (H3K27me3) and active marks (H3K4me3) on promoters. The bivalent domains tended to resolve during inducted differentiation, with removal of the H3K27me3 mark in a JMJD3-dependent manner. When JMJD3 was knocked down in cultured hDPCs, odontogenic differentiation was suppressed. The depletion of JMJD3 epigenetically repressed WNT5A activation by increased H3K27me3 marks. In addition, JMJD3 could physically interact with ASH2L, a component of the MLL complex, to form a coactivator complex, cooperatively modulating H3K4me3 marks on WNT5A promoters. Overall, our study reveals that transcription activities of WNT5A were epigenetically regulated by the negotiated balance between H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 marks and tightly mediated by JMJD3 and MLL coactivator complex, ultimately modulating odontogenic commitment during dental mesenchymal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - L Zheng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - F Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - M Wan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Fan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Du
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - C Pi
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - D Cui
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - B Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Sun
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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13
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In Vitro and In Vivo Dentinogenic Efficacy of Human Dental Pulp-Derived Cells Induced by Demineralized Dentin Matrix and HA-TCP. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:2416254. [PMID: 28761445 PMCID: PMC5518496 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2416254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human dental pulp cells have been known to have the stem cell features such as self-renewal and multipotency. These cells are differentiated into hard tissue by addition of proper cytokines and biomaterials. Hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphates (HA-TCPs) are essential components of hard tissue and generally used as a biocompatible material in tissue engineering of bone. Demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) has been reported to increase efficiency of bone induction. We compared the efficiencies of osteogenic differentiation and in vivo bone formation of HA-TCP and DDM on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). DDM contains inorganic components as with HA-TCP, and organic components such as collagen type-1. Due to these components, osteoinduction potential of DDM on hDPSCs was remarkably higher than that of HA-TCP. However, the efficiencies of in vivo bone formation are similar in HA-TCP and DDM. Although osteogenic gene expression and bone formation in immunocompromised nude mice were similar levels in both cases, dentinogenic gene expression level was slightly higher in DDM transplantation than in HA-TCP. All these results suggested that in vivo osteogenic potentials in hDPSCs are induced with both HA-TCP and DDM by osteoconduction and osteoinduction, respectively. In addition, transplantation of hDPSCs/DDM might be more effective for differentiation into dentin.
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14
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Takara K, Maruo N, Oka K, Kaji C, Hatakeyama Y, Sawa N, Kato Y, Yamashita J, Kojima H, Sawa Y. Morphological study of tooth development in podoplanin-deficient mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171912. [PMID: 28222099 PMCID: PMC5319687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Podoplanin is a mucin-type highly O-glycosylated glycoprotein identified in several somatyic cells: podocytes, alveolar epithelial cells, lymphatic endothelial cells, lymph node stromal fibroblastic reticular cells, osteocytes, odontoblasts, mesothelial cells, glia cells, and others. It has been reported that podoplanin-RhoA interaction induces cytoskeleton relaxation and cell process stretching in fibroblastic cells and osteocytes, and that podoplanin plays a critical role in type I alveolar cell differentiation. It appears that podoplanin plays a number of different roles in contributing to cell functioning and growth by signaling. However, little is known about the functions of podoplanin in the somatic cells of the adult organism because an absence of podoplanin is lethal at birth by the respiratory failure. In this report, we investigated the tooth germ development in podoplanin-knockout mice, and the dentin formation in podoplanin-conditional knockout mice having neural crest-derived cells with deficiency in podoplanin by the Wnt1 promoter and enhancer-driven Cre recombinase: Wnt1-Cre;PdpnΔ/Δmice. In the Wnt1-Cre;PdpnΔ/Δmice, the tooth and alveolar bone showed no morphological abnormalities and grow normally, indicating that podoplanin is not critical in the development of the tooth and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyo Takara
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Maruo
- Department of Odontology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oka
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kaji
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Hatakeyama
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Regional Innovation, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junro Yamashita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kojima
- Department of Oral Growth & Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Xing Y, Nie X, Chen G, Wen X, Li G, Zhou X, Tian W, Liu L. Comparison of P75 NTR-positive and -negative etcomesenchymal stem cell odontogenic differentiation through epithelial-mesenchymal interaction. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:185-94. [PMID: 27038014 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate differences of odonto-differentiation between P75 -neurotrophin receptor (P75 -NTR)-positive ectomesenchymal stem cells (P75+EMSCs) and P75 -NTR-negative ectomesenchymal stem cells (P75-EMSCs), and their underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary cranial neural crest-derived cells (CNC) were isolated from the first branchial arches, and P75+EMSCs and P75-EMSCs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Differentiation of P75+EMSCs or P75-EMSCs into odontoblast-like cells was induced by dental epithelial cells in vitro or in vivo. Differential gene expression profiles between P75+EMSCs and P75-EMSCs were analysed by microarray assay. Smad4-specific small interfering RNA and activator kartogenin were used to treat the cells, to evaluate effects of Smad4 in odonto-differentiation of P75+EMSCs or P75-EMSCs. RESULTS Under induction of dental epithelium conditioned medium, P75+EMSCs had more mineralized node formation and higher expression of Dmp1 and Dspp compared to P75-EMSCs. In our in vivo study, graft of P75+EMSCs recombination with dental epithelium showed higher expression of DMP1 and DSP. Knock-down of Smad4 in P75+EMSCs significantly downregulated expression of DMP1 and DSP, while activation of Smad4 in P75-EMSCs by the activator kartogenin, significantly increased DSP and DMP1 expression. CONCLUSIONS P75+EMSCs showed more odonto-differentiation potential than P75-EMSCs both in vivo and in vitro. Smad4 played a critical role in determination of odonto-differentiation potential of CNC-derived EMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Xing
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.,Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, PLA General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, 610083, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiujie Wen
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Luchuan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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16
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Long noncoding RNAs related to the odontogenic potential of dental mesenchymal cells in mice. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 67:1-8. [PMID: 26986487 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to identify the lncRNAs that are associated with the odontogenic potential in mouse dental mesenchymal cells. DESIGN The odontogenic potential of dental mesenchymal cells was found to be lost in the course of in vitro culture, so the lncRNA profiles were subsequently compared between freshly-isolated and cultured dental mesenchymal cells using RNA-sequencing. A co-expression analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and coding RNAs was performed to understand their potential functions. The expression of several selected lncRNAs was also examined in developing tooth germs. RESULTS Compared with cultured dental mesenchymal cells, 108 lncRNAs were upregulated and 36 lncRNAs were downregulated in freshly-isolated dental mesenchymal cells. Coding genes correlated with the lncRNAs were mainly associated with DNA and protein metabolic processes and cytoskeletal anchorage. Meg3, Malat1, Xist, and Dlx1as were significantly downregulated in cultured dental mesenchymal cells but were upregulated in odontogenic dental mesenchymal tissues. Moreover, the levels of Dlx1as were negatively correlated with that of Dlx1 in dental mesenchymal cells and dental mesenchymal tissues. CONCLUSIONS The lncRNA profiles of dental mesenchymal cells are significantly changed during culturing, and the dysregulation of lncRNAs is associated with the loss of odontogenic potential.
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17
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Heng BC, Lim LW, Wu W, Zhang C. An Overview of Protocols for the Neural Induction of Dental and Oral Stem Cells In Vitro. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:220-50. [PMID: 26757369 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, various adult stem cells have been identified within the oral cavity, including dental pulp stem cells, dental follicle stem cells, stem cells from apical papilla, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells from the gingiva. All of these possess neurogenic potential due to their common developmental origin from the embryonic neural crest. Besides the relative ease of isolation of these adult stem cells from readily available biological waste routinely produced during dental treatment, these cells also possess the advantage of immune compatibility in autologous transplantation. In recent years, much interest has been focused on the derivation of neural lineages from these adult stem cells for therapeutic applications in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve regeneration. In addition, there are also promising nontherapeutic applications of stem cell-derived neurons in pharmacological and toxicological screening of neuroactive drugs, and for in vitro modeling of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this review will critically examine the diverse array of in vitro neural induction protocols that have been devised for dental and oral-derived stem cells. These protocols are defined not only by the culture milieu comprising the basal medium plus growth factors, small molecules, and other culture supplements but also by the substrata/surface coatings utilized, the presence of multiple culture stages, the total culture duration, the initial seeding density, and whether the spheroid/neurosphere formation is being utilized to recapitulate the three-dimensional neural differentiation microenvironment that is naturally present physiologically in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- 1 Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodonthics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wutian Wu
- 2 School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- 1 Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodonthics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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18
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Zheng Y, Jia L, Liu P, Yang D, Hu W, Chen S, Zhao Y, Cai J, Pei D, Ge L, Wei S. Insight into the maintenance of odontogenic potential in mouse dental mesenchymal cells based on transcriptomic analysis. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1684. [PMID: 26925321 PMCID: PMC4768683 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Mouse dental mesenchymal cells (mDMCs) from tooth germs of cap or later stages are frequently used in the context of developmental biology or whole-tooth regeneration due to their odontogenic potential. In vitro-expanded mDMCs serve as an alternative cell source considering the difficulty in obtaining primary mDMCs; however, cultured mDMCs fail to support tooth development as a result of functional failures of specific genes or pathways. The goal of this study was to identify the genes that maintain the odontogenic potential of mDMCs in culture. Methods. We examined the odontogenic potential of freshly isolated versus cultured mDMCs from the lower first molars of embryonic day 14.5 mice. The transcriptome of mDMCs was detected using RNA sequencing and the data were validated by qRT-PCR. Differential expression analysis and pathway analysis were conducted to identify the genes that contribute to the loss of odontogenic potential. Results. Cultured mDMCs failed to develop into well-structured tooth when they were recombined with dental epithelium. Compared with freshly isolated mDMCs, we found that 1,004 genes were upregulated and 948 were downregulated in cultured mDMCs. The differentially expressed genes were clustered in the biological processes and signaling pathways associated with tooth development. Following in vitro culture, genes encoding a wide array of components of MAPK, TGF-β/BMP, and Wnt pathways were significantly downregulated. Moreover, the activities of Bdnf, Vegfα, Bmp2, and Bmp7 were significantly inhibited in cultured mDMCs. Supplementation of VEGFα, BMP2, and BMP7 restored the expression of a subset of downregulated genes and induced mDMCs to form dentin-like structures in vivo. Conclusions.Vegfα, Bmp2, and Bmp7 play a role in the maintenance of odontogenic potential in mDMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingfei Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Experimental Center of Pathogenobiology Immunology, Cytobiology and Genetic, College of Basic Medical Sciences of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Waner Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shubin Chen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglei Cai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shicheng Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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19
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Wang J, Sun K, Shen Y, Xu Y, Xie J, Huang R, Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang X, Wang R, Lin Y. DNA methylation is critical for tooth agenesis: implications for sporadic non-syndromic anodontia and hypodontia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19162. [PMID: 26759063 PMCID: PMC4725352 DOI: 10.1038/srep19162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypodontia is caused by interactions among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors during tooth development, but the actual mechanism is unknown. DNA methylation now appears to play a significant role in abnormal developments, flawed phenotypes, and acquired diseases. Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) has been developed as a new method of scanning large-scale DNA-methylation profiles within particular regions or in the entire genome. Here, we performed a genome-wide scan of paired DNA samples obtained from 4 patients lacking two mandibular incisors and 4 healthy controls with normal dentition. We scanned another female with non-syndromic anodontia and her younger brother with the same gene mutations of the PAX9,MSX1,AXIN2 and EDA, but without developmental abnormalities in the dentition. Results showed significant differences in the methylation level of the whole genome between the hypodontia and the normal groups. Nine genes were spotted, some of which have not been associated with dental development; these genes were related mainly to the development of cartilage, bone, teeth, and neural transduction, which implied a potential gene cascade network in hypodontia at the methylation level. This pilot study reveals the critical role of DNA methylation in hypodontia and might provide insights into developmental biology and the pathobiology of acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Ke Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Renhuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Chenyuan Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No.301, Middle Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No.14., 3rd Sec, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
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20
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Abstract
Alveolar bone remodeling is a continuous process that takes place during development and in response to various physiological and pathological stimuli. However, detailed knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms involved in alveolar bone development is still lacking. This study aims at improving our understanding of alveolar bone formation and the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) in this process. Mice at embryonic (E) day 13.5 to postnatal (PN) day 15.5 were selected to observe the process of alveolar bone development. Alveolar bone development was found to be morphologically observable at E14.5. Molar teeth isolated from mice at PN7.5 were pretreated with Bmp2, Bmp4, Noggin, or BSA, and grafted subcutaneously into mice. The subcutaneously implanted tooth germs formed alveolar bone indicating the role of the dental follicle in alveolar bone development. Alveolar bone formation was increased after pretreatment with Bmp2 and Bmp4, but not with Noggin. Gene expression levels in dental follicle cells from murine molars were also determined by real-time RT-PCR. The expression levels of Runx2, Bsp, and Ocn were significantly higher in dental follicle cells cultured with Bmp2 or Bmp4, and significantly lower in those cultured with Noggin when compared with that of the BSA controls. Our results suggest that the dental follicle participates in alveolar bone formation and Bmp2/4 appears to accelerate alveolar bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Ou
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China
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Ju Y, Ge J, Ren X, Zhu X, Xue Z, Feng Y, Zhao S. Cav1.2 of L-type Calcium Channel Is a Key Factor for the Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Endod 2015; 41:1048-55. [PMID: 25703215 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION L-type calcium channel (LTCC) is a unique and important factor in several cell lineages, whereas its role in the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) is not well-known. In this study, we examined the function of LTCC α1C subunit (Cav1.2) and its distal C-terminus (DCT) during the in vitro differentiation of rat DPSCs (rDPSCs). METHODS After fluorescence-activated cell sorting, rDPSCs were differentiated toward dentin sialophosphoprotein-positive odontoblasts and neural cells expressing specific neuronal markers. The inhibition of rDPSC differentiation via LTCC blocker nimodipine and Cav1.2 knockdown through short hairpin RNA was evaluated by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Nimodipine treatment and Cav1.2 knockdown generated similar results. The number of positive calcium nodules and the protein and mRNA levels of dentin sialophosphoprotein were significantly reduced during odontogenic differentiation. The levels of microtubule-associated protein-2 and β-III-tubulin were reduced in neural differentiation. The expression of DCT decreased after odontogenic differentiation but significantly increased after neural differentiation (P < .05, n = 9). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that LTCC blocker nimodipine inhibits the odontogenic and neural differentiation of rDPSCs, and Cav1.2 is responsible for the activity of LTCC. The expression of DCT of Cav1.2 significantly changes during both odontogenic and neural differentiation. Thus, Cav1.2 of LTCC plays an essential role in differentiation of DPSCs, which might be mediated through the regulation of DCT levels in DPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ju
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Ren
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianmin Zhu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Translational Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouliang Zhao
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Science and Translational Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Tan L, Wang J, Yin S, Zhu W, Zhou G, Cao Y, Cen L. Regeneration of dentin–pulp-like tissue using an injectable tissue engineering technique. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An injectable tissue engineering technique to regenerate dentin–pulp complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhua Tan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Shuo Yin
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry
- School of Stomatology
- Ninth People’s Hospital
- Medical College
- Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yilin Cao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lian Cen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
- Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- China
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23
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Bone morphogenetic protein 7 induces cementogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Odontology 2014; 104:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Komada Y, Yamane T, Kadota D, Isono K, Takakura N, Hayashi SI, Yamazaki H. Origins and properties of dental, thymic, and bone marrow mesenchymal cells and their stem cells. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185234 PMCID: PMC3504117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells arise from the neural crest (NC) or mesoderm. However, it is difficult to distinguish NC-derived cells from mesoderm-derived cells. Using double-transgenic mouse systems encoding P0-Cre, Wnt1-Cre, Mesp1-Cre, and Rosa26EYFP, which enabled us to trace NC-derived or mesoderm-derived cells as YFP-expressing cells, we demonstrated for the first time that both NC-derived (P0- or Wnt1-labeled) and mesoderm-derived (Mesp1-labeled) cells contribute to the development of dental, thymic, and bone marrow (BM) mesenchyme from the fetal stage to the adult stage. Irrespective of the tissues involved, NC-derived and mesoderm-derived cells contributed mainly to perivascular cells and endothelial cells, respectively. Dental and thymic mesenchyme were composed of either NC-derived or mesoderm-derived cells, whereas half of the BM mesenchyme was composed of cells that were not derived from the NC or mesoderm. However, a colony-forming unit-fibroblast (CFU-F) assay indicated that CFU-Fs in the dental pulp, thymus, and BM were composed of NC-derived and mesoderm-derived cells. Secondary CFU-F assays were used to estimate the self-renewal potential, which showed that CFU-Fs in the teeth, thymus, and BM were entirely NC-derived cells, entirely mesoderm-derived cells, and mostly NC-derived cells, respectively. Colony formation was inhibited drastically by the addition of anti-platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β antibody, regardless of the tissue and its origin. Furthermore, dental mesenchyme expressed genes encoding critical hematopoietic factors, such as interleukin-7, stem cell factor, and cysteine-X-cysteine (CXC) chemokine ligand 12, which supports the differentiation of B lymphocytes and osteoclasts. Therefore, the mesenchymal stem cells found in these tissues had different origins, but similar properties in each organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiya Komada
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamane
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Daiji Kadota
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kana Isono
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Department of Signal Transduction, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hayashi
- Division of Immunology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Yamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Abstract
The face distinguishes one person from another. Postnatal orofacial tissues harbor rare cells that exhibit stem cell properties. Despite unmet clinical needs for reconstruction of tissues lost in congenital anomalies, infections, trauma, or tumor resection, how orofacial stem/progenitor cells contribute to tissue development, pathogenesis, and regeneration is largely obscure. This perspective article critically analyzes the current status of our understanding of orofacial stem/progenitor cells, identifies gaps in our knowledge, and highlights pathways for the development of regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Mao
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168 Street - PH7E, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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26
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Kim BC, Bae H, Kwon IK, Lee EJ, Park JH, Khademhosseini A, Hwang YS. Osteoblastic/cementoblastic and neural differentiation of dental stem cells and their applications to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:235-44. [PMID: 22224548 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, dental stem and progenitor cells have been harvested from periodontal tissues such as dental pulp, periodontal ligament, follicle, and papilla. These cells have received extensive attention in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine due to their accessibility and multilineage differentiation capacity. These dental stem and progenitor cells are known to be derived from ectomesenchymal origin formed during tooth development. A great deal of research has been accomplished for directing osteoblastic/cementoblastic differentiation and neural differentiation from dental stem cells. To differentiate dental stem cells for use in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, there needs to be efficient in vitro differentiation toward the osteoblastic/cementoblastic and neural lineage with well-defined and proficient protocols. This would reduce the likelihood of spontaneous differentiation into divergent lineages and increase the available cell source. This review focuses on the multilineage differentiation capacity, especially into osteoblastic/cementoblastic lineage and neural lineages, of dental stem cells such as dental pulp stem cells (DPSC), dental follicle stem cells (DFSC), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSC), and dental papilla stem cells (DPPSC). It also covers various experimental strategies that could be used to direct lineage-specific differentiation, and their potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nakahara T. Potential feasibility of dental stem cells for regenerative therapies: stem cell transplantation and whole-tooth engineering. Odontology 2011; 99:105-11. [PMID: 21805289 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-011-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow are expected to be a somatic stem cell source for the development of new cell-based therapy in regenerative medicine. However, dental clinicians are unlikely to carry out autologous cell/tissue collection from patients (i.e., marrow aspiration) as a routine procedure in their clinics; hence, the utilization of bone marrow stem cells seems impractical in the dental field. Dental tissues harvested from extracted human teeth are well known to contain highly proliferative and multipotent stem cell compartments and are considered to be an alternative autologous cell source in cell-based medicine. This article provides a short overview of the ongoing studies for the potential application of dental stem cells and suggests the utilization of 2 concepts in future regenerative medicine: (1) dental stem cell-based therapy for hepatic and other systemic diseases and (2) tooth replacement therapy using the bioengineered human whole tooth, called the "test-tube dental implant." Regenerative therapies will bring new insights and benefits to the fields of clinical medicine and dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taka Nakahara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
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Li J, Huang X, Xu X, Mayo J, Bringas P, Jiang R, Wang S, Chai Y. SMAD4-mediated WNT signaling controls the fate of cranial neural crest cells during tooth morphogenesis. Development 2011; 138:1977-89. [PMID: 21490069 DOI: 10.1242/dev.061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ/BMP signaling regulates the fate of multipotential cranial neural crest (CNC) cells during tooth and jawbone formation as these cells differentiate into odontoblasts and osteoblasts, respectively. The functional significance of SMAD4, the common mediator of TGFβ/BMP signaling, in regulating the fate of CNC cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of SMAD4 in regulating the fate of CNC-derived dental mesenchymal cells through tissue-specific inactivation of Smad4. Ablation of Smad4 results in defects in odontoblast differentiation and dentin formation. Moreover, ectopic bone-like structures replaced normal dentin in the teeth of Osr2-IresCre;Smad4(fl/fl) mice. Despite the lack of dentin, enamel formation appeared unaffected in Osr2-IresCre;Smad4(fl/fl) mice, challenging the paradigm that the initiation of enamel development depends on normal dentin formation. At the molecular level, loss of Smad4 results in downregulation of the WNT pathway inhibitors Dkk1 and Sfrp1 and in the upregulation of canonical WNT signaling, including increased β-catenin activity. More importantly, inhibition of the upregulated canonical WNT pathway in Osr2-IresCre;Smad4(fl/fl) dental mesenchyme in vitro partially rescued the CNC cell fate change. Taken together, our study demonstrates that SMAD4 plays a crucial role in regulating the interplay between TGFβ/BMP and WNT signaling to ensure the proper CNC cell fate decision during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSA 103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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29
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Hosoya A, Kwak S, Kim EJ, Lunny DP, Lane EB, Cho SW, Jung HS. Immunohistochemical localization of cytokeratins in the junctional region of ectoderm and endoderm. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 293:1864-72. [PMID: 20818615 DOI: 10.1002/ar.21233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although tridermic species have two junctional regions of ectoderm and endoderm between their epidermis and digestive tract, we actually know little about these particular boundaries. Cytokeratins are the major intermediate filaments of epithelial cells and show a high degree of tissue specificity. Therefore, to characterize the epithelial cells in the junctional region of ectoderm and endoderm, we immunohistochemically examined the localization of cytokeratins 5, 7/17, 14, 18, Sox17, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the oropharyngeal and anorectal regions during the mouse gastrulation process. At embryonic day (E) 9.5, cytokeratins 5, 7/17, 14, and 18 were detected in all epithelial cells of the oropharyngeal region. At E12.5, cytokeratin 5-positive cells were not observed in the middle area of the oral cavity; however, the immunoreactivity was strong in the anterior and posterior areas. The immunoreaction of cytokeratins 18 was seen only in the middle and posterior areas of the oral mucosa. Cytokeratins 7/17 and 14 were localized in all areas of the oropharyngeal region. Sox17 and AFP, which are endodermal markers, were detected in the middle and posterior areas of the oral mucosa, but not in the anterior area. Moreover, this same localization pattern of cytokeratins also existed in the anorectal region of the E12.5 embryo, suggesting that the localization of cytokeratins and endodermal markers might give an implication for the boundary between ectoderm and endoderm. These results also suggest that these cytokeratins are useful molecules for monitoring the epithelial cell differentiation in the junctional region of the germ layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hosoya
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Seong JM, Kim BC, Park JH, Kwon IK, Mantalaris A, Hwang YS. Stem cells in bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2010; 5:062001. [PMID: 20924139 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/5/6/062001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering has been one of the most promising areas of research, providing a potential clinical application to cure bone defects. Recently, various stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs), adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have received extensive attention in the field of bone tissue engineering due to their distinct biological capability to differentiate into osteogenic lineages. The application of these stem cells to bone tissue engineering requires inducing in vitro differentiation of these cells into bone forming cells, osteoblasts. For this purpose, efficient in vitro differentiation towards osteogenic lineage requires the development of well-defined and proficient protocols. This would reduce the likelihood of spontaneous differentiation into divergent lineages and increase the available cell source for application to bone tissue engineering therapies. This review provides a critical examination of the various experimental strategies that could be used to direct the differentiation of ESC, BM-MSC, UCB-MSC, ADSC, MDSC and DPSC towards osteogenic lineages and their potential applications in tissue engineering, particularly in the regeneration of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Seong
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry & Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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31
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Govindasamy V, Ronald VS, Totey S, Din SB, Mustafa WMBW, Totey S, Zakaria Z, Bhonde RR. Micromanipulation of culture niche permits long-term expansion of dental pulp stem cells--an economic and commercial angle. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:764-73. [PMID: 20725801 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells isolated from dental pulp possess the capacity for self-renewal and the potential for multi-lineage differentiation. However, dental pulp stem cells have different characteristics in terms of their culture conditions. The success of stem cells culture is governed by its micro-environmental niche. Therefore, we studied the effects of culture niche on long-term expansion of dental pulp stem cells in terms of cell morphology, growth kinetics, senescence pattern, cell surface marker expression differentiation capacity, and seeding plating density of dental pulp stem cells in four different, widely used media composition Among the various basal media tested, α-minimum essential media and knock out-minimum essential media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum were found to be the most optimal media composition in preserving the phenotypic characteristics and differentiation potential for prolonged periods as compared with DMEM-F12 and DMEM-LG. Plating density has been shown to affect overall yield. As a conclusion, the adoption of an appropriate culture system significantly improved cell yield, thus enabling the attainment of sufficient yields for therapeutic applications economizing in terms of cost of production and minimizing seeding cell density for maximum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendran Govindasamy
- Stempeutics Research Malaysia, Sdn Bhd (773817-K) Lot 3-i-7, Enterprise 4, Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Diep L, Matalova E, Mitsiadis TA, Tucker AS. Contribution of the tooth bud mesenchyme to alveolar bone. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312B:510-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Huang AHC, Snyder BR, Cheng PH, Chan AW. Putative dental pulp-derived stem/stromal cells promote proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural cells in the hippocampus of mice. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2654-63. [PMID: 18687995 PMCID: PMC4416417 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Until now, interest in dental pulp stem/stromal cell (DPSC) research has centered on mineralization and tooth repair. Beginning a new paradigm in DPSC research, we grafted undifferentiated, untreated DPSCs into the hippocampus of immune-suppressed mice. The rhesus DPSC (rDPSC) line used was established from the dental pulp of rhesus macaques and found to be similar to human bone marrow/mesenchymal stem cells, which express Nanog, Rex-1, Oct-4, and various cell surface antigens, and have multipotent differentiation capability. Implantation of rDPSCs into the hippocampus of mice stimulated proliferation of endogenous neural cells and resulted in the recruitment of pre-existing Nestin(+) neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and beta-tubulin-III(+) mature neurons to the site of the graft. Additionally, many cells born during the first 7 days after implantation proliferated, forming NPCs and neurons, and, to a lesser extent, underwent astrogliosis, forming astrocytes and microglia, by 30 days after implantation. Although the DPSC graft itself was short term, it had long-term effects by promoting growth factor signaling. Implantation of DPSCs enhanced the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor for up to 30 days after implantation. In conclusion, grafting rDPSCs promotes proliferation, cell recruitment, and maturation of endogenous stem/progenitor cells by modulating the local microenvironment. Our results suggest that DPSCs have a valuable, unique therapeutic potential, specifically as a stimulator and modulator of the local repair response in the central nervous system. DPSCs would be a preferable cell source for therapy due to the possibility of a "personalized" stem cell, avoiding the problems associated with host immune rejection. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Hsien-Cheng Huang
- Grace Dental Clinic, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Brooke R. Snyder
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pei-Hsun Cheng
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony W.S. Chan
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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